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逻辑黑体字
概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。
1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter: Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product. But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities. Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。
2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.
3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property. In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city. Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes. The critics are correct on this point. Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more. In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.
3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
** 读全文 找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义 核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。 没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。
2）时间不充裕：
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据， 选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;
4. 黑体字复习方法：
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；
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发表于 2013-3-26 16:40:45
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