【每日逻辑练习第二季】【3-5】

corneliaflower · 发表于 2012-2-1 13:06:00

sorry 各位真的十分抱歉又拖了这么多天

【精练】

4. Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warn
each other of nearby predators, depending on
whether the danger comes from land or from the air.
Which one of the following, if true, contributes most
to an explanation of the behavior of vervet monkeys
described above?
(A) By varying the pitch of its alarm call, a vervet
monkey can indicate the number of predators
approaching.
(B) Different land-based predators are responsible
for different numbers of vervet monkey
deaths.
(C) No predators that pose a danger to vervet
monkeys can attack both from land and from
the air.
(D) Vervet monkeys avoid land-based predators by
climbing trees but avoid predation from the
air by diving into foliage.
(E) Certain land-based predators feed only on
vervet monkeys, whereas every predator that
attacks vervet monkeys from the air feeds on
many different animals.

【逻辑链】

109. (30048-!-item-!-188;#058&004735) (GWD 29-Q27 different type)
Though sucking zinc lozenges has been promoted as a treatment for the common cold, research has revealed no consistent effect. Recently, however, a zinc gel applied nasally has been shown to greatly reduce the duration of colds. Since the gel contains zinc in the same form and concentration as the lozenges, the greater effectiveness of the gel must be due to the fact that cold viruses tend to concentrate in the nose, not the mouth.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Experimental subjects who used the zinc gel not only had colds of shorter duration but also had less severe symptoms than did those who used a gel that did not contain zinc.
B. The mechanism by which zinc affects the viruses that cause the common cold has not been conclusively established.
C. To make them palatable, zinc lozenges generally contain other ingredients, such as citric acid, that can interfere with the chemical activity of zinc.
D. No zinc-based cold remedy can have any effect unless it is taken or applied within 48 hours of the initial onset of cold symptoms.
E. Drug-company researchers experimenting with a nasal spray based on zinc have found that it has much the same effect on colds as the gel does.
110. (30658-!-item-!-188;#058&005491) (GWD 7-Q17)
Of patients over 65 years old who survived coronary bypass surgery—a procedure widely prescribed for people with heart disease—only 75 percent benefited from the surgery. Thus it appears that for one in four such patients, the doctors who advised them to undergo this surgery, with its attendant risks and expense, were more interested in an opportunity to practice their skills and in their fee than in helping the patient.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A. Many of the patients who receive coronary bypass surgery are less than 55 years old.
B. Possible benefits of coronary bypass surgery include both relief from troubling symptoms and prolongation of life.
C. Most of the patients in the survey decided to undergo coronary bypass surgery because they were advised that the surgery would reduce their risk of future heart attacks.
D. The patients over 65 years old who did not benefit from the coronary bypass surgery were as fully informed as those who did benefit from the surgery as to the risks of the surgery prior to undergoing it.
E. The patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery but who did not benefit from it were medically indistinguishable, prior to their surgery, from the patients who did benefit.
111. (30514-!-item-!-188;#058&005454) (GWD 30-Q27 different type)
Personnel officer: The exorbitant cost of our health-insurance benefits reflects the high dollar amount of medical expenses incurred by our employees. Employees who are out of shape, as a group, have higher doctor bills and longer hospital stays than do their colleagues who are fit. Therefore, since we must reduce our health-insurance costs, we should offer a rigorous fitness program of jogging and weight lifting to all employees, and require employees who are out of shape to participate.
Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the personnel officer's proposal?
A. The medical expenses incurred by fit people who participate in a program of jogging and weight lifting are less than those incurred by fit people who do not participate in such a program.
B. More otherwise fit people are injured by participating in rigorous jogging and weight-lifting programs than are injured by participating in moderate jogging and weight-lifting programs.
C. The likelihood of incurring medical expenses is slightly greater for people who participate in fitness programs offered by their employers than it is for people who participate in programs offered commercially.
D. Moderate fitness programs increase the average person's fitness to the same extent that rigorous fitness programs do.
E. More health problems and injuries are the result of mandatory participation in a fitness program than are the result of voluntary participation.
112. (32826-!-item-!-188;#058&006832) (GWD 8-Q38)
Unless tiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tigers' habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting. Thus, if these countries can successfully enforce this legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild will be ensured.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
A. assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced
B. considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other endangered animal species
C. fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attempts to kill tigers
D. neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
E. takes the removal of an impediment to the tigers' survival as a guarantee of their survival

corneliaflower · 发表于 2012-2-1 13:06:19

KEY：CEAE

bible解释

Question #4. Resolve. October 2003 LSAT, Section 1, #8. The correct answer choice is (D)
The situation in the stimulus is that vervet monkeys use different calls depending on where predators come
from. The correct answer must explain why the calls are different (again, difference versus similarity is an
issue). Note that the stimulus does not contain a true paradox, just an odd situation that is presented
without explanation.
Answer choice (A): This answer states that vervet monkeys vary the calls in order to indicate the number
of predators, but the answer does not explain why different calls are used for land versus air predators.
This answer is attractive because it shows that different calls can be used to indicate different things, but it
is wrong because it does not explain the behavior of the monkeys as described in the stimulus.
Answer choice (B): This answer addresses only land-based predators and does not explain the difference
described in the stimulus.
Answer choice (C): This answer states that the predators using land attacks are different from the predators
using air attacks, but this information does not explain why vervet monkeys use different calls to indicate
that fact.
Answer choice (D): This is the correct answer. Because vervet monkeys react to predators in different
ways, they would need to know if the predator was coming by land or air. Hence, the different calls are
used to tell the monkeys whether they should climb trees or dive into the foliage. Since this answer
explains the behavior of vervet monkeys, this answer is correct.
Answer choice (E): The diet of selected predators of vervet monkeys is irrelevant and does not help
explain why vervet monkeys use different calls depending on the direction of the attack.

泾渭不凡 · 发表于 2012-2-2 01:08:41

..............亲耐滴LZ............饭饭这个真心不会找了.............求指教哇~~~~

background information：Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warn each other of nearby predators, depending on whether the danger comes from land or from the air.
...................................................
...................................................
prehrase: Vervet monkeys collect the information released by the different alarm to take action ...........................................

D倒是选对了.....................

fox0923 · 发表于 2012-2-2 04:14:06

谢谢花儿拉

corneliaflower · 发表于 2012-2-2 13:09:44

..............亲耐滴LZ............饭饭这个真心不会找了.............求指教哇~~~~

background information：Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warn each other of nearby predators, depending on whether the danger comes from land or from the air.
...................................................
...................................................
prehrase: Vervet monkeys collect the information released by the different alarm to take action ...........................................

D倒是选对了.....................

-- by 会员泾渭不凡 (2012/2/2 1:08:41)

饭饭花儿没明白你哪里不懂...
我觉得最主要的就是找相关只有D在说题干这回事儿吧

泾渭不凡 · 发表于 2012-2-3 04:19:01

饭饭花儿没明白你哪里不懂...
我觉得最主要的就是找相关只有D在说题干这回事儿吧

-- by 会员 corneliaflower (2012/2/2 13:09:44)

嗯~~谢谢花儿~~饭饭就是刚刚跟随小分队~~有点过于重视每句话在题目中的成分了~~~总想很规整的划出成分啊~~

嗯嗯~~明白了~~找相关啊~~谢谢花儿~~~

wuye1990 · 发表于 2012-2-4 11:16:22

4. Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warn
each other of nearby predators, depending on
whether the danger comes from land or from the air.
Which one of the following, if true, contributes most
to an explanation of the behavior of vervet monkeys
described above?
22s 逻辑链：本题没有结论。解释现象。一种猴子会通过不同的警告来告诉同伴他们的捕食者。这取决于捕食者是来自地面还是来自天上。
D（1’38’’）
(A) By varying the pitch of its alarm call, a vervet
monkey can indicate the number of predators
approaching.
(B) Different land-based predators are responsible
for different numbers of vervet monkey
deaths.解释了一方面
(C) No predators that pose a danger to vervet
monkeys can attack both from land and from
the air.该选项是假设
(D) Vervet monkeys avoid land-based predators by
climbing trees but avoid predation from the
air by diving into foliage.
(E) Certain land-based predators feed only on
vervet monkeys, whereas every predator that
attacks vervet monkeys from the air feeds on
many different animals.

wuye1990 · 发表于 2012-2-4 11:47:05

42s
逻辑链：
背景：zl对于普通感冒没有永恒的效果.
前提：zg可以减少感冒持续的时间。
结论：因为zg集中于鼻子而不是嘴巴，所以zg比zl 有更好的效果。
注：这是一个因果型结论。
求削弱。
预测：有别的原因。有别的药也是集中于鼻子而非嘴巴但是没有这么好的效果。Zg不集中于鼻子以后依然有很好的效果。
选择C（有别的原因）

37秒
逻辑链：
前提：75%的病人从外科手术中获益
结论：每4个人中有一个人是医生为了提高技术或者为了收钱而做的手术。
求削弱（非因果型结论）
预测：统计数据不合理
E（没法进行样本的区分）共用时1’34’’

前提：胖子需要更多的医疗保障费用和更长的治疗时间。
结论：为了削减医疗保障开支我们必须要胖子雇员加强锻炼。
求加强
预测：手段目的题。胖子在锻炼后体重下降，疾病发病率降低，需要更少的医疗保障费用。
A 2’19’’(耗时太长了！！！)

26s
前提：老虎数量的减少主要来自于捕杀。
政府正在限制老虎的捕杀
结论：如果政府可以成功限制老虎的捕杀那么老虎就会幸存。
这个论证很容易被批评因为：（要求指出论证过程中的失误。这样的题通常要让选项中的所有内容与文章能实现一一对应。）
E （1’35’’强加因果。或略的其他原因）

LIAOYA · 发表于 2012-3-4 22:06:29

bible
当predator从陆地上和天上来的时候，用不同的手
解释必然是将predator 的来源于用手的不同性联系起来了，同时在陆地和air之间有比较，那么答案中也应该包括这个比较

1 c,结论是因果型结论，答案是它因

2 e, conclusion 医生是为了赚钱
premise 四分之一的病人并没有受益
assumption 就是医生可以分清那些人手术不得成功

3 e 目的型，目的是减少insurance 的 cost
措施是加强锻炼，
weaken 要么是这个措施本身方向不对，要么这个措施会引发逆向的其他事情
本题属于后者

4
e 又是目的措施
目的 the tiger will survive
措施 enforce law
答案是enforce law 能够改善tiger的生存环境，但是不能ensure

子弹青春 · 发表于 2012-3-5 11:40:22

4.
Phenomenon: different alarm calls depend on whether the danger comes from water or air.
Explaination: Avoiding different predators by using different ways.
D

109.
Logic chain: zinc applied nasally is better than sucking zinc---- cold viruses tend to concentrate in the nose, not the mouth.
weaken: other reasons
C

110.
logic chain: the unuseful results from surgery----the purpose of doctor
ATTENTION: In the time line, this logic chain is negative direction. So whether the unuseful results is predictable is important to dicide the purpose of doctor.
weaken: as above
E

111
I think elimination is better for this question.
A

112.
logic chain: hunting is a reason for the tiger extincting so eliminating the hunting will make tigers survive.
This logic chain is wrong because hunting is not the sufficient and necessary condition of the extingcting, so the logic chain should not be reversed.
E
weaken:

[逻辑小分队] 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【3-5】

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