说明：

        这是偶备考时的逻辑复习笔记，答案大家应该都有，但偶觉得这个笔记如果还有点价值的话，就是基本每个题后面都有这个题的参考思路（也参照了前人NN们的一些思路和讨论，个别很简单的就没有写），还有些就是我做错的题，也在后面注明了当时我为什么会错，是个别词没看懂，属于理解的问题，如果是理解有误的话，那错误思路是什么，正确的思路是什么——我觉得思路是最重要的，尤其对逻辑题来讲。

        这些思路和理解中，有些也不完全正确（就象GWD，本来也没有一个确实的“标准答案”）希望大家有批判地看，并在最终复习中形成自己一套行之有效的解题思路，注：有些前后重复的题号也标注上了。

祝各位好运。

GWD 13套CR分类总结

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q3:

A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.  Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But
    large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.

In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

1. The first is an assumption that forms the basis for a course of action that the argument criticizes; the second presents the course of action endorsed by the argument.

2. The first is a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy; the second is a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy.

3. The first is an assumption that has been used to justify a certain strategy; the second is a consideration that is used to cast doubt on that assumption.

4. The first is a consideration raised in support of a strategy the argument endorses; the second presents grounds in support of that consideration.

5. The first is a consideration raised to show that adopting a certain strategy is unlikely to achieve the intended effect; the second is presented to explain the appeal of that strategy.

第一步不是假设，AC去掉。有转折，DE去掉。

(B)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q13:

In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, the percentage who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years.  Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, this decline is likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

1. Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state.

2. The number of people who move out of Florida to accept employment in other states has increased over the past ten years.

3. There are far more local businesses in Florida that cater to tourists than there are local businesses that cater to retirees.

4. The total number of people who retired and moved to another state for their retirement has increased significantly over the past ten years.

5. The number of people who left Florida when they retired to live in another state was greater last year than it was ten years ago.

[D]

错选为A   A是无关，D的意思是，即使比例下降了，但绝对数上升了，所以这些生意还是好的。而且是和佛州本身比，不是和其它州比，A错。本题考察numbert and percentage，GMAT的一大类题。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q14:

That the application of new technology can increase the productivity of existing coal mines is demonstrated by the case of Tribnia’s coal industry.  Coal output per miner in Tribnia is double what it was five years ago, even though no new mines have opened.

 Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statement about coal output per miner in the passage? 

 Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statement about coal output per miner in the passage? 

 Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statement about coal output per miner in the passage? 

1. If the number of miners working in Tribnian coal mines has remained constant in the past five years, Tribnia’s total coal production has doubled in that period of time.

2. Any individual Tribnian coal mine that achieved an increase in overall output in the past five years has also experienced an increase in output per miner.

3. If any new coal mines had opened in Tribnia in the past five years, then the increase in output per miner would have been even greater than it actually was.

4. If any individual Tribnian coal mine has not increased its output per miner in the past five years, then that mine’s overall output has declined or remained constant.

5. In Tribnia the cost of producing a given quantity of coal has declined over the past five years.

又是一个数学题：每名矿工的生产率在5年时间内翻了一倍，所以A说如果矿工数量不变，那么总产量肯定是翻了一倍了。

总产量＝矿工数量x每名矿工的生产率

 [A]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q15:

In parts of South America, vitamin-A deficiency is a serious health problem, especially among children.  In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new variety of sweet potato called SPK004 that is rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A.  The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple主要成份 of the region’s diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed? 

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed? 

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed? 

1. The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions in which SPK004 can flourish.

2. The flesh of SPK004 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes in color and texture, so traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPK004.

3. There are no other varieties of sweet potato that are significantly richer in beta-carotene than SPK004 is.

4. The varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region contain some important nutrients that are lacking in SPK004.

5. There are other vegetables currently grown in the region that contain more beta-carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do.

[A]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q17:

The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance.  Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.

 Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?

 Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?

 Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?

1. Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.

2. No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.

3. The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.

4. Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.

5. The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.

这个笛子只有四个孔残留，而结论认为这个四孔的骨笛就表明了当时就是7音音阶，则实际上是假定这个骨笛当时应该是至少有7孔的，e支持了这个假设。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q18:

It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except in professional medical journals or by mail directly to physicians.  A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications.  Opponents object that, in general, laypersons lack the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications.  But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, the objection provides no grounds for concern.

 Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?

 Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?

 Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?

1. Whether nonprescription medications can interact with and block the action of any prescription medications that could be advertised to the general public

2. Whether most prescription medication advertisements directed at the general public would be advertisements for recently developed medications newly available by prescription

3. Whether prescription medication advertisements directed at the general public would appear on television and radio as well as in print

4. Whether physicians are more likely to pay attention to advertising directed to the general public than to advertising directed to physicians

5. Whether physicians are likely to succumb to pressure from patients to prescribe inappropriate medications [E]

A与非处方药无关，B的newly available，C的广播电视广告无关。D医生是否更注意直接给医生的广告还是登在公众出版物上无关。题目中含有患者找医生开药，选项中应该有“医生是否会给开”这样的意思。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q22:
      

GWD-8-Q31:

City Official:  At City
     Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.  Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are not receiving proper medical care.  However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.  Careful investigation has recently shown two things:  insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.

In the city official’s argument, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?

1. The first states the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second provides support for that conclusion.

2. The first is used to support the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second states that conclusion.

3. The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second states the position that the city official’s argument opposes.

4. The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second provides support for the conclusion of the city official’s argument.

5. The first states the position that the city official’s argument opposes; the second states the conclusion of the city official’s argument.

答案：[E]

我选错了。C错的原因在于，第二个BF是卫生官员的结论，而不是官员要反对的。

这两个都是结论，所以BCD排除。E

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-1-Q31:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

GWD-2-Question 10:

Environmentalist:  The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville creates
            unacceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.

Milville business spokesperson:  Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents. So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution.

Environmentalist: I disagree:  A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.

Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?

A.       Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only
            one set of circumstances

B.        Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative
            aspects associated with producing that outcome
                

C.       Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved
            in greater degree by a different means

D.     Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s
            position in order to be better able to attack it

E.      Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain
            group of people actually benefited those people

A的only不对。spokesperson说Snowmobiling带来很多人。环境学家说污染让很多人不敢来。环境学家的目的很显然是否定Snowmobiling带来很多人。从而否定给当地居民带来经济利益。即否定这个效果。所以E是合适的，B反了。E：否认发言人认为会为某特定人群带来好处的那种努力其实不会使那群人受益。E

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Question 11:

Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.  However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.

B.        Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.

C.        Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.

D.       Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.

E.        Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.

结论是说这些生产者不往酒里加S，所以想喝酒又怕过敏的人可以喝这个，不用冒对S过敏的风险。假设原来酒里自然产生的S的数量不会导致过敏。所以是E。without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites
            说明了酒里肯定有S，只是会引起过敏的程度，如果人工不添加，自然产生的S不会致人过敏。

D因为结论局限于without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites。所以D说的其他物质就无关了。
                

抓结论！！！D

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Question 12:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia
            decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension
            paid to all Runagians over 65.  Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible,
            and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians.  Nevertheless,
            many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large
            part because ________.

A.        They rely entirely on the government pension for their income

B.        Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a
            pension check

C.        They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
            

D.       The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the
            poverty level reached an all-time high

E.        In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but
            only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living

Answer:E only by enough揭示了玄机，子女提供的只是刚够用的，如果政府给的多了，子女就会少给，以保持“够用”的水平。题目中已经Inflation 、、 has been negligible所以排除C，题目中又说政策惠及所有老年人，排除D

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Question 18:

Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated.  This
            incineration generated a large quantity of residue ash.  In order to reduce the amount
            of residue ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year’s total, the city has
            revamped its collection program.  This year city services will separate for recycling

enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half
            of last year’s number. 

Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?

A.        This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated.

B.        Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville
            less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residue ash.

C.        Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable
            materials this year than it did last year.

D.       The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash per truckload

incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.

E.        The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be

no greater than that collected last year

.原文推理是the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated 减少到去年的一半，所以产生的residue ash 也会减少到去年的一半。它的GAP在拿去烧的垃圾减少一半，产生的灰也减少一半。C只会影响今年产生的垃圾，并没有填补原文推理的GAP。只有D才填补了这个GAP，即拉去烧的每车垃圾不能产生更多的灰，否则车数少了也没用。E范围太广，是无关，垃圾可以多收，但不一定都去烧并产生灰。
                [D]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Q12:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Yorco and Zortech are two corporations that employ large numbers of full-time workers who are paid by the hour.  Publicly available records indicate that Yorco employs roughly the same number of such hourly wage workers as Zortech does but spends a far higher total sum per year on wages for such workers.  Therefore, hourly wages must be higher, on average, at Yorco than at Zortech, since _____.

1. Zortech spends a higher total sum per year than Yorco does to provide its hourly wage workers with benefits other than wages

2. the work performed by hourly wage workers at Zortech does not require a significantly higher level of skill than the work performed by hourly wage workers at Yorco does

3. the proportion of all company employees who are hourly wage workers is significantly greater at Yorco than it is at Zortech

4. overtime work, which is paid at a substantially higher rate than work done during the regular work week, is rare at both Yorco and Zortech

5. the highest hourly wages paid at Yorco are higher than the highest hourly wages paid at Zortech

这是个比较，比单位时间收入。两个公司：人数一样，但Y的支付工资多，所以Y的单位工资高，有一个变量就是工作时间，D说高工资的加班极少，就排除了加班时间的差别，排除他因，只能是单位时间工资Y比Z多。E：与最高工资和B的技能无关。D

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Q14:

GWD-10-Q29:

Smithtown
                    University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted.  This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job.  On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base结论  The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?

1. Smithtown
                           University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people.

2. This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown
                           University from new donors when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before.

3. This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown
                           University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.

4. The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown
                           University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.

5. More than half of the money raised by Smithtown
                           University’s fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.

 Answer: 1.该题争议的根源在于错误理解了原文的结论和不合理的推理（或者称加进自己的信息）。从原文得出的东西必须是MUST BE TRUE，而不是POSSIBLY TRUE

2。该题的结论是：80%的成功率不能说明他们工作做得好（不是：他们工作做不好）。即割断80%成功率对工作做得好的证明力。至于最后一句话是一个补充，因为该句很模糊。

3。A提供的信息仅限于S大学的RAISERS在NEW DONORS方面和其他大学的RAISERS做得差不多好，并没有突出的地方（本身或和原文结合不能说明80%中OLD DONORS比例较大或反之，比如刚开始NEW DONORS总是多，总之，80%中NEW DONOR 和OLD DONORS那个占的比例大是不知道的。这是典型的加进自己信息）

4。A对结论的支持表现在：工作做得好，原文提供的标准是EXPAND DONOR BASE（即扩展NEW DONORS）。这方面S大学和他大学的RAISERS差不多（根据A），这80%中，高出别人的部分是OLD DONORS的，而根据原文的标准，这部分不能说明工作做得好。所以这exceptionally high 的80%，按照原文的好的标准，其实和其他大学一样，比如他是70%成功率（在说明工作做得好方面，也就是NEW DONORS方面），其它他大学也是70%，所以你不能用80%来证明S大学的RAISERS工作做得好，即支持结论。

5。选项中C为无关项，BDE为WEAKEN。C意思为OLD DONORS中，多数不用CONTACT便捐款。对OLD DONORS是否需CONTACTS才捐款和原文（即评价集资者工作的标准）没关系（不能推出RAISERS没努力
                    A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Q17:

GWD-10-Q30:

The quality of unrefined olive oil is not actually defined in terms of acidity, yet extensive tests have shown that the less free oleic acid an unrefined olive oil contains per liter, the higher its quality. The proportion of free oleic acid that an olive oil contains is an accurate measure of the oil’s acidity.这个olive oil应该是精练的了。

If the statements above are all true, which of the following conclusions is best supported by them?

1. When an olive oil is refined, the concentration of oleic acid in the oil is reduced.

2. The quality of an unrefined olive oil can be determined only by accurately measuring its acidity.

3. If an unrefined olive oil is intermediate in acidity between two other unrefined olive oils, it will also be intermediate between them in quality.

4. Free oleic acid is the only acid that unrefined olive oil contains.

5. People who judge the quality of unrefined olive oils actually judge those oils by their acidity, which the judges can taste.

觉得那个选项都理由不充足，但倾向A选项，理由如下：

原文三句话：1。实际上，未提炼橄榄油的质量不由酸性来定义

2。但是，大量试验显示，未提炼橄榄油的游离油酸越少，质量越好

3。（提炼后）橄榄油的游离油酸等同于橄榄有的酸性（只有游离油酸，没有其他酸）

推理的结论：4。由1和2可推出未提炼橄榄油的游离油酸不等同于其酸性，即还有其他酸。

5。由3和4可推出提炼的过程中，其他酸被去掉。

6。在去掉其他酸的过程中，游离油酸也会相应去掉一些（去酸的过程经常是中和的过程，各种酸都要相应去掉一些）。而且由2可知游离油酸对橄榄油来说，不是好东西，能去掉多少便去掉多少。总上两点，提炼过程中，游离油酸会相应减少。即A（CONCENTRATION指浓度）

B错。理由是违反1。

C错。理由是由4知未提炼橄榄油中还有其他酸，而酸性取决于游离油酸和其他酸。质量却只和游离油酸有关（或者准确说原文没说出关系）。所以没法比较酸性和质量的相对关系

D错。理由是违反4。

E错。原文根本就没这方面的信息

 C

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Q19:

Sunflowers growing in pots were placed, with their roots submerged, in the pond contaminated with radioactive elements.  The sunflowers kept growing; in the process, they absorbed radioactive elements.  Within twelve days, 85 percent of the radioactive elements were removed from the water, which is no less than can be accomplished with the much more expensive conventional filtration techniques.  Scientists therefore propose using sunflowers for decontamination wherever there are radioactively contaminated ponds.

Which of the following, if true, points to a limitation on the applicability of the proposed method of decontamination?

1. Some plants other than sunflowers can also remove radioactive elements from water.

2. The water in many ponds contaminated with radioactive elements is so cold that it would kill sunflowers whose roots were submerged in it.

3. Sunflowers that grow with their roots submerged in water grow less well than sunflowers growing under optimal conditions on dry land.

4. Only species of sunflowers with large leaves can have their roots submerged in water and still keep growing.

5. In ponds in which the circulation of the water is artificially increased, sunflowers absorb radioactive elements far faster than they do in other ponds.

   Answer: B

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Q21:

Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development.  They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it.  That plan is ill-conceived:  if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders.  On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable.  But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires.  And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldface proportions play which of the following roles?

1. The first presents a goal that the argument rejects as ill-conceived; the second is evidence that is presented as grounds for that rejection.

2. The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained; the second is a reason offered in support of that conclusion.

3. The first presents a goal that the argument concludes can be attained; the second is a judgment disputing that conclusion.

4. The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy.

5. The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.

   Answer:

D：前面提了个总目标，可以达到

选B是因为没有仔细的看完题目和选项

B说The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained

这个明显和原文最后：And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be...矛盾，原文不认为那个目标是不可达到的

A 错在
        第一句是全文的目标
        且是作者想要达成的
        作者reject的是 by purchasing land 这个strategy

E 错在后面一句the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.

must be changed的是by purchasing land 这个strategy

these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable 这句粗体
                只是作者对于by purchasing land 这个strategy 所作出的 judgment 之一
            而且作者还希望farming it remains viable 持续
                才不会被residential development占领

我想这题阅读是最大问题
            我也读了好久
            而且很多细节要注意D

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-2-Q40:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

A new drug, taken twice daily for one month, is an effective treatment for a certain disease.  The drug now most commonly prescribed for the disease occasionally has serious side effects such as seizures; in field tests, the new drug’s side effects, though no worse than mild nausea, turned out to be much more frequent.  Nevertheless, the new drug is clearly preferable as a treatment, since _____.

A.      people who experience nausea are prone to discontinue use of the new drug prematurely

B.      …

C.      …

D.     …

E.      there is a nonprescription medication that when taken with the new drug prevents the onset of nausea

答案是e,因为new drug可以和非处方药一起服用而预防nausea [E]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock
                        National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?

1. It is the main conclusion of the argument.

2. It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.

3. It is a judgment that the argument opposes.

4. It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.

5. It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.

[A]

鹿群的减少是finding. 而黑熊在其中扮演了重要角色则是hunter's conclusion.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q8:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.

A.      early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life

B.      the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol

C.      RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has

D.     RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees

E.      the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet
                

[E]

在单位呆的时间长短对公司是否采用该法有影响，所以E对，虽然没讲界限，但对问题没影响，因为说出原因不需要充分性。请注意DE的区别。一个胆固醇高点低点有何影响原文没信息，一个时间长点短点有影响。

题目说明两家公司的策略不同
            而AB属于identical choice 没法说明两家公司的差别
            排除

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q9:

GWD-5-Q31:

GWD-8-Q14:

Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?

1. The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.

2. Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.

3. In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.

4. In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.

5. The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.

B是通过加强原文证据对结论的证明力来加强结论。即B说明看到LOGO会让人想到信用卡的状况，从而影响付TIPS行为。如果信用卡的状况是不好，则付TIPS少（B所说），如果信用卡的状况好，则付TIPS多（原文证据），是一个规律的两个方面。所以加强了结论。

几类特殊的支持题可以预测答案：

前提和结论无密切关系的：直接支持结论

因果：文章给出两件事，说一件导致另一件的，支持的答案为：无因无果或有因有果；排除它因；因果没有颠倒；因的来源没有问题

充分必要：就是结论带条件的（充分必要指示词见lawyer的文章），答案为充分条件存在，必要条件一定存在。

类比：两类事物具可比性

调查：调查数据充分，具代表性

OG的解释非常强调文章中两者的关系，relationship。本题一样，其实文章就是想建立起两者之间的relationship，LOGO会影响人们的消费行为。LOGO和消费之间有relationship。既然存在固定的ralationship，就会出现同比上升和同比下降两种情况，所以加强经常是给出同比上升或同比下降中文章所没有提到的那一种。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q16:

GWD-4-Q16:

Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that
                    Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.  The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.

In the economist’s argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

1. The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.

2. The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.

3. The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.

4. The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.

5. Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument.

[C]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q17:

GWD-4-Q15:

Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.

Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.

Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?

1. Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.

2. A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.

3. A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.

4. It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.

5. Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.

错
                关键词没看清楚

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q18:

GWD-4-Q26:

Which of following most logically completes the argument?

The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago.  Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back.  Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump.  Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.

1. some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump

2. fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France

3. animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize

4. the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago

5. only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump

[C]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q20:

Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend.  Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.

If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?

1. At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.

2. At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.

3. At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.

4. At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.

5. At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.

[E]

A不一定，因为并没有说明剩下的一个是什么

B 不知道其它时间如周一或周四等送出的有没有BS。

C 也不一定，也可能周二的货也有BS

D 不一定，也可能其它时间发的BS

E 周五送出的全都是BS，所以有一个不是BS的，肯定是周五之前发的。

因为从原文只知周五SHIPMENT的都包括building supplies，不知其他时间SHIPMENT是否包括building supplies，所以去TC的四个SHIPMENT不知何时送出（除知一个不是周五，因为没有building supplies），也有可能除周五外的其他时间，因为也可能其它时间SHIPMENT的有building supplies。因为不知何时送出，所以也不知至少有一个周四送出，何况周四送出也不一定是specially ordered（specially ordered都周四送出，不等于周四送出的都是specially ordered）。所以A和原文信息还差远，不可能是MUST BE。又因为不知其他时间的SHIPMENT是否有building supplies，所以B也错。至于A，B是否相当，我认为两者差别太大了，谈不上相当。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q31:

GWD-4-Q32:

Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.

The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?

1. The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.

2. Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.

3. The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.

4. The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.

5. The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.

[A]

本文只提已上瘾的人，未上瘾的无关

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q32:

GWD-4-Q27:

Newspaper editorial:

In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.

2. Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.

3. The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.

4. Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.

5. The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.

C说 The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released. 就是说这帮修大学课程的家伙进来的时候和那帮不要修大学课程的人一样危险，一样的犯罪可能性和倾向, 这样的话,原文的结论修大学课程有用就成立了,因为这帮原来都一样混的家伙修了大学课程后，斯文了很多，比没修课程的人文明了不少。

C把NOT按掉，The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were (not) already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.

这帮修课的人进监狱的时候就已经很斯文了，那不就是说修课没有用么，削弱了原文.  

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q38:

Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.

Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question?

1. The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that does not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.

2. The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.

3. The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.

4. Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.

5. Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.

[A]异因同果

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-3-Q40:

GWD-4-Q38:

Two centuries ago, Tufe
    Peninsula became separated form the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe
     Island a population of Turfil sunflowers.  This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland.  Tufe
    Island is significantly drier than Tufe
     Peninsula was.  So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. There are no types of vegetation on Tufe
         Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.

2. There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe
        Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe
         Island today.

3. The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.

4. The soil on Tufe
         Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.

5. The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe
         Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.

[C]

200年前岛屿分化分离之前，两个地方的条件是一样的，从而排除了他因导致sunflower变得更矮小，进一步说明确实是分离后岛屿的环境改变才导致这种高度不一的

即：大陆的情况没变化（高度都差不多，至少差不到40以上），是海岛的环境变了，所以才导致高度差别大了。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-4-Q8:

From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

1. During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish.

2. For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.

3. In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.

4. For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s.

5. Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980.

1.魚的消費量增加4.5%   

2.家禽的消費量增加9%

3.人口增加6%           由1，3条就可推出E

 [E]

B的错误在于For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.说的是量，而题干中说的是比率。比率高，不一定量就大。

假设原来人有n个现在是n*(1+6%)

原来消费鱼m条现在是m*(1+4.5%)

原来人均消费鱼m/n

现在人均消费鱼1.045m/1.06n                        这是一类题。

显然人均消费鱼少了                 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-4-Q14:           错了。

GWD-5-Q2:

Guidebook writer:  I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward.  Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer’s argument?

1. The quality of original carpentry in hotels is generally far superior to the quality of original carpentry in other structures, such as houses and stores.

2. Hotels built since 1930 can generally accommodate more guests than those built before 1930.

3. The materials available to carpenters working before 1930 were not significantly different in quality from the materials available to carpenters working after 1930.

4. The better the quality of original carpentry in a building, the less likely that building is to fall into disuse and be demolished.

5. The average length of apprenticeship for carpenters has declined significantly since 1930.

D就是说，1930年以前的木工也是有好有坏，但是能留到今天的都是当初的好的木工，不好的都disuse或demolish了，所以不能以现在留下来的这些1930年以前的直接与1930年以后的做比较，削弱了原文的逻辑。E is not relevant, because there is not necessarily any direct relationship between the "length of apprenticeship" and the "quality of the carpentry work".

我选A：比较对象与原文不符。

[D]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-4-Q20:

GWD-5-Q40:

GWD-11-Q8:

Community activist:  If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.  Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.

The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning?

1. Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns?

2. Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville?

3. In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period?

4. What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville?

5. Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation?

[C]

关键理解什麽是EVALUATION题。EVALUATION题是WEAKEN和SUPPORT的结合，对选项的YES和NO或两个极端的回答能对原文的结论起WEAKEN和SUPPORT的作用。注意：不是YES就一定要起WEAKEN或SUPPORT作用，而是一个起WEAKEN作用，另一个就起SUPPORT作用，反之亦然。即不同的回答能起不同的作用。

对本题，两个极端的回答是0%和100%。如果正常破产率为0%，则支持原文结论（开折扣店有害），如果是100%破产率，则削弱原文（开折扣店没有害，1/4破产率不算高）。故起EVALUATION的作用。

本题简单做法：题干的more than a quarter 与选项的what proportion形成对应。

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia.  Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed.  However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia.  Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased.

2. Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.

3. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.

4. The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years.

5. The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.

[C]

提干的结论是：因为工人数量减少，推出进口电视机数量增加。即B国生产电视机数量减少。

人数*工作效率*工作时间=总产量。

这个公式可以推出，工作时间少了，如果要想使总产量少，就要保持工作效率不变，否则工作效率提高了，产量还是会增加。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q8:

When a new restaurant, Martin’s Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville’s only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition.  Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin’s Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase?

1. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin’s Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.

2. Most of the customers of Martin’s Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin’s Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.

3. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin’s Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.

4. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin’s Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.

5. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin’s Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin’s Cafe.

B说M店就餐的人在M店开张之前大多都没在R地吃过饭（说明M的开张增加了总的吃饭人数），而且M店总是有人抢不到位置吃饭（说明增加人数有部分没吃到饭）——》只好到W店去吃了

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q13:

It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry.  This does not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?错两次

1. Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.

2. A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.

3. A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.

4. Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.

5. Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.

本题没看明白：原文第一句话是一个事实，第二句开始是conclusion，即：婚姻不是导致长寿的原因，strengthen的是这个conclusion，E充分地strengthen这个结论。而B/D都是削弱，证明婚姻导致长寿。

拉拉的C无关

[E]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q15:

GWD-11-Q9:错

Lightbox, Inc., owns almost all of the movie theaters in Washington
                        County and has announced plans to double the number of movie screens it has in the county within five years.  Yet attendance at Lightbox’s theaters is only just large enough for profitability now and the county’s population is not expected to increase over the next ten years.  Clearly, therefore, if there is indeed no increase in population, Lightbox’s new screens are unlikely to prove profitable.

Which of the following, if true about Washington
                        County, most seriously weakens the argument?

1. Though little change in the size of the population is expected, a pronounced shift toward a younger, more affluent, and more entertainment-oriented population is expected to occur.

2. The sales of snacks and drinks in its movie theaters account for more of Lightbox’s profits than ticket sales do.

3. In selecting the mix of movies shown at its theaters, Lightbox’s policy is to avoid those that appeal to only a small segment of the moviegoing population.

4. Spending on video purchases, as well as spending on video rentals, is currently no longer increasing.

5. There are no population centers in the county that are not already served by at least one of the movie theaters that Lightbox owns and operates.

没看清，如果说会有赢利，他因说有其它观众群即可。A題目的焦點是: 看電影"人口"的問題!

虽然人口没有增加，但电影消费群扩大了，断桥削弱
                    [A]

GWD-5-Q16:
            错

GWD-13-Q14:

Maize contains the vitamin niacin, but not in a form the body can absorb.  Pellagra is a disease that results from niacin deficiency.  When maize was introduced into southern Europe from the Americas in the eighteenth century, it quickly became a dietary staple, and many Europeans who came to subsist primarily on maize developed pellagra.  Pellagra was virtually unknown at that time in the Americas, however, even among people who subsisted primarily on maize.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the contrasting incidence of pellagra described above?

1. Once introduced into southern Europe, maize became popular with landowners because of its high yields relative to other cereal crops.

2. Maize grown in the Americas contained more niacin than maize grown in Europe did.

3. Traditional ways of preparing maize in the Americas convert maize’s niacin into a nutritionally useful form.

4. In southern Europe many of the people who consumed maize also ate niacin-rich foods.

5. Before the discovery of pellagra’s link with niacin, it was widely believed that the disease was an infection that could be transmitted from person to person.

[C]

没看明白，题目要解释为什么European和American都吃maize，为什么E得病，而A不得病。

前提提到得P病的原因是n的不足，而n不足是因为m里面的n不可以吸收。因此可以推出如果n可以吸收的话，那么就不会有P了。

C就解释了用传统方法做m，n就可以吸收，所以A就没有病了。同时暗含E没有用传统方法做m。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q19:
            错B

GWD-7-Q28:

GWD-11-Q13:

Historian:  In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.  Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.  This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.  Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.  This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.  Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.  Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.

In the historian’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

1. The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.

2. The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.

3. The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position.

4. The first is a position for which the historian argues; the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument.

5. The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position; the second acknowledges a consideration that calls that assumption into question.

整段话都是historian的观点。
            第二个BF是historian的中心论点。（排除A） 2，文章前半段全是中心论点的推理过程。第一个BF是推理的起点。 3，如果缺乏第一个BF，即records不完整，则推理不成立。因为如果records不完整，则可能1600s中大部分年都有population decline，而其中只有五年followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax，这样的话就不能推出人口下降是由于避税而虚报的。

这一段话整个是historian的一个argument，前后看来的对立其实是表面的。粗看题目容易理解成历史学家说人口下降而作者通过分析提出人口并未下降，导致倾向选A。事实不是如此，A说的第二部分意在推翻historian的结论并不存在，因为整个reasoning都是历史学家的，第二部分正是他的结论本身。[C]

补充一点，再次读A选项The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument;和C选项The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish;会发现其中的细微差别，是这个选项中很关键的。

其实第一个画线内容就是一个事实，并且它是第二画线句的推理过程的一个环节，期支持作用

我觉得这道题目的意义在于，对于BF题目，除了转承关系词，找到作者支持的结论，以及这个结论用的前提，作者反对的结论，以及这个反对结论用的前提外，还要注意哪一些是背景的东西，或者说是属于大家公用的前提的东西。               这道题目就是考了一个公用的前提。

这个题有个快捷方法.第二个黑体部分明显是结论.所以从选项的尾部看:

ABE都说是consideration.明显不对.排.

D:说是assumption.也不对.排.

只有C:说是position. 结论.对.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q20:

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.  It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.  However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.  Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

1. The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument.

2. The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that position.

3. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that explanation.

4. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding on which that challenge is based.

5. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is a finding that has been used to challenge that explanation.

[D]

这道题目就是因果结构。

第一句话就说明了结果：40岁之前做出的成就多。然后给了两个原因：一个是年龄问题（作者反对的解释），另外一个是加入这个行业时间长短问题（作者支持的解释）。

从这个结构上就很清楚地看出来应该选择D

所以我觉得在做BF题的时候也要注意一下文章的结构。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q21:

In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand.  Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably.  Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come.  Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.

2. Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.

3. None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding.

4. There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.

5. There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.

A明显是答案，E是无关，不要说题外的作物

[A]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q26:

GWD-11-Q21:

Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?

1. When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.

2. A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.

3. When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.

4. Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.

5. High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.

[C]

BC易混。B中的unusually low concentration不好，不如C

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q28:

Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.  County
                X and County
                Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County
                X is significantly higher than that of County
                    Y.  Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County
                Y rather than in County
                    X.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?

1. County
                       X and County
                           Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state.

2. The total population of County
                       Y is substantially greater than that of County
                           X.

3. Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County
                           Y would be purchased by users outside the county.

4. Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.

5. Nearly all of County
                       X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County
                           Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country.

[E]

x的人口（虽然多于y）都集中在很小的地方，所以空地可能很多。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q29:

Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.  To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?

1. There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products.

2. Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals.

3. Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality.

4. Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals.

5. Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years.

原文的推理是：name-brand cereals 生产商计划用将差价缩小的方法将丢失的顾客吸引回来（价格仍然比STORE高，说明主要仍要靠质量吸引顾客，降价只是消除STORE的优势，消除顾客买STORE谷物的原因----理解这点很重要）（方法目的型）

D。STORE有能力提供低价对name-brand cereals 要缩小差价的方法起不了什麽作用，因为STORE价格本来就低，你说STORE有能力提供低价不等于白说吗。没有削弱作用

B。name-brand cereals 生产商想要象原来一样靠质量吸引他们，现在这个因素不存在了（顾客现在对STORE的质量满意，不考虑NAME优势）。吸引他们的因素没了。顾客有何理由回去。价格吗?(质量已经不重要)，name-brand cereals 生产商价格降价后还是比STORE高。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q30:

GWD-11-Q12:     模糊性大C  E 存疑

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage.  However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods.  For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain.  Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking.  However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.

1. many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life

2. it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has

3. cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods

4. certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is

5. for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded

E有道理,但不能作为MISLEADING的论据. E 倾向于表明无法分清是DAMAGE 营养更多. 如果原文改为, or else insufficient,since--------------.则E为较好的答案.

C 明显misleading. proponent之所以把cooking拉出来比,就是想找个替罪羊, C 选项明确说出,两者并不同时存在,一个是保鲜,一个是烧, 保鲜过程对营养的破坏是不能扯到后期的cook 上的.

所以我觉得C 在逻辑上完成了ARGUMENT

作者抨击现有的保存食物的方法——irradiation，并给出了理由指明其缺点，相对应的肯定存在有更好的保持食物的方法，而那些支持irradiation的人们，比如生产食物的农民觉得irradiation成本相对低，指出irradiation的缺点只是很小的缺点，即与cooking相比irradiation损失的B1一样少

这明显是那些支持irradiation的人们在误导读者，现有的保存食物的方法——irradiation只能与更好的保存方法相比，怎么能与cooking相比呢？！irradiation只损失一点点的B1，而新的保持方法可以不损失B1，那当然还是要舍弃irradiation而用新的，与cooking损失多少B1有什么关系呢？这就是文章最后讲this fact is misleading的原因。

所以只要指出irradiation与cooking根本就不是一回事不具有可比性，就可以了。

因为Irradiation 和 Cooking 的破坏VB1的作用是幂数增加的（即（1-x%)^n，类似于利息），而FACT则仅是Cooking only和Irradiation only的比较。Irradiation支持者举出FACT来支持他们的论点时，忽略选项E这个事实，所以misleading。

不同意C，因为it's off the topic of “this repect”: destroy VB1。

把proponents的意思用通俗一点的方法讲出来大家就明白了：“你们别看irradiation对营养有破坏作用，其实它对营养的破坏还没cooking大呢！——你们平时做菜不都要cook的么？所以不管你们用不用irradiation，这些营养最终都会被cooking破坏。因此irradiation并不会给你们带来额外的营养损失！”

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&star=9&replyid=497679&id=56351&skin=0&page=1 [E]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q32:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Although the pesticide TDX has been widely used by fruit growers since the early 1960’s, a regulation in force since 1960 has prohibited sale of fruit on which any TDX residue can be detected.  That regulation is about to be replaced by one that allows sale of fruit on which trace amounts of TDX residue are detected.  In fact, however, the change will not allow more TDX on fruit than was allowed in the 1960’s, because ______.

1. pre-1970 techniques for detecting TDX residue could detect it only when it was present on fruit in more than the trace amounts allowed by the new regulations

2. many more people today than in the 1960’s habitually purchase and eat fruit without making an effort to clean residues off the fruit

3. people today do not individually consume any more pieces of fruit, on average, than did the people in the 1960’s

4. at least a small fraction of the fruit sold each year since the early 1960’s has had on it greater levels of TDX than the regulation allows

5. the presence of TDX on fruit in greater than trace amounts has not been shown to cause any harm even to children who eat large amounts of fruit

[A]

以前，监测到有RESIDUE就不能卖，新规定允许有trace amounts 。（虽然说条件放宽了），但较松的规定却没有让更多的苹果通过监测。A说的是原来的技术其实单纯的RESIDUE是检查不出来的，只有到了TDX的量高于trace amounts ，才能检查成有RESIDUE。这样虽然条件放宽了，但技术水平使实际检查到的TDX的量是差不多的。所以说较松的规定却没有让更多的苹果通过监测。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?

1. Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915.

2. Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves.

3. After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals.

4. Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks.

5. The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans.

[C]

C比D好，

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-5-Q38:

GWD-11-Q20:   错了

Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country.  Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?

1. More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.

2. The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.

3. Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.

4. Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.

5. Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.

[E]

比如1993年前11万辆，1993后10万辆。那末要求1993年后的车装CONVERTER，肯定污染会明显减少。A解释不了原文的现象。E短程，达不到CC工作需要的温度，也就不能减少污染。

GWD-5-Q38:

GWD-11-Q20:   错了

Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country.  Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?

1. More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.

2. The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.

3. Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.

4. Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.

5. Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.

[E]

比如1993年前11万辆，1993后10万辆。那末要求1993年后的车装CONVERTER，肯定污染会明显减少。A解释不了原文的现象。E短程，达不到CC工作需要的温度，也就不能减少污染。

GWD-5-Q38:

GWD-11-Q20:   错了

Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country.  Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?

1. More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.

2. The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.

3. Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.

4. Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.

5. Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.

[E]

比如1993年前11万辆，1993后10万辆。那末要求1993年后的车装CONVERTER，肯定污染会明显减少。A解释不了原文的现象。E短程，达不到CC工作需要的温度，也就不能减少污染。

GWD-6-Q4:

In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil.  Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas.  Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.  If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.

2. Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.

3. No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.

4. Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.

5. All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.

   Answer: A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-6-Q14:

Political Advertisement:

Mayor Delmont’s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont’s leadership.  Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office.  So there can be no question that throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument in the advertisement?

1. The average pay for jobs created in the city during the past three years was higher than the average pay for jobs created in the city earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure.

2. Average pay in the city was at a ten-year low when Mayor Delmont took office.

3. Some of the jobs created in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure have in the meantime been eliminated again.

4. The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide.

5. The average pay for jobs in the city is currently higher than it is for jobs in the suburbs surrounding the city.

错了。仅仅对比了新增工作机会和就任以来全市平均收入，如果不对比新增工作机会和减少工作机会的平均收入哪个高（A），仍然有可能总收入是下降的。新增的工作收入高，所以只要去掉的工作收入一样，总平均收入还是高的。所以D对。A是D任期的后几年和D任期的前几年的新增工资水平的比较，不能得出工资总水平的结论。

原文用两个证据more jobs created 和new jobs has been higher than the average 去证明结论average paycheck has been getting steadily bigger。如果取消的工作也比平均工资高，那末原文的第二个证据对结论的证明力就减少。D排除这种情况。所以加强了第二个证据对结论的证明力。故为选项D

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-6-Q15:

Capuchin monkeys often rub their bodies with a certain type of millipede.  Laboratory tests show that secretions from the bodies of these millipedes are rich in two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate capuchins.  Some scientists hypothesize that the monkeys rub their bodies with the millipedes because doing so helps protect them from mosquitoes.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the scientists’ hypothesis?

1. A single millipede often gets passed around among several capuchins, all of whom rub their bodies with it.

2. The two chemicals that repel mosquitoes also repel several other varieties of insects.

3. The capuchins rarely rub their bodies with the millipedes except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak.

4. Although the capuchins eat several species of insects, they do not eat the type of millipede they use to rub their bodies.

5. The two insect-repelling chemicals in the secretions of the millipedes are carcinogenic for humans but do not appear to be carcinogenic for capuchins.

   Answer: C
                    

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-6-Q16:

Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

1. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.

2. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.

3. The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.

4. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.

5. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

错了。原文有三个观点， a. 传统的观点: 牛顿和莱布尼兹的研究是各自独立得出的。 b. 一些学者的观点: 莱布尼兹是受牛顿影响。因为莱布尼兹在得出自己的研究前，参考过牛顿的数学书。 c. 作者的观点: 作者反对观点b, 也就是说支持观点a, 因为莱布尼兹只参考了牛顿书的前面的章节，而牛顿的理论是在后面的章节才出现。

再看答案，应该很清楚是D.  错误在于没搞懂这几个观点的关系。A more cautious conclusion肯定是把上面的观点反对掉了，而不是继承。我误以为只有两个观点。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-6-Q20:

Five years ago, as part of a plan to encourage citizens of Levaska to increase the amount of money they put into savings, Levaska’s government introduced special savings accounts in which up to $3,000 a year can be saved with no tax due on the interest unless money is withdrawn before the account holder reaches the age of sixty-five.  Millions of dollars have accumulated in the special accounts, so the government’s plan is obviously working.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

1. A substantial number of Levaskans have withdrawn at least some of the money they had invested in the special accounts.

2. Workers in Levaska who already save money in long-term tax-free accounts that are offered through their workplace cannot take advantage of the special savings accounts introduced by the government.

3. The rate at which interest earned on money deposited in regular savings accounts is taxed depends on the income bracket of the account holder.

4. Many Levaskans who already had long-term savings have steadily been transferring those savings into the special accounts.

5. Many of the economists who now claim that the government’s plan has been successful criticized it when it was introduced.

错了。要注意结论：即政策是为了吸引更多的存款，而D说存款只是换了个帐户，总量并没有增加。我选A，已经取出的钱是无关的。The conclusion is whether the approach has encouraged the saving. If the conclusion is that everyone will benefit, B will be the answer. D

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------