|
之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡 每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新 RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
CR题源：本月中文JJ改编
IR题源： 往届鸡精改编 打卡内容：
一周打卡五篇，科目不限。
每天上午管理员群内发布题目，群成员做完提交打卡，第二天发布解析 打卡内容建议：
阅读：写文章结构、笔记
逻辑：写逻辑链分析
IR：写做题思路和选项分析 【现在你的笔记越全，越能帮助你捋清思路，之后回顾总结。】
打卡方式：
可以在论坛留言区打卡，截图到群内
也可以在小红书/微博打卡，需写明任务内容是哪篇，并带上#揽瓜阁 #LGG #lgg 的 tag，截图到群内。 公众号：1.考什么试
2.商校百科 申请群 1.CR Westview Electronics, a major manufacturer of consumer electronics, recently announced plans to invest heavily in automating its production lines. The company's labor union expressed concerns that this move would lead to significant job losses. However, the company's management assured the workers that there was no need for worry. Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify management's assurance that workers need not be concerned about job losses due to the automation plans? (A) Westview Electronics has never laid off employees due to mechanization or automation of its production processes. (B) The demand for consumer electronics is expected to grow significantly over the next decade, requiring an expansion of production capacity. (C) The company plans to offer early retirement packages to senior employees as part of its efforts to reduce labor costs. (D) Many of the company's competitors have already automated their production lines, putting pressure on Westview Electronics to follow suit. (E) The new automated production lines will require a significant number of skilled technicians to operate and maintain the equipment.
In the gubernatorial election in State X last year, Candidate A, who was endorsed by the incumbent governor, won the election. This year, Candidate B has secured the endorsement of the current governor, who is the same person that endorsed Candidate A in the previous election. Therefore, Candidate B is likely to win the gubernatorial election this year. Which of the following statements, if true, would most weaken the argument above? (A) The current governor's approval rating has declined significantly since the previous election. (B) Candidate B has less experience in government than Candidate A had in the previous election. (C) The state's economy has experienced a downturn since the previous gubernatorial election. (D) Candidate A's campaign focused primarily on issues that are no longer relevant to voters in State X. (E) The endorsement of the incumbent governor is the most important factor in determining the outcome of gubernatorial elections in State X. 答案： EA 2. Over thousands of years, a thin coating of clay, cemented to rocks by manganese and iron, records the history of landscape development and ancient cultures.
In July of 1799, Alexander von Humboldt, the German geographer, arrived in Cumana in northeastern Venezuela. A hundred miles away, at the mouth of the Orinoco River, he found granite boulders that appeared “smooth, black, and as if coated with plumbago." Indian legends explained that these rocks had been burnt by the hot tropical sun, and that they were dangerous to one’s health. While investigating the origin of the rocks, von Humboldt and his crew scoffed at the local legends, but each night they retreated to white beaches, distant from the black boulders.
Von Humboldt's boulders and similar rocks found elsewhere generated a scientific mystery that continued for nearly two centuries. Charles Darwin found dark coated rocks at Bahia in Brazil. Others found such coatings on rocks in the rain forest, underneath glaciers in the Alps and even at the apex of the Pyramid of Cheops. Hypotheses about the origin of the black coating ranged from deposits left by ancient oceans to residues from decomposing organic matter, such as pollen. The most popular hypothesis attributed the coating to a process called sweating. According to the sweating hypothesis, water sweats out of the rocks under the hot sun, and precipitates are deposited as a black coating on the surface when the water evaporates. But was the sun hot enough to induce sweating of solutions from rocks in the rain forest or underneath glaciers?
The black coating has been known by various names, such as wustenlacken (desert varnish) and patina; only recently has the scientific community settled on a term that seems sufficiently broad and descriptive: rock varnish. Even while the origin of the rock varnish remained enigmatic, its physical and chemical structure came to be understood. Rock varnish consists of a thin layer, less titan half a millimeter deep, on a rock‘s surface. The coating is typically composed of about 60 percent clay minerals, 20 to 30 percent oxides of manganese and iron, and trace amounts of more than 30 minor compounds, such as copper and zinc oxides. It is the amount of manganese oxide that determines the color of the varnish. Often, the varnish concentrates manganese oxide to levels up to 100 times that found in surrounding rocks; such high concentrations of manganese oxide make the varnish black. Some varnish lacks manganese altogether and appears bright orange from the abundant iron oxides; this is particularly prevalent on the bottom of rocks and inside rock crevices. In other places, such as the hyperarid Peru Desert, the level of manganese oxide is intermediate, leaving the varnish a brownish orange.
The decisive clue to the mystery of rock varnish was a biological one. In 1981, T. M. Oberlander of the University of California at Berkeley and l suggested that bacteria concentrate manganese in rock varnish. We developed this hypothesis on strong circumstantial evidence. First, manganese-rich varnish often forms where water intermittently flows over rocks. The moisture provides a hospitable environment for microorganisms. Second, varnish develops well on porous surfaces that are easily flushed and, hence, are poor in nutrients. In such a harsh environment manganese-oxidizing mixotrophs (which derive some of their energy from inorganic manganese) are able to live; but faster growing heterotrophic organisms (which rely entirely on organic nutrients) are unable to survive.
A third observation in support of the bacterial hypothesis is that dark varnish grows on rocks with a nearly neutral pH. Nonbiological mechanisms for oxidizing manganese operate only in an alkaline environment, where the pH exceeds 9. Thus, manganese-oxidizing bacteria are one plausible candidate. This line of argument is further supported by findings that varnish is orange when the local pH is too high to support manganese-oxidizing bacteria.
Finally, there are many documented interactions between clay, the primary constituent of varnish, and bacteria. Clay particles are often adsorbed onto the surface of bacteria, and vice versa. Clay concentrates nutrients, a useful property in a nutrient-poor environment, and stimulates bacterial metabolism. And a coating of clay can protect bacteria against desiccation and high temperatures. In combination, these factors supported the possibility that bacteria produce manganese—rich rock varnish.
With these ideas in mind, Oberlander and I examined rock varnish for the presence of bacteria. By searching though varnish with the aid of scanning electron microscopy; we found them—manganese-concentrating bacteria of the genus Metallogenium and other species. Fred Palmer and his colleagues at the University of Washington found bacteria of the genus Arthrobacter in rock varnish. Next, we isolated living bacteria from natural rock varnish; when we grew these bacteria in laboratory cultures, they produced varnish that was morphologically similar to the natural product.
The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) chronicle the historical development of a scientific enigma and its eventual resolution (B) provide a comprehensive analysis of the chemical and physical properties of rock varnish (C) present a compelling argument for the bacterial hypothesis of rock varnish formation (D) compare and contrast various theories proposed to explain the origin of rock varnish (E) highlight the complex interactions between geological processes and microbial activity The author's attitude towards the "sweating hypothesis" can best be described as (A) dismissive, as it fails to account for the presence of rock varnish in diverse environments (B) supportive, as it provides a plausible explanation for the formation of rock varnish (C) neutral, as the passage does not provide enough information to evaluate its merits (D) curious, as the author seeks to understand the underlying mechanisms of this hypothesis (E) skeptical, as the author questions the feasibility of the proposed process According to the passage, which of the following factors is LEAST likely to influence the color of rock varnish? (A) The concentration of manganese oxide in the varnish (B) The presence or absence of iron oxides in the coating (C) The pH level of the local environment (D) The porosity of the rock surface (E) The availability of moisture in the surrounding area The passage suggests that the bacterial hypothesis of rock varnish formation is supported by all of the following EXCEPT: (A) the preferential development of varnish on porous, nutrient-deficient surfaces (B) the ability of manganese-oxidizing mixotrophs to thrive in harsh environments (C) the formation of dark varnish on rocks with a nearly neutral pH (D) the documented interactions between clay particles and bacteria (E) the presence of heterotrophic organisms in areas of varnish growth The author's use of the phrase "decisive clue" (line 33) serves to (A) emphasize the critical role of biological factors in resolving the mystery of rock varnish (B) suggest that the bacterial hypothesis was the only viable explanation for rock varnish formation (C) underscore the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in scientific research (D) highlight the serendipitous nature of scientific discovery (E) imply that previous hypotheses were based on insufficient evidence The passage indicates that manganese-oxidizing bacteria are unlikely to contribute to rock varnish formation in which of the following environments? (A) Areas with intermittent water flow over rock surfaces (B) Regions with a highly alkaline pH level (C) Locations with porous, nutrient-poor rock substrates (D) Sites exposed to high temperatures and desiccation (E) Places with an abundance of clay minerals Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between rock varnish and desert environments? (A) Rock varnish is more likely to form in desert environments due to the high temperatures and intense sunlight. (B) The formation of rock varnish in deserts is primarily driven by non-biological processes. (C) Desert environments are less conducive to rock varnish formation compared to other ecosystems. (D) The color of rock varnish in deserts is more likely to be a brownish orange due to intermediate levels of manganese oxide. (E) Deserts provide optimal conditions for the growth and survival of manganese-oxidizing bacteria. The passage suggests that further research on rock varnish formation might involve which of the following? (A) Investigating the potential applications of rock varnish in paleoclimatology and archaeology (B) Comparing the chemical composition of rock varnish from different geological eras (C) Assessing the impact of climate change on the distribution and characteristics of rock varnish (D) Exploring the role of other microbial species in the formation and modification of rock varnish (E) Evaluating the effectiveness of rock varnish as a protective coating against weathering and erosion
Answers:
A A D E A B D D
3.DI The Osaka Castle, a majestic symbol of Japan's rich history and cultural heritage, has captivated the hearts and minds of countless visitors since its construction in the late 16th century. Originally built by the renowned warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi, this impressive fortification served as a testament to his power and ambition, as well as a strategic stronghold during the tumultuous Sengoku period. The castle's main tower, or donjon, standing at an impressive 58 meters tall, was a marvel of architectural and engineering prowess, showcasing the ingenuity and skill of the Japanese craftsmen of the time. However, the Osaka Castle's history is one marked by both triumph and tragedy. In 1615, a mere 32 years after its completion, the castle was besieged and destroyed during the Siege of Osaka, a pivotal battle that marked the end of the Toyotomi clan's rule and the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate's dominance. The castle lay in ruins for nearly three centuries until it was finally reconstructed in 1931, using a combination of traditional craftsmanship and modern construction techniques. Today, the Osaka Castle stands as a beloved icon of the city, attracting an estimated 2.5 million visitors annually. The castle's main tower, now a museum, houses an extensive collection of artifacts and exhibits that offer a fascinating glimpse into Japan's feudal past. Visitors can explore the castle's many chambers and passageways, marveling at the intricate woodcarvings, gilded ornaments, and elaborate screen paintings that adorn its interior. The castle's observation deck, located on the eighth floor of the main tower, offers breathtaking panoramic views of the city and the surrounding gardens. Despite its enduring popularity, the Osaka Castle faces numerous challenges in the 21st century. The increasing number of visitors, combined with the aging infrastructure and the need for regular maintenance, has placed a significant strain on the castle's resources. In response, the Osaka Castle management has implemented a series of measures aimed at preserving the castle's historical integrity while enhancing the visitor experience. These measures include the use of advanced conservation techniques, the implementation of crowd control measures, and the development of interactive exhibits and educational programs. Furthermore, the Osaka Castle's role as a cultural ambassador has taken on new significance in recent years, as Japan seeks to strengthen its ties with the international community. The castle has hosted numerous high-profile events, including diplomatic receptions, cultural festivals, and academic symposia, showcasing the richness and diversity of Japanese culture to a global audience. As a result, the Osaka Castle has become not only a symbol of Japan's past but also a beacon of its future, representing the nation's commitment to cultural exchange, innovation, and progress. In conclusion, the Osaka Castle remains a true marvel of Japanese architecture and a testament to the enduring legacy of the nation's feudal past. Its storied history, combined with its ongoing efforts to adapt and evolve in the face of modern challenges, ensures that it will continue to captivate and inspire generations of visitors for years to come. As a microcosm of Japan's rich cultural tapestry, the Osaka Castle embodies the indomitable spirit and resilience of the Japanese people, serving as a powerful reminder of the importance of preserving and celebrating our shared heritage. Questions:
According to the passage, which of the following best describes the original purpose of the Osaka Castle? (A) To serve as a center of cultural exchange and diplomacy (B) To function as a strategic stronghold and symbol of power (C) To house an extensive collection of artifacts and exhibits (D) To showcase the ingenuity and skill of Japanese craftsmen (E) To provide a venue for high-profile events and festivals The passage suggests that the Osaka Castle's history is characterized by: (A) A continuous period of peace and stability (B) A gradual decline in cultural significance (C) A series of devastating natural disasters (D) A pattern of destruction and reconstruction (E) A shift from military to cultural functions The author's use of the phrase "marvel of architectural and engineering prowess" (lines 7-8) serves to: (A) Emphasize the castle's role as a strategic stronghold (B) Highlight the skill and ingenuity of the castle's builders (C) Contrast the castle's original design with its modern reconstruction (D) Suggest that the castle's construction was ahead of its time (E) Imply that the castle's architectural style was unique to Japan According to the passage, the Siege of Osaka in 1615 resulted in: (A) The destruction of the Osaka Castle and the end of the Toyotomi clan's rule (B) The reconstruction of the castle using modern construction techniques (C) The establishment of the castle as a symbol of the Tokugawa shogunate's power (D) The transformation of the castle into a museum and cultural center (E) The relocation of the castle to its current site in the heart of Osaka The passage indicates that the Osaka Castle's management has implemented measures to address which of the following challenges? (A) The castle's declining popularity among visitors (B) The need for regular maintenance and preservation (C) The castle's limited role in promoting cultural exchange (D) The lack of interactive exhibits and educational programs (E) The castle's inability to accommodate large-scale events The author's description of the Osaka Castle as "a microcosm of Japan's rich cultural tapestry" (lines 63-64) suggests that: (A) The castle's history is representative of Japan's broader cultural heritage (B) The castle's architecture is a unique blend of various Japanese styles (C) The castle's visitor demographics reflect the diversity of Japanese society (D) The castle's exhibits provide a comprehensive overview of Japanese art and craftsmanship (E) The castle's management is committed to promoting cultural diversity and inclusion Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the reconstruction of the Osaka Castle in 1931? (A) It was necessitated by the castle's destruction during a natural disaster (B) It was undertaken to restore the castle to its original Toyotomi-era design (C) It was funded primarily by donations from the Japanese public (D) It involved a combination of traditional and modern construction methods (E) It was completed in time for the castle's 300th anniversary celebrations The passage suggests that the Osaka Castle's role as a cultural ambassador has: (A) Diminished in recent years due to declining international interest in Japanese culture (B) Been overshadowed by its function as a popular tourist attraction (C) Become increasingly important as Japan seeks to strengthen its global ties (D) Been hampered by the castle's limited capacity to host large-scale events (E) Been met with resistance from traditionalists who oppose modernization efforts The author's assertion that the Osaka Castle "embodies the indomitable spirit and resilience of the Japanese people" (line 65) is primarily supported by: (A) The castle's role as a strategic stronghold during the Sengoku period (B) The castle's destruction and subsequent reconstruction over the centuries (C) The castle's ability to attract millions of visitors annually (D) The castle's successful adaptation to modern challenges and demands (E) The castle's ongoing efforts to promote cultural exchange and understanding The main purpose of the passage is to: (A) Provide a detailed account of the Siege of Osaka and its aftermath (B) Argue for the importance of preserving Japan's cultural heritage sites (C) Examine the architectural and engineering features of the Osaka Castle (D) Trace the Osaka Castle's transformation from a military stronghold to a cultural icon (E) Highlight the Osaka Castle's enduring significance and its role in Japanese history and culture
Answers:
B D B A B A D C B E
题目解析:
根据文章第一段的描述,大阪城最初的目的是作为丰臣秀吉的权力象征和战略要塞,因此选项B最恰当。 文章多次提到大阪城的历史经历了多次毁坏和重建,尤其是在1615年的大阪之役和1931年的重建,因此选项D最符合文章描述的大阪城历史特点。 "建筑和工程技术的奇迹"这一表述旨在强调建造大阪城的工匠的技艺和创造力,因此选项B最准确。 文章第二段明确指出,1615年的大阪之役导致了大阪城的毁坏和丰臣家族统治的终结,因此选项A是正确答案。 文章第四段提到,面对日益增多的游客和老化的基础设施,大阪城管理方实施了一系列措施,其中包括定期维护和保护,因此选项B最符合文章描述。 "日本丰富文化缩影"这一比喻表明,大阪城的历史能够代表日本更广泛的文化遗产,因此选项A最恰当。 文章第二段提到,1931年的大阪城重建采用了传统工艺与现代建筑技术相结合的方式,因此选项D可以从文章中推断出来。 文章第五段指出,近年来,随着日本寻求加强与国际社会的联系,大阪城作为文化大使的角色变得越来越重要,因此选项C符合文章描述。 "不屈不挠的精神和坚韧"这一表述主要通过文章对大阪城多次毁坏和重建的描述来支撑,因此选项B最恰当。 文章全面介绍了大阪城的历史、现状和作用,重点强调其持久的重要性以及在日本历史和文化中的地位,因此选项E最准确地概括了全文主旨。
| 
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2024-9-17 09:01:16
收藏
收藏
