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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
A renowned battery retailer is facing a class-action lawsuit filed by a group of disgruntled customers. The plaintiffs allege that the batteries they purchased from the retailer were defective and failed to hold a charge, even though the products were advertised as being of the highest quality. They contend that the retailer should be held liable for knowingly selling substandard merchandise and for the consequential damages incurred. The retailer, however, maintains its innocence and asserts that the defects were beyond its control. Which of the following, if true, would most significantly undermine the plaintiffs' argument and bolster the retailer's defense?
(A) A comprehensive internal investigation revealed that the defective batteries were part of a single batch that was inadvertently contaminated during the manufacturing process at the supplier's facility.
(B) The retailer had received numerous complaints about the defective batteries from other customers but failed to take prompt action to recall the products or issue warnings.
(C) Expert testimony indicates that the defects could have been caused by improper installation or mishandling by the customers themselves, as the batteries were designed for specific applications.
(D) The retailer's quality control protocols were found to be inadequate, as they failed to detect the defects before the batteries were sold to customers.
(E) A significant number of the plaintiffs had purchased the batteries for resale purposes and not for personal use, which violates the terms of the retailer's sales agreement.
The local inhabitants of an island with extensive mangrove forests along its coastline have been approached by a timber company interested in harvesting the mangrove trees. The locals, who currently do not utilize the mangrove wood for any significant purpose or fish in the mangrove areas, believe that selling the timber rights would be a profitable venture. However, environmentalists argue that the proposed harvesting plan should be rejected. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the timber company's proposal?
(A) The mangrove forests play a crucial role in providing breeding grounds and nurseries for many fish species that support the island's thriving fishing industry.
(B) The timber company has promised to replant mangrove seedlings in the harvested areas to ensure the long-term sustainability of the forests.
(C) A study conducted on a neighboring island found that selective harvesting of mangrove trees had no significant impact on the overall health of the forests.
(D) The proceeds from the sale of the timber rights would be used to fund the development of infrastructure and social programs on the island.
(E) The mangrove forests help protect the island's coastline from erosion and serve as a natural barrier against storms and tsunamis.
答案:
AA
2.RC
Identifying white supremacy as the most salient and pervasive force in Mississippi's history between Reconstruction and the New Deal, McMillen engages two related interpretive debates on the nature and evolution of race relations in the South. First, he argues, the social relations of slavery gave way to an"informal code of exclusion and discrimination" (p. 5), which in turn evolved into legally mandated separation and disfranchisement. Like Howard Rabinowitz, McMillensees little of the flickering light discerned by C. Vann Woodward, no period of fluidity preceding the codification of Jim Crow.' Indeed the very"confidence of the dominant race" (p. 9) in the universal recognition of the imperatives of place made legislation unnecessary for two decades.
Ironically, it was the perception of a threat to rigidity that provoked the construction of a legal edifice to enforce an already familiar definition ofplace. Spatial contact was relatively insignificant; what mattered washierarchy. Second, race relations were not functions of class relations;if white supremacy was an ideology, it was not merely an ideology. It was not placed in the service of class hegemony,but rather seems to have been an ideal,even to the extent that one can speak of "white interests."McMillen's Mississippi has been shapedlargely by continuity in the content and function of white supremacy, an ideology closely tiedto the equally stable plantation system,but with a logic and legitimacy of its own. What changes are the strategies adopted by black Mississippians in"their struggles to achieve autonomy and full citizenship" (p. xiii).
If the continuity ofwhite supremacy provides the context of the dark journey through the age of Jim Crow, the shiftingresponses to oppressiondefine the stages of that journey. For two decades after"Redemption," leadership continued to rest in the hands of Reconstruction politicians,many of whom had held office. Concerned less about segregation than inequality,they directly―and unsuccessfully―challenged the emerginglegal structure andthe increasingly rigid definitions ofplace. Their successors accepted Jim Crow and subordination as inevitable, but not as either natural or legitimate.The alternative to accommodation, in theeyes of Isaiah Montgomery and Mississippi's disciples of Booker T. Washington,was "unrestrainedracial conflict they would surelylose" (p. 288). The final stage of the journey, initiated by the Great Migration duringWorld War I and symbolized by the "New Negro" was characterized by pragmatic opportunism.Still disinclined toward militant protest,Mississippi's black leadership seized upon the Great Migration as a political lever, whose forcedrew upon the South's dependence on black labor. The distinctions between stages one and two seem blurred by overlapping leadership and a continuedconservative bent. More emblematic of a third stage, I suspect, are the Great Migration itself―the refusal ofthousands of black Mississippians toaccept the places available in the Jim Crow South―and the"surprising number" who joined Mississippi chapters of the UniversalNegro Improvement Association.
1. The author's stance towards McMillen's argument about the continuity of white supremacy in Mississippi can best be described as:
(A) Unequivocally supportive, citing evidence that reinforces McMillen's central thesis
(B) Cautiously optimistic, suggesting that McMillen may have overlooked instances of progress in race relations
(C) Mildly critical, implying that McMillen overstates the stability of the plantation system's influence on race relations
(D) Strongly opposed, arguing that McMillen's analysis fails to account for significant shifts in the nature of white supremacy over time
(E) Neutral, presenting McMillen's views without offering a clear evaluation of their merits
2. Based on the passage, which of the following would McMillen most likely cite as evidence supporting his argument about the relationship between white supremacy and class interests in Mississippi?
(A) The emergence of legal structures enforcing segregation and disfranchisement in response to perceived threats to racial hierarchy
(B) The persistence of white supremacist ideology across different socioeconomic classes within the white population
(C) The close ties between the ideology of white supremacy and the plantation system's economic interests
(D) The reluctance of white elites to challenge white supremacy, even when it conflicted with their class interests
(E) The use of white supremacist rhetoric by white political leaders to maintain their electoral dominance
3. The passage suggests that a key difference between the first and third stages of black leadership's response to oppression in Mississippi was:
(A) The degree to which leaders accepted the inevitability of Jim Crow and sought to work within its constraints
(B) The willingness of leaders to engage in direct, militant protest against the legal structures of segregation and disfranchisement
(C) The extent to which leaders leveraged the Great Migration as a tool for political and economic bargaining
(D) The emphasis placed by leaders on challenging racial inequality as opposed to opposing segregation per se
(E) The level of support among black Mississippians for the leadership's strategies and tactics
4. Which of the following, if true, would most undermine McMillen's argument about the continuity of white supremacy in Mississippi between Reconstruction and the New Deal?
(A) Evidence that the legal codification of Jim Crow significantly altered the day-to-day experiences of black Mississippians
(B) Instances of successful challenges to segregation and disfranchisement by black leaders in the two decades following Reconstruction
(C) The emergence of a significant black middle class in Mississippi that was able to negotiate better treatment from white elites
(D) Shifts in the economic structure of Mississippi that reduced the importance of the plantation system over time
(E) The existence of disagreements among white Mississippians about the appropriate means of enforcing racial hierarchy
5. The passage implies that McMillen would be most likely to disagree with which of the following statements about the relationship between race and class in shaping Mississippi's history?
(A) White supremacy was a flexible ideology that could be adapted to serve the interests of different classes within the white population.
(B) The imperatives of racial hierarchy often took precedence over class interests in shaping the actions of white Mississippians.
(C) The plantation system's dependence on black labor gave black Mississippians leverage to challenge white supremacy.
(D) White elites used white supremacy as a tool to maintain their class dominance over poor and working-class whites.
(E) The economic interests of the white elite were the primary driver of racial oppression in Mississippi.
6. According to the passage, which of the following was a significant consequence of the Great Migration for black Mississippians?
(A) It led to a breakdown in the informal codes of exclusion and discrimination that had characterized race relations.
(B) It prompted a shift in leadership strategy towards more direct, militant challenges to the legal structures of segregation.
(C) It created new economic opportunities that allowed many black Mississippians to escape the plantation system.
(D) It gave black leaders a new source of leverage in their efforts to negotiate better treatment from white elites.
(E) It resulted in a surge of support for the accommodationist approach advocated by Booker T. Washington's disciples.
7. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about the evolution of black leadership's response to oppression in Mississippi?
(A) The shift from the first to the second stage was marked by a significant change in the socioeconomic background of black leaders.
(B) The transition from the second to the third stage was primarily driven by the emergence of a new generation of leaders with different ideological commitments.
(C) The differences between the stages were largely superficial, with all three characterized by a fundamental acceptance of white supremacy.
(D) The evolution of leadership strategies was shaped more by external factors like the Great Migration than by internal debates within the black community.
(E) The third stage represented a synthesis of the approaches advocated in the first two stages, combining elements of direct challenge and pragmatic accommodation.
8. Which of the following hypothetical scenarios would most clearly challenge McMillen's argument about the relationship between white supremacy and the plantation system in Mississippi?
(A) The emergence of a significant industrial sector in Mississippi that relied on black labor and challenged the dominance of the plantation system
(B) A sharp decline in the profitability of plantation agriculture that led white elites to abandon their commitment to white supremacy
(C) The rise of a populist political movement among poor and working-class whites that rejected white supremacy in favor of cross-racial solidarity
(D) A successful legal challenge to segregation and disfranchisement that was opposed by the majority of white Mississippians
(E) The election of a black governor who was able to forge a political alliance with moderate white elites to challenge white supremacy
1. 答案 E)中立,呈现McMillen的观点但没有明确评价其优点
解析:文章主要客观呈现了McMillen的观点,没有明显表现出支持或反对的立场,也没有对其观点的优劣进行评价。
2. 答案B)白人群体中不同社会经济阶层之间白人至上主义意识形态的持续性
解析:文章提到,白人至上主义不仅仅是一种意识形态,而是一种理想,这暗示着这种意识形态在白人群体的不同阶层中都有体现。
3. 答案C)领导人利用大迁徙作为政治和经济谈判的工具的程度
解析:文章提到,第三阶段的领导人采取了更加务实的机会主义方法,利用大迁徙作为一种政治杠杆。这与前两个阶段的领导人处理种族压迫的方式形成了鲜明对比。
4. 答案A)证据表明吉姆·克劳法律的法典化显著改变了密西西比黑人的日常生活经历
解析:如果有证据表明吉姆·克劳法律的出台显著改变了黑人的日常生活,这将挑战McMillen关于白人至上主义从重建时期到新政时期持续性的论点。
5. 答案E)白人精英的经济利益是密西西比种族压迫的主要驱动力
解析:文章暗示,McMillen认为白人至上主义不仅仅是维护白人精英阶级统治的工具,而是有其自身的逻辑和合法性。因此,他可能不同意白人精英的经济利益是种族压迫的主要驱动力这一观点。
6. 答案D)它为黑人领导人提供了新的筹码,使他们能够与白人精英谈判,争取更好的待遇
解析:文章提到,大迁徙使黑人领导人获得了新的政治影响力,因为南方依赖黑人劳动力。这为他们提供了与白人精英谈判的新筹码。
7. 答案D)领导策略的演变更多地受到大迁徙等外部因素的影响,而非黑人社区内部的辩论
解析:文章暗示,黑人领导人应对压迫策略的演变在很大程度上受到了大迁徙等外部事件的影响,而不是黑人社区内部意识形态辩论的结果。
8. 答案A)密西西比出现了依赖黑人劳动力的重要工业部门,挑战了种植园系统的主导地位
解析:如果出现一个依赖黑人劳动力的重要工业部门,挑战种植园系统的主导地位,这将对McMillen关于白人至上主义与种植园系统之间关系的论点构成最直接的挑战。
3.DI
The Munich Oktoberfest, the world's largest and most iconic beer festival, has established a comprehensive review board to ensure the highest standards of quality, safety, and authenticity of the beer served during the event. The board, comprising a diverse group of experts in brewing, food safety, and Bavarian culture, is tasked with upholding the festival's centuries-old traditions while adapting to modern challenges and consumer expectations.
The review board consists of several specialized committees, each responsible for assessing different aspects of the beer production process, from ingredient sourcing and brewing techniques to flavor profiles and packaging. Breweries aspiring to participate in the Oktoberfest must submit their beer samples to the relevant committees for rigorous evaluation and approval before being granted the privilege of serving their beer to the millions of festival-goers.
Each committee member is carefully selected based on their expertise and experience in the brewing industry, with a requirement to serve on a minimum of one committee and a maximum of three to ensure a well-rounded perspective and prevent conflicts of interest. Committees 1 and 2, dealing with the most critical aspects of beer production, require a minimum of 6 members, while Committees 3 and 4, focusing on more technical aspects, need at least 5 members.
The approval process for each committee varies based on the severity of the criteria they assess. For a beer to be approved by Committee 1, which evaluates adherence to the Reinheitsgebot (German Beer Purity Law), a unanimous vote is required, reflecting the festival's unwavering commitment to traditional brewing practices. Committees 2 and 3, assessing taste, aroma, alcohol content, and consistency, can have no more than one dissenting vote, allowing for a slight margin of subjectivity in the evaluation process. Committee 4, responsible for packaging and labeling, needs a simple majority vote to approve a beer sample, as these factors, while important, do not directly impact the quality of the beer itself.
The committees are as follows:
Committee 1: Adherence to the Reinheitsgebot (German Beer Purity Law)
The Reinheitsgebot, dating back to 1516, stipulates that beer can only be brewed using four ingredients: water, hops, barley, and yeast. This committee ensures that all beer samples adhere to this time-honored tradition, preserving the purity and integrity of Bavarian beer.
Committee 2: Taste and aroma
This committee assesses the flavor profile and aromatic qualities of each beer sample, ensuring that they meet the high standards expected by Oktoberfest attendees. The committee looks for a balance of malt sweetness, hop bitterness, and fermentation character, with a clean finish and no off-flavors.
Committee 3: Alcohol content and consistency
Responsible for evaluating the alcohol content and overall consistency of the beer samples, this committee ensures that each beer falls within the acceptable range for its style and maintains a consistent quality throughout the production process.
Committee 4: Packaging and labeling
This committee assesses the packaging and labeling of the beer samples, ensuring that they comply with German regulations and provide clear, accurate information to consumers. The committee also evaluates the overall presentation and marketability of the beer.
Recently, three beer samples were approved by the applicable committees:
1. A renowned Munich brewery received approval for their traditional Märzen-style beer, which boasts a rich, toasty flavor and a deep amber color. The beer's adherence to the Reinheitsgebot, combined with its exceptional taste and aroma, earned it unanimous approval from Committees 1 and 2.
2. A craft brewery from Berlin gained approval for their innovative Festbier, which combines the classic Oktoberfest style with a hint of hoppy freshness. The beer's unique flavor profile and consistent alcohol content impressed Committees 2 and 3, with only one dissenting vote in each.
3. A centuries-old brewery from Bavaria was given permission to serve their Dunkel, a dark lager with notes of chocolate and caramel. The beer's rich flavor and adherence to traditional brewing techniques earned it high marks from Committees 1 and 2.
However, one beer sample was rejected:
4. A new brewery's attempt to introduce a pumpkin spice-flavored beer was unanimously rejected by Committee 2 for not adhering to traditional Oktoberfest flavors. The committee felt that the beer's artificial flavoring and overly sweet taste profile were not in keeping with the festival's commitment to authentic Bavarian brewing.
As the world's largest and most iconic beer festival, the Munich Oktoberfest attracts visitors from all around the globe every year. According to the latest data, the festival draws approximately 6 million visitors annually, who consume around 7.5 million liters of beer during the 16-day event. This grand celebration not only brings tremendous economic benefits to the city of Munich, generating about €1.2 billion in revenue each year, but also greatly promotes the spread and appreciation of Bavarian culture.
To ensure the sustainable development and long-term success of the Oktoberfest, the review board continuously optimizes its evaluation criteria and approval processes to adapt to the ever-changing market demands and consumer preferences. The board holds regular meetings to assess the effectiveness of existing standards and discuss potential improvements. Additionally, the board actively engages in communication and exchanges with breweries, industry experts, and consumer representatives, widely seeking opinions and suggestions to ensure a fair, transparent, and professional review process.
Apart from strict quality control over the beer, the review board is also tasked with promoting the sustainable development of the Oktoberfest. They work closely with the organizers to formulate and implement a series of eco-friendly measures, such as encouraging the use of reusable beer mugs, improving waste management and recycling systems, and promoting public transportation and bicycle use, to reduce the festival's environmental impact.
Furthermore, the review board actively participates in community education and responsible drinking awareness campaigns. They collaborate with local schools, community organizations, and media to conduct a series of lectures and workshops popularizing beer culture and history, enhancing public understanding and appreciation of the Oktoberfest's traditions and values. At the same time, they promote safe and responsible drinking during the festival by issuing responsible drinking guidelines, setting up designated sobering areas, and providing free drinking water.
In summary, the Munich Oktoberfest Review Board plays a vital role in protecting tradition, ensuring quality, promoting innovation, and fostering sustainable development through its strict, professional, and innovative review mechanisms and comprehensive, responsible, and sustainable management approach. Their efforts make an indispensable contribution to the long-term success and prosperity of this world-class event.
Questions:
1. What is the primary purpose of the Munich Oktoberfest Review Board?
(A) To ensure the quality and safety of the beer served at the festival
(B) To promote beer consumption during the event
(C) To generate revenue for the city of Munich
(D) To assess the packaging and labeling of beer samples
2. Which committee assesses adherence to the German Beer Purity Law?
(A) Committee 2
(B) Committee 3
(C) Committee 1
(D) Committee 4
3. How many dissenting votes can Committee 3 have when approving a beer sample?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Zero
4. Which of the following beer styles was approved by the review board?
(A) Pumpkin spice-flavored beer
(B) Märzen-style beer
(C) India Pale Ale (IPA)
(D) Wheat beer
5. What is the minimum number of members required for Committee 4?
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
6. Approximately how many liters of beer are consumed during the Munich Oktoberfest?
(A) 1.2 million liters
(B) 6 million liters
(C) 7.5 million liters
(D) 10 million liters
7. Which committee rejected the pumpkin spice-flavored beer?
(A) Committee 1
(B) Committee 2
(C) Committee 3
(D) Committee 4
8. How much revenue does the Munich Oktoberfest generate for the city each year?
(A) €500 million
(B) €750 million
(C) €1 billion
(D) €1.2 billion
9. What is the maximum number of committees a member can serve on simultaneously?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
10. How long does the Munich Oktoberfest last?
(A) 10 days
(B) 14 days
(C) 16 days
(D) 20 days
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发表于 2024-6-14 08:39:06
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