补充具体完整的实例分析：
在后来的应用这种方法做题的过程中，楼主发现这种方法其实还有一些不是很适用的地方，楼主刚开始看帖子的时候觉得说的好对，都是楼主做阅读时候的症结所在，说的好切中要害，但是在后面的练习的时候发现这种方法在很多题型上面也不是万能的，所以就举个例子来说明一下。
文章：
The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding ofspecialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). Accordingto this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimationand competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (totalnumber) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firmmoves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way toorganize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entryand easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources thatfirms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long asdensity is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firmhas a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels,however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouragingfoundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition willbe and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
While several studies have found asignificant correspondence between the density dependence model and actualpatterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent withthe model. Apossible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation andcompetitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typicallyrestrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysiscan understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as thenumber of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Manyindustries are or are becoming international, and since media and informationeasily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects onoverseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in theUnited States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, andhelps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within nationalcontexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model whenthey employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that themodel's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than atcity levels.
这是一篇多段落的文章，也是多段落文章中的一种特殊类型——第一段特别长的。
按照经济学人给出的方法，我们先读第一段，不需要全读，一句话一句话的读，搞清楚主旨就停。我们读了前两句话以后，发现差不多知道这篇文章在讲一个什么东西了，而且后面的内容是在讲细节方面的内容了，所以就停下不读（这一点其实我发现不太好，后面会说到）。这时候我们在草稿纸上简要的写一下我们在第一段读到了什么：
DD model 应用于 specialist firm，研究s firm的密度与leg和Competitive force之间的关系。
（楼主在草稿纸上确实是这么中英文夹杂着写的，不要嘲笑我…而且有时候是通过箭头之类的指示写的还要再简略一些，自己能看懂就行。）
这时候移到第二段：
读第一句：
读完以后记下来这一段在讲什么，和前一段之间的关系。
DD model <—> actual pattern
Some +，some-
（这么记的意思是DD模型和实际应用之间的关系，有些学说支持，有些学说反对）
和第一段的关系就是前一段是理论，这一段是应用。
到此为止，这篇文章就算是读完了，接下来我们来做题。
读第一题题目：
According to the passage, which of the following may account for theinconsistency between the general density dependence model and the evidenceprovided by certain studies of foundings?
发现是一道细节题，而且有According to the passage，就属于stated类型的题目，不需要大家自己推理，回归原文找答案。
这时候我们先看自己的笔记，来定位答案是在哪一段出现：
题目问的是DD模型和evidence provided by certain studies of foundings之间的关系，那就是第二段了，而且问的还是inconsistent，所以找第二段，第二段的第二句开始就是讲了inconsistent的原因：
A possible explanationfor this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcendnational boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to thenational level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the truelegitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in anindustry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or arebecoming international, and since media and information easily cross nationalborders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings.
【在这里楼主要提醒一下大家，GMAC很喜欢给你出陷阱的，之前楼主做题图快，从来不看意思，差不多浏览一遍就去找答案，这时候你能很快的找出一个答案，通常情况下，这个答案都是错的。这就是经济学人里面讲的迷惑性的选项通常都是用词一样但是意思恰好相反。这也是为什么我们要看句意，理解句子，而不是看词。这里我就不举例了。】
我们再来对照选项：
• A. Such studies haveoveremphasized the impact of preexisting firms on the establishment of newfirms.
• B. Such studies havenot focused strongly enough on the role of competition among newly establishedfirms operating at the city and state levels.
• C. Such studies failto differentiate among specialist firms with regard to the degree to which theydeviate from familiar forms of organization.
• D. Such studies havenot taken into account the fact that many industries are internationallyintegrated.
• E. Such studies haveneglected to investigate firms that attempt to serve only a narrow targetmarket.
正确答案选D。原文的同义改写。
这道题我们用经济学人介绍的方法算是做完了
接下来看第二题：
In the second paragraph, the author is primarilyconcerned with
这是一道结构题，问第二段的作用，照这样来说，我们回归笔记：
DD model <—> actual pattern
Some +，some-
和第一段的关系就是前一段是理论，这一段是应用。
然后找答案：
• A noting various exceptions to a certain generalfinding【特例】
• B examining theimpact of one type ofindustry on another
• Cproposing a possible explanation for an inconsistency
• D providing specificexamples of a particular phenomenon
• E defending thevalidity of a particular study's conclusions
其实看到这里只看笔记我是没有办法确定答案的。AB很好排除。第二段给这么一个开头其实后面说什么真的不好判断，它可以举一个支持的例子，可以举一个反对的例子，也可以各举一个例子，前一段讲了理论，后面适用性也不是不行。
所以楼主觉得，只看第一句话是不够的！
在读文章的时候还得看看文章细节部分和文章主题句或者段落分论点之间的联系！
也不要读的太细，读的太细太费脑，just scan it！
你看这篇文章，第二段头一句说了两种观点，一个是支持，一个是反对，你只要分清到哪里为止是讲支持，到哪里为止讲的是反对就可以了，
大概看一下，第二段先explain了inconsistency了一下，后面又for Example举了一个例子，是关于这个explain的，然后就没了，这时候我们发现文章第二段后面的细节都是在讲inconsistency的，这样我们再看答案的时候就好选了。
答案选C。
个人觉得，这个SCAN的这一步可以放在读文章的时候，也可以放在读完题之后，如果一开始读文章的时候就有读这些，可能在上一题的时候有一些迷惑性的选项，一些细节上出现的词语在选项里都有出现，但是我们要记住在定位的时候我们都是基于问题题目来定位的，有些选项就是非定位点的意思正确的句子，通常在读完细节以后会容易成为迷惑性选项。
但是一开始就SCAN了细节的话在做到细节题的时候会很容易定位，知道到哪里去找定位点。
反正是各有利弊。
接下来做第三题：
The passage suggests that when a population of specialistfirms reaches a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?
问到的是highdensity level时候的情况，看完了笔记我们发现是说密度的，就在第一段里面找。
这时候你还是要把第一段浏览一遍。
我们发现显示讲了at lowdensity level的情况，后来有讲了at highdensity level的情况，那么定位就很容易了
定位点信息：
At high density levels, however, competitive effectsoutweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous thecompetitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be theincentive for new firms to enter the field.
再看选项：
• AFoundings will decline despite legitimation that hasoccurred in these industries.
• B Increasingcompetition will encourage many firms to broaden their target market.【原文无关】
• C Competition forresources will become stabilized and thus foundings will be encouraged.【原文相反】
• D Many customerswill abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the market.【原文相反】
• E Firms will begin to cross national bordersin an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.【原文无关】
答案选A
第四题：
The primary purpose ofthe passage is to：
终于问到了主旨题
按照经济学人给出的方法，主旨题看笔记就够了
我们把之前做的笔记搬过来
**DD model 应用于 specialist firm，研究s firm的密度与leg和Competitiveforce之间的关系。
**DD model <—> actual pattern
Some +，some-
和第一段的关系就是前一段是理论，这一段是应用。
• A question thevalidity of an economic model
• B point out someinconsistencies within an economic model
• C outline aneconomic model and suggest revisions to it
• D describe aneconomic model and provide specific examples to illustrate its use
• Eexplain why aneconomic model remains valid despite inconsistent research results
A中的question的态度不对，B说的是第二段的内容，而且也不是some inconsistencies，C的revision不对，D中 illustrate its use不对，答案选E
其实这道题也是只看笔记是做不出来的，第一段都能看出来是在介绍一个模型，但是仅靠第二段开头我们是不知道第二段到底是在说什么的，通过浏览第二段内容我们要搞清楚作者对提出来的支持和反对有没有态度在里面，作者是支持还是反对，第二段的细节部分全是在解释inconsistent，举例也是inconsistent，但是作者其实是不支持这种inconsistent的，是通过解释这个inconsistent来支持这个DD model的。读出来作者的态度这道题就比较好排除了。
楼主也不是大牛，最后这个实例完全是自己做题的心得和理解，发上来的主要目的是和大家探讨，如果你们有什么想法一定一定要告诉楼主和楼主一起探讨好不好！答应我！赞赏你们的批评指正！
不设什么密码啊回复可见的了，但是楼主还是很期待你们批评指正的留言以及祝福楼主二战分手的留言的！
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发表于 2015-12-18 14:00:33
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