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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
A battery retailer is facing legal action from customers who claim that the batteries they purchased were defective or had insufficient charge. However, some argue that the retailer should not be held responsible for these issues. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument that the retailer should be held liable?
(A) The majority of the batteries sold by the retailer had been tested with cables prior to sale, ensuring they were in proper working condition.
(B) The batteries in question are primarily used by customers to power their vehicles, which can lead to battery drainage if not properly connected.
(C) Once the defects or insufficient charge issues occur in the batteries, they cannot be restored to their original condition.
(D) Customers who filed complaints against the retailer for the battery issues have not purchased any other products from the store.
(E) The retailer has a policy in place that allows customers to return defective batteries within a specified timeframe for a full refund or replacement.
A study suggests that most people who frequently trade stocks earn less profit because the stocks they sell often rebound, and the ones they buy tend to decline. Therefore, the study concludes that people should adopt a strategy of holding onto stocks for the long term. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the study's conclusion?
(A) Many people sell their losing stocks and invest in other rising stocks to recoup their losses.
(B) There exists a little-known strategy that can consistently lead investors to sell their current holdings and invest in better-performing stocks.
(C) The study fails to consider the impact of market volatility on the performance of frequently traded stocks.
(D) The majority of investors who hold onto stocks for the long term do not actively monitor market trends and adjust their portfolios accordingly.
(E) People often sell their stocks in response to a decline in stock prices, rather than based on a well-informed trading strategy.
答案:
AB
2.RC
While economists recognize that private cartels are difficult to sustain, they are too sanguine about the prospects for government‐assisted cartels. Although the state's coercive power would seem to make it an effective enforcer of cartel agreements, the political costs of enforcement can be high of segments of the industry resist. The government's solution lies in alternative strategies for raising prices. Examining government efforts to organize an orange cartel in the 1930s, we find that farmers' opposition to output cuts and quota assignments because of their distributional effects forced a policy she to purchases of “excess stocks.”
Although economists have long recognized that private cartels are difficult to sustain, they generally have been too sanguine in their assessment of the potential for government-built or assisted cartels. The coercive power of the state has seemed to be a natural remedy for forcing agreement and compliance with output reductions and individual quotas when no private consensus can be reached. This View, however, neglects the costs faced by politicians and bureaucrats when the industry is agreement over quota policies. Yet, these are precisely the conditions under which government assistance is asserted to be most necessary. Under these circumstances, a government-sponsored cartel may be no more successful in achieving production restrictions than were private cartels. The advantage of government efforts, as federal agricultural programs make clear, is that there is a much longer menu of alternatives for raising prices, such as government purchases to enhance demand.
As noted in the beginning of the paper, agriculture is perhaps the most heavily regulated sector of the American economy, a process that largely began with the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. Although the focus of that law was on production control and marketing restrictions, political opposition to output controls by various farm groups brought a shift in emphasis to demand enhancement with government acquisitions of ”excess” stocks. Gradually in the 1930s, through the purchase of commodities by the Commodity Credit Corporation and other similar agencies and their distribution through relief, and later, through subsidized exports, food aid, and school lunch programs, the modern character of federal agricultural programs took shape. Government purchases were much more acceptable to influential farm groups than were production and shipping controls in the effort to raise farm prices and incomes. As a broad, generally unorganized group, taxpayers increasingly absorbed many of the costs of federal farm policy.
The case of orange marketing agreements illustrates the distributional conflicts over quotas that can be encountered heterogeneous and there is dis in attempting to establish government-sponsored cartels. Competing views regarding quota design in the proposed cartel prevented a cohesive industry position in negotiating the marketing agreements with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. Further, the strong political reaction in Florida to the quotas that were adopted by the agency forced repeated modification of the marketing agreements over six years until an acceptable arrangement could be devised. The final marketing agreement, however, had little resemblance to the nationwide cartel outlined in 1933 under the Agricultural Adjustment Act.
1. The passage suggests that the government's role in assisting cartels is most necessary when:
(A) the industry is in agreement over quota policies
(B) private cartels have proven to be sustainable
(C) the government can effectively use its coercive power
(D) there is a long menu of alternatives for raising prices
(E) the industry is heterogeneous and disagrees on quota policies
2. The passage suggests that the political costs of enforcing cartel agreements are likely to be high when:
(A) the government uses its coercive power effectively
(B) the industry is in agreement over quota policies
(C) segments of the industry resist the proposed measures
(D) alternative strategies for raising prices are available
(E) private cartels have already proven to be sustainable
3. According to the passage, which of the following was NOT a means through which the modern character of federal agricultural programs took shape in the 1930s?
(A) Government acquisitions of "excess" stocks
(B) Distribution of commodities through relief programs
(C) Subsidized exports and food aid
(D) Strict enforcement of production and shipping controls
(E) School lunch programs
4. The author's primary purpose in discussing the orange marketing agreements is to:
(A) provide an example of a successful government-sponsored cartel
(B) highlight the challenges in establishing effective government-assisted cartels
(C) argue for the superiority of private cartels over government-assisted ones
(D) demonstrate the Agricultural Adjustment Administration's flexibility in modifying policies
(E) emphasize the importance of a cohesive industry position in negotiating marketing agreements
5. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that the repeated modification of the orange marketing agreements over six years was primarily a result of:
(A) the government's inability to enforce cartel agreements effectively
(B) the changing focus of federal agricultural programs in the 1930s
(C) the success of private cartels in the orange industry
(D) political pressure from Florida in response to the adopted quotas
(E) the Agricultural Adjustment Administration's desire to establish a nationwide cartel
6. The passage implies that the distributional effects of output cuts and quota assignments in the proposed orange cartel led to:
(A) a cohesive industry position in negotiating the marketing agreements
(B) the success of the government-sponsored cartel
(C) farmers' opposition and resistance to the proposed measures
(D) the government's shift in emphasis to demand enhancement
(E) the eventual establishment of a nationwide cartel
7. According to the passage, the government's solution to the challenges faced in enforcing cartel agreements lies in:
(A) using its coercive power to force agreement and compliance
(B) finding alternative strategies for raising prices
(C) relying on the success of private cartels
(D) ensuring a cohesive industry position in negotiating agreements
(E) modifying marketing agreements repeatedly until an acceptable arrangement is found
8. The author's argument that government-assisted cartels may be no more successful than private cartels in achieving production restrictions is based on the:
(A) government's lack of coercive power in enforcing agreements
(B) political costs faced by politicians and bureaucrats when the industry disagrees
(C) distributional effects of output cuts and quota assignments
(D) availability of alternative strategies for raising prices
(E) challenges in establishing a nationwide cartel
9. The passage implies that the shift in emphasis from production control to demand enhancement in federal agricultural programs was primarily driven by:
(A) the success of government-assisted cartels in raising prices
(B) the failure of private cartels to achieve production restrictions
(C) political opposition to output controls by various farm groups
(D) the government's desire to establish a nationwide cartel
(E) the effectiveness of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration's marketing agreements
10. The author's perspective on the role of government in assisting cartels can best be summarized as:
(A) government assistance is essential for the success of cartels
(B) government-assisted cartels are more effective than private cartels
(C) government assistance may not be sufficient to overcome the challenges faced by cartels
(D) government should not intervene in the formation and operation of cartels
(E) government's coercive power is the key to enforcing cartel agreements
1. (E) 行业异质性高,在配额政策上存在分歧 - 文章暗示,当行业异质性高且在配额政策上存在分歧时,政府援助卡特尔的作用最为必要。
2. (C) 行业内部分群体抵制拟议措施 - 文章指出,当行业内部分群体抵制拟议措施时,执行卡特尔协议的政治成本可能会很高。
3. (D) 严格执行生产和运输控制 - 文章提到,各农场团体对产出控制的政治反对导致重点转向需求增强,表明严格执行生产和运输控制并未塑造联邦农业计划的现代特征。
4. (B) 突出建立有效的政府援助卡特尔所面临的挑战 - 作者讨论橙子营销协议的主要目的是强调建立有效的政府援助卡特尔所面临的挑战。
5. (D) 佛罗里达州对通过的配额施加的政治压力 - 根据文章,可以推断,橙子营销协议在六年内反复修改的主要原因是佛罗里达州对通过的配额施加的政治压力。
6. (C) 农民反对并抵制拟议措施 - 文章暗示,拟议的橙子卡特尔中产出削减和配额分配的分配效应导致农民反对并抵制拟议措施。
7. (B) 寻找提高价格的替代策略 - 根据文章,政府应对执行卡特尔协议所面临挑战的解决方案在于寻找提高价格的替代策略。
8. (B) 当行业意见不一致时,政客和官僚面临的政治成本 - 作者认为,政府援助卡特尔在实现产量限制方面可能不比私人卡特尔更成功,这一论点基于行业意见不一致时政客和官僚面临的政治成本。
9. (C) 各农场团体对产出控制的政治反对 - 文章暗示,联邦农业计划重点从生产控制转向需求增强的主要驱动力是各农场团体对产出控制的政治反对。
10. (C) 政府援助可能不足以克服卡特尔面临的挑战 - 作者对政府在援助卡特尔方面的作用的观点可以概括为:政府援助可能不足以克服卡特尔面临的挑战。
3.DI
Amidst the tumultuous maelstrom of the Second World War, the indomitable Allied forces, under the aegis of such luminaries as Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, George S. Patton, Bernard Montgomery, and Georgy Zhukov, found themselves confronted with the Herculean task of judiciously allocating their finite resources and assiduously formulating a comprehensive stratagem to unleash a decisive offensive against the formidable and tenacious Axis powers. The four paramount battlefronts that were the cynosure of their meticulous deliberations were the hallowed beaches of Normandy, the densely forested and labyrinthine Ardennes region, the sun-drenched and rugged island of Sicily, and the embattled and beleaguered city of Stalingrad. These battlefronts were subjected to a rigorous and exhaustive assessment based on five cardinal factors that would inexorably shape the outcome of the conflict:
1. The overarching and far-reaching strategic significance of the geographical location, taking into account its pivotal role in the grand tapestry of the war and its potential to decisively alter the balance of power.
2. The formidability, resilience, and near-impenetrability of the enemy's elaborate and entrenched defensive fortifications, which had been painstakingly constructed to thwart and repel any Allied incursion.
3. The intrinsic potential for a triumphant and inexorable Allied advancement and territorial acquisition, which would irrevocably shift the momentum of the war in their favor and deal a devastating blow to the enemy's morale.
4. The projected attrition rates and the anticipated consumption of precious and finite resources, both human and material, that would be required to secure a hard-fought victory and maintain the initiative.
5. The profound and far-reaching ramifications on the overall trajectory and outcome of the war effort, encompassing the military, political, economic, and social dimensions of the conflict.
Each battlefront was meticulously evaluated and assigned a score derived from an extensive and comprehensive analysis of intelligence reports, utilizing a nuanced and granular scale ranging from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). Moreover, the sagacious Allied High Command assiduously pored over historical precedents, future projections, and the multifaceted and often inscrutable socio-political implications of potential military operations, seeking to divine the most propitious course of action.
The esteemed and battle-hardened Allied generals, each possessed of their own unique strategic acumen, operational predilections, and martial philosophies, engaged in a spirited and impassioned discourse to determine the optimal allocation of resources and manpower, cognizant of the grave responsibility that rested upon their shoulders.
General Eisenhower, renowned for his methodical and pragmatic approach to warfare, advocated for a concentrated and relentless effort on those battlefronts that exhibited the highest cumulative scores across all five dimensions, arguing that such a strategy would ensure the successful execution of major Allied operations, maintain a strategic advantage, and hasten the inevitable defeat of the Axis powers.
General Patton, an inveterate proponent of bold and audacious offensive maneuvers, favored targeting those battlefronts that were characterized by the most vulnerable and exposed enemy defenses, yet offered the greatest potential for rapid and far-reaching Allied advances and territorial gains, seeking to capitalize on the initiative and maintain an unrelenting pressure on the enemy.
General Montgomery, a meticulous and calculating strategist, recommended focusing the preponderance of resources on those battlefronts that held the most significant strategic value and the potential to deliver a debilitating and irreparable blow to the enemy's warfighting capabilities, arguing that a methodical and patient approach would ultimately yield the most decisive results.
General Zhukov, ever mindful of the human cost of war and the toll exacted on both combatants and civilians alike, argued for prioritizing those battlefronts that were projected to incur the lowest casualty rates and resource expenditure, seeking to preserve the combat effectiveness and long-term sustainability of the Allied forces, while simultaneously minimizing the suffering inflicted upon all those caught in the maelstrom of conflict.
Based on the meticulous and exhaustive analysis of available intelligence, the scores for each battlefront were as follows:
Normandy: Strategic importance (9), Enemy defenses (7), Advancement potential (8), Casualty and resource projection (6), Impact on war effort (9)
Ardennes: Strategic importance (6), Enemy defenses (8), Advancement potential (5), Casualty and resource projection (7), Impact on war effort (6)
Sicily: Strategic importance (7), Enemy defenses (5), Advancement potential (7), Casualty and resource projection (4), Impact on war effort (6)
Stalingrad: Strategic importance (10), Enemy defenses (9), Advancement potential (6), Casualty and resource projection (9), Impact on war effort (10)
The Allied generals, each an avatar of martial prowess and strategic acumen, found themselves at an impasse, their divergent perspectives and operational philosophies threatening to undermine the unity and cohesion of the Alliance. As the debate grew more heated and fractious, it fell upon the sagacious and diplomatic General Eisenhower to forge a consensus and chart a path forward that would satisfy the competing demands of his esteemed colleagues while ensuring the ultimate victory of the Allied cause.
Drawing upon his reserves of patience, tact, and persuasion, Eisenhower deftly navigated the labyrinthine complexities of the strategic landscape, seeking to reconcile the disparate and often conflicting priorities of his fellow commanders. He recognized that the key to success lay not in dogmatic adherence to any single approach, but rather in a flexible and adaptive strategy that could harness the unique strengths and capabilities of each battlefront while mitigating their inherent risks and vulnerabilities.
To this end, Eisenhower proposed a multi-pronged offensive that would strike at the heart of the Axis powers, combining the audacity and aggression of Patton's vision with the methodical precision of Montgomery's, while heeding Zhukov's counsel to minimize the human cost of the endeavor. The plan called for a massive, coordinated assault on the beaches of Normandy, which would serve as a vital foothold for the liberation of Western Europe, while simultaneously launching a series of diversionary attacks in the Ardennes and Sicily to keep the enemy off-balance and divided.
Meanwhile, recognizing the paramount importance of the Eastern Front in the ultimate defeat of Nazi Germany, Eisenhower pledged to provide unwavering support to the valiant Soviet forces battling in the ruins of Stalingrad, funneling vital resources, intelligence, and materiel to bolster their heroic stand against the relentless onslaught of the Wehrmacht.
As the Allied commanders pondered Eisenhower's proposal, they were forced to confront the grim calculus of war, weighing the potential rewards of each course of action against the inevitable costs in blood and treasure. The debates raged long into the night, as each general passionately advocated for their preferred strategy, marshaling evidence, logic, and rhetoric to sway their colleagues to their cause.
In the end, it was Eisenhower's steady hand and unifying vision that carried the day, as he deftly forged a consensus among his fractious allies, convincing them that only through unity, sacrifice, and unwavering resolve could they hope to vanquish the forces of tyranny and oppression that threatened to engulf the world in darkness.
As the Allied forces girded themselves for the monumental struggles ahead, they drew strength and inspiration from the knowledge that they were part of a grand and noble enterprise, a crusade against evil that would echo through the ages. With Eisenhower at the helm, they steeled their resolve, marshaled their courage, and set forth to meet their destiny on the battlefields of Europe, determined to forge a new and better world from the ashes of the old.
1. Which of the following best encapsulates General Eisenhower's approach to reconciling the divergent strategic perspectives of his fellow Allied commanders?
A. Uncompromising adherence to a single, dogmatic strategy
B. Flexible and adaptive planning that leverages the strengths of each battlefront
C. Prioritizing the minimization of casualties above all other considerations
D. Deferring to the expertise of his colleagues without attempting to forge a consensus
E. Focusing exclusively on the battlefronts with the highest cumulative scores
2. According to the passage, Eisenhower's proposed multi-pronged offensive entailed:
A. Concentrating all resources on the Normandy invasion while abandoning other battlefronts
B. Launching a massive assault on Normandy while conducting diversionary attacks in the Ardennes and Sicily
C. Prioritizing the Eastern Front over all other theaters of operation
D. Dividing Allied forces evenly among the four major battlefronts
E. Delaying the Normandy invasion in favor of a concentrated push in the Ardennes
3. The passage suggests that the ultimate success of the Allied strategy hinged upon:
A. The singular strategic vision of General Patton
B. The unwavering support of the Soviet forces at Stalingrad
C. The ability to minimize casualties on all battlefronts
D. A unified and resolute approach that harnessed the collective strengths of the Alliance
E. Prioritizing the liberation of Western Europe over all other objectives
4. Which of the following best describes the nature of the debates among the Allied generals?
A. Dispassionate and purely intellectual exercises in strategic planning
B. Heated and fractious exchanges that threatened to undermine Allied unity
C. Perfunctory discussions that merely rubber-stamped Eisenhower's proposals
D. Collaborative and harmonious dialogues that quickly yielded a consensus
E. Superficial disagreements that masked a fundamental alignment of strategic priorities
5. The passage implies that General Zhukov's primary concern was:
A. Maintaining the combat effectiveness and sustainability of Allied forces
B. Achieving rapid territorial gains and decisively shifting the momentum of the war
C. Inflicting maximum damage on the enemy's warfighting capabilities
D. Prioritizing the battlefronts with the highest strategic importance
E. Ensuring the success of major Allied operations at any cost
6. According to the passage, the Allied commanders viewed their endeavor as:
A. A purely military exercise devoid of moral or ideological significance
B. A regrettable but necessary evil in the pursuit of geopolitical dominance
C. A grand and noble crusade against the forces of tyranny and oppression
D. A futile and quixotic gesture in the face of overwhelming odds
E. A cynical ploy to advance their own personal ambitions and agendas
7. The metaphor of Eisenhower "navigating the labyrinthine complexities of the strategic landscape" suggests that:
A. The strategic challenges faced by the Allies were straightforward and easily resolved
B. Eisenhower's approach to strategy was needlessly convoluted and circuitous
C. The process of forging a consensus among the Allied generals was intricate and complex
D. Eisenhower was hopelessly lost and adrift in the face of competing strategic priorities
E. The strategic landscape was constantly shifting and evolving, requiring endless adaptations
8. The passage's description of the Allied forces "girding themselves for the monumental struggles ahead" and "marching forth to meet their destiny" evokes a sense of:
A. Trepidation and uncertainty in the face of daunting challenges
B. Grim resignation to the inevitable horrors and sacrifices of war
C. Heroic resolve and determination in the pursuit of a noble cause
D. Naive optimism and misplaced confidence in the face of insurmountable odds
E. Ruthless calculation and a single-minded focus on victory at any cost
9. The characterization of the Allied generals as "avatars of martial prowess and strategic acumen" suggests that they were:
A. Infallible and godlike figures whose judgments were beyond question
B. Mere figureheads and puppets of their respective political leaders
C. Embodiments and exemplars of military skill and strategic insight
D. Relics of a bygone era, ill-suited to the demands of modern warfare
E. Interchangeable and indistinguishable in terms of their abilities and contributions
10. The passage's assertion that the Allied strategy sought to "forge a new and better world from the ashes of the old" implies that:
A. The Allies aimed to restore the pre-war status quo and maintain existing power structures
B. The Allies sought to create a fundamentally transformed and improved global order
C. The Allies were primarily motivated by a desire for territorial conquest and expansion
D. The Allies had no clear vision for the post-war world and were focused solely on military victory
E. The Allies were indifferent to the long-term consequences of their actions and decisions
1. 答案: B. Flexible and adaptive planning that leverages the strengths of each battlefront
解释: 文章强调艾森豪威尔试图调和各位将军的不同观点,采取灵活多变的策略,发挥每个战场的优势,而不是固执地坚持单一策略。
2. 答案: B. Launching a massive assault on Normandy while conducting diversionary attacks in the Ardennes and Sicily
解释: 文章明确指出,艾森豪威尔提出的多管齐下的攻势包括对诺曼底发动大规模攻击,同时在阿登和西西里发动佯攻。
3. 答案: D. A unified and resolute approach that harnessed the collective strengths of the Alliance
解释: 文章暗示,盟军策略的最终成功取决于团结一致、坚定不移的方针,充分发挥联盟的集体力量。
4. 答案: B. Heated and fractious exchanges that threatened to undermine Allied unity
解释: 文章描述了盟军将领之间的辩论是激烈而分裂的,有可能破坏盟军的团结。
5. 答案: A. Maintaining the combat effectiveness and sustainability of Allied forces
解释: 文章表明,朱可夫将军主要关心的是尽量减少伤亡,保持盟军的战斗力和可持续性。
6. 答案: C. A grand and noble crusade against the forces of tyranny and oppression
解释: 文章将盟军的努力描述为一场反对暴政和压迫势力的宏伟而高尚的运动。
7. 答案: C. The process of forging a consensus among the Allied generals was intricate and complex
解释: 这个隐喻表明,在盟军将领中达成共识的过程错综复杂。
8. 答案: C. Heroic resolve and determination in the pursuit of a noble cause
解释: 这段描述唤起了一种英勇决心和不屈不挠追求崇高事业的感觉。
9. 答案: C. Embodiments and exemplars of military skill and strategic insight
解释: 将盟军将领描述为"武艺与战略智慧的化身"表明他们是军事技能和战略洞察力的典范。
10. 答案: B. The Allies sought to create a fundamentally transformed and improved global order
解释: 文章断言,盟军的战略旨在"从旧世界的灰烬中打造一个全新而美好的世界",意味着他们试图创造一个根本改变和改善的全球秩序。
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发表于 2024-6-19 08:49:06
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