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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
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1.CR
A well-known clothing brand store decided to display its high-end and regular clothing items of the same quality together in a mixed arrangement. A study showed that, compared to separate displays, the mixed arrangement reduced consumers' willingness to purchase high-end clothing. However, the brand store still insisted on using the mixed display method. Which of the following, if true, best explains the brand store's decision?
(A) The mixed display enhances the brand image, as consumers perceive all clothing items sold by the brand store to be of high quality, and the long-term benefits of brand image outweigh the short-term impact of reduced high-end clothing sales.
(B) Although the mixed display decreased consumers' willingness to buy high-end clothing, it significantly increased the sales of regular clothing, resulting in higher overall sales and profits compared to separate displays.
(C) By allowing consumers to directly compare the quality of clothing items at different price points, the mixed display made it easier for them to accept the pricing of high-end clothing, thus increasing high-end clothing sales.
(D) The mixed display created a unique shopping experience that attracted more fashion-conscious and taste-sensitive consumers, expanding the brand store's customer base.
(E) The brand store's target customers are primarily high-income individuals who are less price-sensitive, so the mixed display has a limited impact on high-end clothing sales but helps attract more foot traffic.
An archaeological excavation at site E uncovered a collection of well-preserved ancient artworks. These artworks are distinct from those found in neighboring regions and cannot be definitively attributed to any known civilization. However, evidence suggests that the people of site E engaged in trade with ancient Greek and Harappan civilizations. Additionally, the discovery of numerous artworks depicting women in various roles has led archaeologists to hypothesize that women in this society enjoyed a relatively high social status and actively participated in the creation of these artworks. Which of the following assumptions is most essential to the archaeologists' hypothesis?
(A) The trade relations between the people of site E and other civilizations had a significant influence on the artistic styles and techniques employed in the creation of the discovered artworks.
(B) The artworks discovered at site E were primarily created for decorative purposes and do not provide reliable insights into the daily lives and social roles of the people who created them.
(C) In ancient civilizations, the participation of women in the creation of artworks was typically indicative of their overall social status and the degree of freedom they enjoyed within their society.
(D) The absence of similar artworks depicting women in the neighboring regions suggests that the people of site E had a uniquely egalitarian social structure.
(E) The well-preserved nature of the artworks discovered at site E is attributable to the advanced preservation techniques employed by the people of this ancient civilization.
答案:
BC
2.RC
People who would not dream of taking drugs that had not been tested will readily take medical tests of no proven value. They may regret the result
THEY are “the worried well", and their ranks are growing. Their faith, and that of their doctors, says it is better to pin down what might ail you in the future than passively await the day you fall ill. Find the potential problem now and deal with it, the thinking goes, and that day of judgment may never come.
It sounds eminently sensible, and has worked in many cases. Screening newborns for sluggish thyroids and phenylketonuria, an inborn chemical error, is but one example. Promptly detected, the effects of these disturbances on the brain can be counteracted. Untreated, they cause mental retardation. Screening has spared millions that fate.
Such examples seem to holdout the promise of a new type of medicine, where specific knowledge about the body allows pre-emptive intervention to forestall disease rather than mitigate or reverse it: medicine without illness. The practice of using diagnostic tools developed to pinpoint the problems of the sickly to screen large populations in apparent good health is spreading quickly. The stream of genetic information flowing from the world‘s laboratories is likely to hasten that spread.
However, the knowledge produced by these tests is not always useful. If screening discloses something wrong with you, you are likely to want something done about it. Yet often no one knows what, if anything, it would be useful to do. Treating pie-diseases is not necessarily easier than treating diseases; nor does it necessarily use the same techniques, Since new screening tests are easier to invent than treatments of demonstrable value, the mismatch between what can be known and what can be done seems likely to go on growing.
As well as sometimes producing information that cannot be acted upon, screening tests also produce false information. Two kinds of error occur: “false negatives", in which the condition being looked for is present, but does not show up in the test; and “false positives", where it is absent but does show up. Highly sensitive tests reduce the number of false negatives; highly specific tests, the number of false positives. When an apparently healthy population is screened for a condition few of them have, false positives will normally be far more of a problem than false negatives. Imagine a condition that affects 5% of the population, and a test for it that has a false-negative rate and a false-positive rate of 1%. lf a million people are screened, 500 of the 50,000 with the condition will not find out about it; 9,500 people without the condition will be told they have it.
Screening enthusiasts tend to dismiss this point, and to push for screening strategies that put sensitivity higher than specificity in their priorities—for example, repeating the screening at more frequent intervals. If the million in the example above were screened again, there would be a sudden profusion of borderline cases—those with one positive and one negative result. Recall that 9,500 people without the condition were falsely told they had it after the first test; 9,405 of them will test negative on the second. But another 9,405 people without the condition. who correctly tested negative first time round, now come up positive in the second test. What about people who do have the condition? Of the 500 who falsely came up negative on the first test, 495 will test positive in the second. But another 495 people with the condition, who correctly tested positive first time round, now test negative. A sorry 95 who did not have the condition would now have tested positive for it twice.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to:
(A) Advocate for the widespread adoption of screening tests as a cornerstone of preventive medicine
(B) Analyze the psychological factors that contribute to the growing popularity of screening tests among healthy individuals
(C) Assess the potential benefits and drawbacks of the increasing use of screening tests in apparently healthy populations
(D) Argue for the need to prioritize the development of effective treatments over the expansion of screening programs
(E) Critique the medical community's overreliance on screening tests as a substitute for comprehensive patient care
2. According to the passage, which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to the growing "mismatch" between the ability to identify potential health problems through screening and the capacity to address them?
(A) The reluctance of pharmaceutical companies to invest in developing treatments for conditions that affect a small percentage of the population
(B) The inherent difficulty in designing screening tests that can accurately distinguish between healthy individuals and those with the condition
(C) The tendency for screening tests to be developed and implemented more rapidly than effective treatments for the conditions they detect
(D) The lack of public funding for research into the long-term health outcomes of individuals who undergo regular screening tests
(E) The ethical constraints that prevent researchers from conducting clinical trials on apparently healthy individuals identified through screening
3. The author suggests that the "worried well" are likely to:
(A) Embrace screening tests as a means of taking proactive control over their future health outcomes
(B) Insist on the development of highly specific screening tests that minimize the risk of false positive results
(C) Advocate for the allocation of healthcare resources towards the treatment of existing illnesses rather than the prevention of potential future conditions
(D) Recognize the limitations of screening tests and make informed decisions about their personal healthcare based on a balanced assessment of risks and benefits
(E) Pressure policymakers to regulate the development and use of screening tests to ensure their safety and effectiveness
4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the relationship between a screening test's sensitivity and its specificity?
(A) Increasing a test's sensitivity necessarily requires a corresponding decrease in its specificity
(B) Screening tests with high sensitivity are more valuable in clinical settings than those with high specificity
(C) Specificity is a more important consideration than sensitivity when screening apparently healthy populations for relatively rare conditions
(D) The ideal screening test would have perfect sensitivity and specificity, identifying all individuals with the condition and no false positives
(E) Sensitivity and specificity are independent characteristics of a screening test and can be optimized separately
5. The passage suggests that false positive results from screening tests are particularly problematic because:
(A) They can lead to unnecessary anxiety and potentially harmful interventions for individuals who do not have the condition
(B) They undermine public trust in the accuracy and reliability of all medical tests, including those used to diagnose existing illnesses
(C) They divert healthcare resources away from the treatment of genuine illnesses and towards the management of healthy individuals
(D) They discourage individuals who receive false positive results from participating in future screening programs, even for other conditions
(E) They contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria by promoting the overuse of antibiotics in treating false positives
6. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the potential consequences of emphasizing sensitivity over specificity in screening test design?
(A) An increase in the number of healthy individuals unnecessarily subjected to further diagnostic tests and procedures
(B) A decrease in the overall cost of healthcare as early detection and intervention become more commonplace
(C) A shift in medical research priorities towards the development of highly targeted therapies for specific genetic markers
(D) A reduction in the incidence of serious illnesses as a result of identifying and treating potential health problems before they manifest
(E) An improvement in patient outcomes as healthcare providers are able to tailor preventive care to each individual's unique risk profile
7. The example of screening newborns for thyroid problems and phenylketonuria serves to:
(A) Illustrate the potential for screening to prevent serious health problems by enabling early intervention
(B) Highlight the importance of developing screening tests for conditions that primarily affect children
(C) Demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of universal screening programs in reducing long-term healthcare expenses
(D) Suggest that the benefits of screening may be limited to specific populations or age groups
(E) Provide evidence that supports the author's argument against the widespread use of screening tests in healthy populations
8. Which of the following statements best captures the main idea of the final paragraph of the passage?
(A) Repeated screening of healthy individuals is an effective way to identify rare conditions that may be missed by a single test
(B) The interpretation of screening test results becomes increasingly complex and uncertain when tests are repeated multiple times
(C) The practice of repeated screening is driven primarily by the financial interests of healthcare providers and testing companies
(D) Individuals who receive false positive results on an initial screening test are more likely to develop the condition in the future
(E) The psychological impact of receiving inconsistent or borderline screening test results is a significant public health concern
CCACAAAB
3.DI
Passage 1
The decline and fall of the Roman Republic was a complex and multifaceted process that spanned several centuries. One of the key factors in this process was the increasing power and influence of successful military commanders, who leveraged their popularity and prestige to challenge the traditional authority of the Senate and the Roman political system as a whole.
In the early days of the Republic, the Roman military was subordinate to the civilian government, with the Senate holding ultimate authority over the conduct of wars and the deployment of legions. However, as Rome's territories expanded and its wars became increasingly complex and lengthy, the role of the military in society began to change. Successful generals, such as Scipio Africanus and Gaius Marius, became popular heroes and began to wield significant political influence.
This trend reached its apex in the late Republic, with the rise of figures like Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Crassus. These men commanded loyal armies and used their military successes to build unparalleled political power. They formed the First Triumvirate, an informal alliance that dominated Roman politics and sidelined the traditional Senate.
The growing power of these military commanders set the stage for a series of civil wars that would ultimately spell the end of the Republic. Caesar's famous crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BC, when he led his legions into Italy in defiance of the Senate's orders, marked the beginning of a conflict that would reshape the Roman world.
Passage 2
The loyalty of the Roman legions to their commanders was a crucial factor in the civil wars that brought about the end of the Republic. In the professional army established by Gaius Marius, soldiers increasingly identified with their generals rather than with the state as a whole. This personal loyalty was often based on a general's charisma, leadership skills, and ability to deliver victory and plunder.
Successful commanders rewarded their troops with generous bonuses, land grants, and other privileges. For example, Caesar's troops were fiercely loyal to him due in large part to the wealth and lands he had bestowed upon them during his conquests in Gaul. This loyalty would prove decisive in his struggle against Pompey and the Senate.
The personal bonds between commanders and their soldiers were strengthened by the increasing length and brutality of Rome's wars. Legionaries serving in far-flung provinces for years at a time came to see their fellow soldiers and their general as a kind of surrogate family. They relied on their commander to protect their interests and secure their future after their service ended.
This dynamic led to a situation where the legions were often more willing to follow the orders of their beloved commander than those of the distant and increasingly dysfunctional government in Rome. In essence, each successful general commanded a private army loyal primarily to him rather than to the state - a development that would have profound consequences for the fate of the Republic.
Passage 3
The civil wars that arose from the competing ambitions of Rome's great generals were not simply a matter of personal rivalries. They were fundamentally a struggle over the very nature and future of the Roman state. On one side were the populares, leaders like Caesar who presented themselves as champions of the people and advocated for reforms to address the grievances of ordinary citizens. On the other were the optimates, the conservative faction of the Senate that sought to preserve the traditional aristocratic order.
The conflict between these two visions came to a head in the Great Roman Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. After Caesar's victory and his subsequent assassination, a new round of civil wars erupted, this time pitting Caesar's heir Octavian against his former ally Mark Antony and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra.
Octavian's triumph in this conflict marked the final nail in the coffin of the Roman Republic. After consolidating his power and taking the title Augustus, he became the first Emperor of Rome, inaugurating a new era of one-man rule. The Republic, with its checks and balances and its government of elected officials, was dead.
In the new order of the Empire, the loyalty of the legions would remain a key political factor. Emperors who lost the support of the military often found themselves deposed or assassinated, and aspiring usurpers always sought to win over the legions to their cause. The Praetorian Guard, the Emperor's personal bodyguard, even became kingmakers in their own right, elevating and removing emperors at will in the chaotic period after the fall of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.
In the end, the rise of powerful military commanders and the personal loyalty of the legions to these figures proved to be a key factor in the fall of the Republic and the birth of the Empire. It was a transformation that would shape the course of Roman and indeed world history for centuries to come.
Questions:
According to Passage 1, how did the role of the military in Roman society change as the Republic expanded?
A. The military became increasingly subordinate to the civilian government.
B. Successful generals began to wield significant political influence.
C. The Senate gained ultimate authority over the conduct of wars.
D. The military became less involved in political affairs.
Based on Passage 2, which of the following best describes the primary loyalty of soldiers in the late Roman Republic?
A. Loyalty to the Roman state as a whole
B. Loyalty to the Senate and the traditional political order
C. Loyalty to their specific legion and its traditions
D. Loyalty to their commanding general
According to the passages, how did the First Triumvirate impact Roman politics?
A. It reinforced the authority of the Senate.
B. It led to a series of reforms addressing the grievances of ordinary citizens.
C. It dominated Roman politics and sidelined the traditional Senate.
D. It had little impact on the functioning of the Republic.
Based on Passage 3, what role did the Praetorian Guard play in the politics of the early Empire?
A. They served as a loyal force supporting the Emperor against potential usurpers.
B. They had little influence and were subordinate to the regular legions.
C. They at times elevated and removed emperors at will.
D. They consistently defended the interests of the Senate against the Emperor.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passages about the relationship between military loyalty and political power in the late Republic and early Empire?
A. Military loyalty was unimportant in the political struggles of the period.
B. Military loyalty was a key factor in determining political outcomes.
C. Military loyalty consistently supported the traditional Republican order.
D. Military loyalty was always subordinate to the will of the Senate.
答案解析:
B
根据Passage 1,随着罗马疆土的扩张和战争的日益复杂和冗长,军队在社会中的作用开始发生变化。成功的将军,如西庇阿和马略,成为广受欢迎的英雄,开始施加重要的政治影响力。因此,成功的将军开始wieldsignificant政治影响力。
D
Passage 2明确指出,在盖尤斯·马略建立的职业军队中,士兵越来越认同他们的将军,而不是整个国家。这种人身忠诚通常基于将军的魅力、领导能力以及带来胜利和掠夺的能力。因此,士兵的主要忠诚对象是他们的指挥将军。
C
根据Passage 1,朱利叶斯·凯撒、庞培大帝和马库斯·克拉苏等人组成了第一个三头政治,这是一个非正式的联盟,主导了罗马政治,并排挤了传统的元老院。因此,第一个三头政治主导了罗马政治,排挤了传统的参议院。
C
根据Passage 3,在朱利奥-克劳狄王朝灭亡后的混乱时期,禁卫军甚至成为了帝王的创造者,随意提拔和罢免皇帝。因此,禁卫军有时会随意提拔和罢免皇帝。
B
通过所有段落可以推断,在共和国后期和帝国初期,军队的忠诚是决定政治结果的关键因素。Passage 1和2都强调了将军和他们的军队之间的人身忠诚关系在政治斗争中的决定性作用。Passage 3进一步指出,在帝国时代,军队的支持对皇帝保住权力至关重要。因此,军队的忠诚是决定政治结果的关键因素。
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发表于 2024-6-20 09:23:37
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