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GWD13逻辑详解(我的复习笔记,题目后面有参考思路)

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 楼主| 发表于 2007-5-17 15:37:00 | 显示全部楼层

GWD-10-Q9:?????????????????

Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that
    this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.

 

 

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?

 

 

A. SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.

B. Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.

C. Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traces of the virus.

D. In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.

E. In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40.

虽然暴露在石棉中是导致M病(一种慢性癌)的主要原因,研究者相信感染了S病毒才是主要原因。因为在美国,M病的60%细胞样本中包括S病毒,但没有一个来自健康的细胞。S病毒是猴子身上的一种病毒,但在1960年一些P疫苗被S病毒污染了。

研究者推断:这些感染于1960年的疫苗是十年后在M病中被发现的。

Answer:
  
其实有人选E的原因在于误认为结论是:疫苗的病毒导致M病的病毒。其实结论应该是:60年疫苗的病毒就是10年后M病的病毒。请体会这两者的区别。前者强调的是因果关系,后者强调的是这种病毒一直存在着。这是基于这个原因,C才对,因为C强调的正是这种病毒一直存在着。

拉拉思路:感觉选项中应该有年代

E不能成为答案!

researchs' hypothesis是被污染的疫苗是virus的源头,

C说,最近发现被污染的疫苗确实是源头,从而支持了研究人员先前的猜测。

E说,在芬兰,没有被污染的疫苗不是virus的源头。这跟researchs'hypothesis无关,

1。我原来之所以选E,因为文章只提到研究发现的现象,并不能说明是由于sv 造成的。(og里有个例子说经过调查,作息时间导致夫妻不和,其削弱就是实际上是夫妻不和导致作息不一致。)对于这题来说就是M导致了sv还是sv导致了M呢?而E选项支持了sv导致M这样一个因果关系。但是大家忽略了这句话sv是猴子病毒,隐含的意思就是正常人体没有sv,于是否定了M导致了sv

2。正如前人说的结论是Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.

其实文章本来就sv是根源了,而研究人员假设是decades later 的根源,那就只能c才说的通了。

倾向于C

有点长,希望大家耐心看下去

开始我坚定的选E,看了大家的讨论之后倾向于C,下面说说我的看法,灵感来源于lawyer:

文中的hypthesis是说感染了病毒的疫苗是在这之后几十年里从肿瘤的组织上发现这种病毒的根源.

那么当时60年疫苗中的病毒一定能感染人,注意:病毒感染人和感染疫苗是不一样的,可能病毒在污染了疫苗之后就死掉了(现实中完全可能),那么虽然疫苗被污染,但是人却没有感染这种病毒的可能性,所以要加强假设:疫苗中的病毒具有感染性,也就是疫苗中的病毒还存活着,也就是C,我认为关键是在病毒污染了疫苗并且还是疫苗中存活

Efinland的疫苗没被病毒污染,所以在肿瘤中没发现病毒,这也不足以说明被病毒污染了的疫苗,那么就会在肿瘤中发现病毒,中间缺一个桥梁,那就是疫苗中的病毒存活,才有感染性

例如:我说我得了感冒,并且我接触的人中有人得感冒,那么研究者的假设是:我所接触的患感冒的人是我得感冒的根源.

E选项:接触的人没患感冒,所以得不了感冒(不足以说明我接触了感冒患者就会得感冒,因为可能我接触的感冒患者患的感冒是不传染的,我得感冒另有他因)

C选项:我所接触的患感冒的人至今还有传染别人的能力(我被传染的可能性大了,支持了研究者的假设)

结论:疫苗是后来数十年癌症中某种病毒的来源
    

C
   
最近发现的60年代的疫苗中仍有该病毒的踪迹
    

1. 从字面上看,C中根本没有提到癌症的事,按理说是无法加强结论的
   

2. 深入分析,结论说是癌症中的病毒的来源,C仅仅说疫苗中有病毒(并且这在文中都是已知了in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus),并没能加强癌症中的这种病毒是从疫苗中来的
   

E: 疫苗没受感染,则癌症中就没有这种病毒
    

多好的加强啊!正说明癌症中的这种病毒就是从疫苗里来的E

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GWD-10-Q14:

Yeasts capable of leavening bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.

 

 

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related?

 

 

A. Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.无关

B. Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stonelined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.

C. Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.

D. The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.无关

E. Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce.

Answer: 拉拉:应该与加热有关without first toasting
    C

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GWD-10-Q15

Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

 

 

Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal has recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since _______.

 

 

A. many nonfunctioning satellites remain in orbit for years无关

B. for satellites that have ceased to function, repairing them while they are in orbit would be prohibitively expensive无关

C. there are no known previous instances of satellites’ having been exploded on purpose无关

D. the only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth与结论矛盾,结论说困难,这里说可能。

E. a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth’s orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible

Answer:

E

 

GWD-10-Q17:

Editorial:

An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

 

 

In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

 

 

A. The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.不对。

B. The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.建议

C. The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports; the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.不对

D. The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.

E. The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence against that recommendation.不是

Answer:
    

BThe first is a proposal which the editorial is directed against.第一个是社论反对的一个提议;

the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.第二个是社论基于那个提议而提出的判断

第二个还是对第一个作出的评价,而不是新的。B

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GWD-10-Q19:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

 

 

A certain tropical island received food donations in the form of powdered milk for distribution to its poorest residents, who were thought to be malnourished. Subsequently, the rate of liver cancers among those islanders increased sharply. The donated milk was probably to blame: recent laboratory research on rats has shown that rats briefly暂时 exposed to the substances aflatoxin tend to develop liver cancer when fed casein, a milk protein. This result is relevant because _______.

 

 

A. in the tropics, peanuts, a staple of these island residents, support a mold growth that produces aflatoxin

B. the liver is more sensitive to carcinogens, of which aflatoxin may be one, than most other bodily organs

C. casein is not the only protein contained in milk

D. powdered milk is the most appropriate form in which to send milk to a tropical destination

E. the people who were given the donated milk had been screened for their ability to digest milk

Answer: 拉拉错选为BAB之间  CDE明显无关

A把两者联系起来,题干说:老鼠吃了A再吃奶,就会得肝癌,而A说当地人吃了富含A的花生,又吃了赞助的奶粉,正好联系起来。而以前没有牛奶,所以病情稳定,现在有了牛奶,一下子爆发了。

错因:个别生词不懂,没仔细A

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GWD-10-Q40:

Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.虚拟:表示价格还没有高。

 

 

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?

 

 

A. The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several years and is expected to continue to climb.

B. Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops.

C. In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton.前几年情况与后几年无关

D. Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they are now paying.

E. The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.

Answer:
   
拉拉错在选了DE,看来没搞懂。DE中都有无关成份。还有一个就是用了常识:

教训:把题看完整,不要想当然

只要需求不上升,价格就不会上升,实际上这个一般规律的东西在本文并没有出现,本文没有说demand results to the rising of the price呀!当然是无关的了。而且D还偷换了概念,把棉花和cotton goods混了,所以即使棉花价格上升,其产品未必涨价,也许劳动力成本提高了。所以D错。

D错在:目前的COTTON价格已经能让棉农能增加他们的收入,目标已能达到。D表达的是人们不愿付比现在高的价格,对目前的价格并不排斥。所以棉农增加收入的目标还是能达到。WEAKEN不了结论。B

because of the inexpensive pesticide, the cost of cotton supply goew down, therefor, supply goes up. same demand, more supply, the price goes down.

B应该是答案。"虫害导致cotton price increase,然后......",如果能制止虫害则没有以后的推论了。B正是隐含着这个条件。


[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-17 16:08:52编辑过]
 楼主| 发表于 2007-5-17 15:37:00 | 显示全部楼层

    

GWD-11-Q27:
            

Mayor:  Migrating shorebirds stop at our beach just to feed on horseshoe-crab eggs, a phenomenon that attracts tourists.  To bring more tourists, the town council plans to undertake a beach reclamation project to double the area available to crabs for nesting.

 

 

Birdwatcher:  Without a high density of crabs on a beach, migrating shorebirds will go hungry because shorebirds only eat eggs that a crab happens to uncover when it is digging its own nest.

 

 

Which of the following, if true, would provide the mayor with the strongest counter to the birdwatcher’s objection?

AB犹豫,B对。我错
            

  1. Every year a certain percentage of crabs are caught by fishermen as bait for eel traps.

  2. Horseshoe crabs are so prolific that given favorable circumstances their numbers increase rapidly.

  3. On average, tourists who come to the town in order to watch birds spend more money there than tourists who come for other purposes.

  4. The additional land made available by the reclamation project will give migrating shorebirds more space.

  5. Some of the migrating shorebirds make only one stop during their migration form South America to Canada.

if the crab can produce many offspring, the density of the crab won’t decline and the reason hold by the birdwatcher won’t sustain.

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GWD-11-Q31:
            

People with a certain eye disorder are virtually unable to see in moderately bright light, which seems to them unbearably intense, since the cells of their retinas are overwhelmed by moderately bright light.  These people do, however, show normal sensitivity to most components of dim light.  Their retinal cells are also not excessively sensitive to red components of moderately bright light.

 

 

The information above best supports which of the following hypotheses about people with the disorder described, if they have no other serious visual problems?

 

 

  1. In all moderately dim light in which people without the disorder can read large print, people with the disorder cannot read such print.
                    

  2. In an otherwise darkened concert hall, these people will see a dimly illuminated red exit sign more clearly than small dim white lights that mark the aisles.应该是red components of moderately bright
                        

  3. These people typically see more acutely at night and in dim light than do most people who do not have the disorder.原文没说。
                    

  4. Eyeglasses that are transparent to red components of light but filter out other components of light help these people see in moderately bright light.

  5. These people perceive colors other than red in the same way as do most people who do not have the disorder.原文没提
                    

D对,错选为B 其实看懂了真简单。就是原文重现,一定要看清选项。
            

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GWD-11-Q38:
            

Unprecedented industrial growth in the country of Remo has created serious environmental problems because factories there lack adequate pollution-control systems.  Remo is developing a clean growth plan that includes environmental regulations that will require the installation of such systems.  Since no companies in Remo currently produce pollution-control systems, the plan, if implemented, will create significant opportunities for foreign exporters to market pollution-control systems.

 

 

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

 

 

  1. The clean growth plan will provide tax incentives for local businesses to develop and manufacture pollution-control devices.

  2. Foreign exporters would provide factory-trained technicians to maintain the pollution-control systems sold to Remo.加强
                    

  3. Industrial lobbyists sponsored by local businesses in Remo are trying to prevent the implementation of the government regulations.

  4. The regulations that Remo plans to implement are much less strict than those in neighboring nations.

  5. Pollution in Remo has caused serious health problems for workers, contributing to a significant increase in the number of workdays lost to illness.

其它无关
            

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GWD-11-Q41:
            

Charcoal from a hearth site in Colorado, 2,000 miles south of Alaska, is known to be 11,200 years old.  Researchers reasoned that, since glaciers prevented human migration south from the Alaska-Siberia land bridge between 18,000 and 11,000 years ago, humans must have come to the Americas more than 18,000 years ago.

 

 

Which of the following pieces of new evidence would cast doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

 

 

  1. Using new radiocarbon dating techniques, it was determined that the charcoal from the Colorado site was at least 11,400 years old.说明不了问题
                    

  2. Another campsite was found in New Mexico with remains dated at 16,000 years old.
        
    削弱不了问题
                    

  3. A computer simulation of glacial activity showed that it would already have been impossible for humans to travel south overland from Alaska 18,500 years ago.还有500
                    

  4. Using new radiocarbon dating techniques, it was proved that an ice-free corridor allowed passage south from the Alaska-Siberia land bridge at least 11,400 years ago.

  5. Studies of various other hunting-gathering populations showed convincingly that, once the glaciers allowed passage, humans could have migrated from Alaska to Colorado in about 20 years.

2题原文推理:(111000—18000年人无法到那个地点;(2)那个地点有Charcoal ——》人在18000年前就去了那个地点
            

D说:11400年前,人可以去那个地点,因此削弱了原文结论。D是有针对性的削弱,文章说glaciers阻止了,选项就说ice-free corridor


[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-17 16:07:29编辑过]
 楼主| 发表于 2007-5-17 15:37:00 | 显示全部楼层

GWD-12-Q2:

Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life.  One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans.  When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.

 

Which of the following, if true, would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above?

 

  1. Some areas of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere do not contain sufficient nutrients to support large seaweed farms.

  2. When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxide comparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime.

  3. Even if seaweed farms prove effective, some people will be reluctant to switch to this new fuel.

  4. Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life.

  5. Seaweed farms would make more money by farming seaweed to sell as nutritional supplements than by farming seaweed to sell as fuel.

D说每年有70亿吨的CO2释放量,但是只有50亿吨的被植物吸收,这只是陈述一个现象,不代表计划会失败,说不定就是因为这个现象才要种海草,这样才能改善,而且D也没有说计划实施前后的区别,可以说是无关吧。

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GWD-12-Q11:

In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

 

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

 

  1. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.

  2. During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.

  3. Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.

  4. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.

  5. During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.

经济好的时候,25%学生去私立学校,经济不好的时候,这些学生更可能去公立学校。(因为法律规定每个孩子都要有学上)造成学生--教师ratio更大,因此需要的老师也更多

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GWD-12-Q15:

FastMart, a convenience store chain, is planning to add pancake syrup to the items it sells.  FastMart stores do not have shelf space to stock more than one variety of syrup.  Surveys of FastMart customers indicate that one-fourth of them prefer low-calorie syrup, while three-fourths prefer regular syrup.  Since FastMart’s highest priority is to maximize sales, the obvious strategy for it is to stock regular syrup.

 

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

 

A:     People buying pancake syrup at convenience stores, unlike those buying it at supermarkets, generally buy it only a few times.

  1. People who prefer low-calorie syrup generally use about the same amount of syrup on their pancakes as those who prefer regular syrup.

  2. Regular syrup does not sell for a higher price per unit than low-calorie syrup.

  3. In general, customers who prefer regular syrup will buy low-calorie syrup if regular is unavailable, but those who prefer low-calorie will not buy regular syrup.

  4. Sales of syrup are not expected to account for a large proportion of total dollar sales at the average FastMart store.

如果C成立,即regular syrup的价格不比low-calorie syrup高,有可能两者一样,这种情况下不构成对原argumentweaken

如果放low calorie syrup的话,喜欢regular syrup的人也会买。D对。

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GWD-12-Q16:

Certain genetically modified strains of maize produce a natural insecticide that protects against maize-eating insects.  The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen.  Maize pollen is dispersed by the wind and often blows onto milkweed plants that grow near maize fields.  Caterpillars of monarch butterflies feed exclusively on milkweed leaves.  When, in experiments, these caterpillars were fed milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from modified maize plants, they died.  Therefore, use of the modified maize inadvertently imperils monarch butterflies.

 

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

 

  1. Per unit of volume, the natural insecticide produced by the genetically modified maize plants is less toxic to insects than are many commercial insecticides commonly used on maize plants.还是会毒死

  2. Standard weed-control practices that have been used by farmers for decades have largely eliminated milkweed plants from certain areas where monarch-butterfly caterpillars were once common.加强

  3. The experiments showed that the caterpillars were not harmed by contact with the pollen from the genetically modified plants unless they ingested it.无关

  4. The maize-eating insects that the natural insecticide protects against do not feed on the pollen of the maize plant.无关,说的是蝴蝶。

  5. Airborne maize pollen tends to collect on the middle leaves of milkweed plants and monarch caterpillars feed only on the plant’s tender upper leaves.

   Answer:  E

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GWD-12-Q22:

Denoma, a major consumer-electronics maker, had a sizeable decline in sales revenue for its most recent fiscal year.  This result appears surprising, because electronics retailers report that although their overall sales were considerably lower than in the previous year, their sales revenue from Denoma models actually grew, largely thanks to some innovative and popular models that Denoma introduced.

 

Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the apparently surprising result?

 

  1. Because of the need to educate the public about its new models’ capabilities, Denoma’s advertising spending was higher than normal over the period.无关

  2. For the period at issue, Denoma’s major competitors reported declines in revenue that were, in percentage terms, greater than Denoma’s.无关

  3. A significant proportion of Denoma’s revenue comes from making components for other consumer-electronics manufacturers.

  4. Unlike some of its major competitors, Denoma has no lines of business outside consumer electronics to provide revenue when retail sales of consumer electronics are weak.无关

  5. During the period, consumer-electronics retailers sold remaining units of Denoma’s superseded models at prices that were deeply discounted from those models’ original prices.

如果D公司大部分的产品是做别家公司的零件
            
正好解释了为何retailer里面 overall sales 下降
            
但是 D公司
            
却上升
            
D却没赚钱的
            
矛盾。 E ,注意题目中,有 largely thanks to some innovative(主要是因为新产品)
            
所以把E给踢出去啦。
            
因为Esuperseded models
            
对原文的影响不大。
ets在文章的用第一句话和最后一句话已经把答案限定好了。第一句话说D公司收入明显下降,最后一句话说,D公司的新产品很popular,收入下降不是由于新产品的销售下降导致的,这就告诉我们,是别的产品导致的!C说,那个被题目限定好的别的产品就是D公司为其它公司生产的零件!哎呀,经典!
            
谢谢,你不点破,我还迷糊呢!

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GWD-12-Q29:易混

The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans.  Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

  1. The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth’s oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.

  2. At any given time, all the Earth’s rivers have about the same salt levels.

  3. There are salts that leach into the Earth’s oceans directly from the ocean floor.

  4. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans.

  5. None of the salts carried into the Earth’s oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.

从一百年的河水样本推算历史上的盐度,当然这一百年要具有代表性,不能大起大落ABE易混

题目里说的要能通过盐分算出海洋的年纪,当然是这个盐分的增长是要均匀的咯,所以a就是说了一个这样的他因,而E的问题在于are used up ,为什么一定要用光呢,如果去掉这个UP,还是可以考虑的

排除E,是因为文中提到要determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state。这个增长量本身就是流入量-消耗量的结果。

排除B的原因,河里本身有多少盐不是问题,就如同河里有很多沙一样,如果没有随者水流到海洋里去。问题中说了dissolved salts

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GWD-12-Q33:错了

Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.  This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.  Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.  However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.  On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.

 

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

 

  1. The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.

  2. The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue the argument addresses; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument.

  3. The first provides evidence to defend the position that the argument seeks to establish against opposing positions; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.                    没有

  4. The first provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the argument’s main conclusion. 

  5. Each provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish.

这两个BF应该是协调的,而不是矛盾的。BD不对,因为2就是总结论。E不是两个事实。

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GWD-12-Q38:错了,错为B

Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart.  When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle.  A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used.  It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little.  Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

 

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?

 

  1. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.

  2. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.

  3. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.

  4. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.

  5. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.

原文推论:1)疫苗昂贵,2)疫苗使用一个月以后才生效(发病后使用效用不大)——》疫苗不常用

专家却说:以后这个疫苗会广泛应用,问支持专家

support专家的观点,有两种途径:一是对条件1的否定,即价格不贵,二是对条件2的否定,即一个月前就可以避免其作用要在一个月后才能发挥的缺点,本题E答案是对2的取非加强。

根据最新成果:有一种可识别的天气条件,(只要这种天气条件发生)25个月后就一定会爆发Rift Valley fever

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GWD-12-Q40:
                
错了,错选C

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

 

Researchers recently asked dozens of shoppers, chosen at random coming out of a FoodBasket supermarket, what they had purchased.  The prices of the very same items at the nearest ShopperKing supermarket were totaled and compared with the FoodBasket total.  The ShopperKing totals averaged five percent higher than the FoodBasket totals.  Nevertheless, this result does not necessarily show that shoppers at ShopperKing would save money overall by shopping at FoodBasket instead, since ______.

 

  1. shoppers who shop regularly at a given supermarket generally choose that store for the low prices offered on the items that they purchase most often

  2. for shoppers with more than 20 items, the ShopperKing totals averaged more than five percent higher than the FoodBasket totals

  3. many shoppers consider factors other than price in choosing the supermarket at which they shop most regularly

  4. there is little variation from month to month in the overall quantity of purchases made at supermarkets by a given shopper

  5. none of the people who conducted the research were employees of the FoodBasket supermarket

文中最后一句话的意思是通常在SK购物的人到FB去购物未必会省钱,因为: A. 消费者通常到选定这样一个超市,他们最频繁购买的东西在那家的超市里的价格是最低的。

1. 根据对十几人的随机调查,shopper king要比food basket5个百分点

2. 然而这并不意味着在shopper king购物的消费者换到food basket能省钱

解释就是A,不同的人买的东西不一样,价格也会因超市而异,如果是C,消费者不太考虑价格因素,就质疑了题干了,即购买的目的是为了省钱,


[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-17 16:07:02编辑过]
 楼主| 发表于 2007-5-17 15:53:00 | 显示全部楼层

GWD-13-Q5:

Vorland’s government is planning a nationwide ban on smoking in restaurants.  The objection that the ban would reduce restaurants’ revenues is ill founded.  Several towns in Vorland enacted restaurant smoking restrictions five years ago.  Since then, the amount the government collects in restaurant meal taxes in those towns has increased 34 percent, on average, but only 26 percent elsewhere in Vorland.  The amount collected in restaurant meal taxes closely reflects restaurants’ revenues.

 

Which of the following, if true, most undermines the defense of the government’s plan?

 

  1. When the state first imposed a restaurant meal tax, opponents predicted that restaurants’ revenues would decline as a result, a prediction that proved to be correct in the short term.

  2. The tax on meals in restaurants is higher than the tax on many other goods and services.无关

  3. Over the last five years, smoking has steadily declined throughout Vorland.无关

  4. In many of the towns that restrict smoking in restaurants, restaurants can maintain separate dining areas where smoking is permitted.

  5. Over the last five years, government revenues from sales taxes have grown no faster in the towns with restaurant smoking restrictions than in the towns that have no such restrictions.无关

原文是禁烟会增加餐馆营收,证据就是禁烟的地方收入高了,削弱就是说收入的提高有他因。

这篇文章是典型的causal-explantion结构,先结论The objection that the ban would reduce restaurants’ revenues is ill founded,后用一个事实证明。题干实际上反对结论。

该类题型通常是答案解释证明的事实是其它原因造成的。从而反对原文结论。

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GWD-13-Q7:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

 

A significant number of Qualitex Corporation’s department heads are due to retire this year.  The number of employees other than current department heads who could take on the position of department head is equal to only about half of the expected vacancies.  Oualitex is not going to hire department heads from outside the company or have current department heads take over more than one department, so some departments will be without department heads next year unless Qualitex ______.

 

  1. promotes some current department heads to higher-level managerial positions

  2. raises the salary for department heads

  3. reduces the number of new employees it hires next year

  4. reduces the average number of employees per department

  5. reduces the number of its departments

   Answer: E

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GWD-13-Q9:

Business Analyst:  National Motors began selling the Luxora—its new model of sedan—in June.  Last week, National released sales figures for the summer months of June, July, and August that showed that by the end of August only 80,000 Luxoras had been sold.  Therefore, National will probably not meet its target of selling 500,000 Luxoras in the model’s first twelve months.

 

Which of the following would be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the analyst’s prediction?

 

  1. Whether new-car sales are typically lower in the summer months than at any other time of the year

  2. Whether National Motors currently produces more cars than any other automaker

  3. Whether the Luxora is significantly more expensive than other models produced by National Motors

  4. Whether National Motors has introduced a new model in June in any previous year

  5. Whether National Motors will suffer serious financial losses if it fails to meet its sales goal for the Luxora

   Answer: A

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GWD-13-Q22:

In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars.  When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on.  Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart.  Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females.  Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

  1. The dose of tranquilizer delivered by a tranquilizer dart is large enough to give the rangers putting collars on rhinoceroses a generous margin of safety.

  2. The fertility rate of uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park has been increasing in the past few decades.

  3. Any stress that female rhinoceroses may suffer as a result of being immobilized and handled has little or no negative effect on their fertility.

  4. The male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park do net lose their collars as often as the park’s female rhinoceroses do.

  5. The tranquilizer used in immobilizing rhinoceroses is the same as the tranquilizer used in working with other large mammals.

C是排除他因。C取非就是有其它压力导致不孕,削弱了结论(由于戴环导致不孕)

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GWD-13-Q27:

Which if the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?

 

Aroca
                    County
’s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property.  The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county.  Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because ______.

 

A.     many Aroca
                    County
residents have already left the county because of its high property taxes

  1. a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties is about to open in Aroca
                            County

  2. at least some Aroca
                            County
    parents are likely to use the money they will save on property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county

  3. a significant proportion of parents of Aroca
                            County
    public school students do not own their homes and consequently do not pay property taxes

  4. retailers in Aroca
                            County
    are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax price of their goods

   Answer: B

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GWD-13-Q31:

By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk.  However, a very aggressive species of blank ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans.  Therefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.

 

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

 

A.     Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants.

  1. Loma ants are less effective than many bird species in competing with rodents for seeds.

  2. Certain other species of black ants are more effective than Loma ants in competing with rodents for seeds.

  3. The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents.

  4. The use of pesticides to control Loma ants could have harmful effects on the environment.

   Answer: A

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GWD-13-Q32:

Macrophages are cells that play a role in the response of the immune system of mice and other mammals to invasive organisms such as bacteria.  Unlike other mice, mice that are genetically incapable of making these particular cells do not show elevated levels of nitrates when infected with bacteria.

 

The statements above, if true, provide the most support for which of the following conclusions?

 

  1. Mice that are unable either to make macrophages or to make them in sufficient numbers will protect themselves from bacterial infections in some other way.

  2. Mice that show elevated levels of nitrates can easily fight off most types of bacterial infections.

  3. In mice, macrophages play a role in the production of nitrates or inhibit a process by which nitrates are broken down or otherwise eliminated.

  4. When a healthy mouse becomes infected with an invasive organism, the number of macrophages in the mouse’s body decreases.

  5. Injections of nitrates into mice that lack macrophages will not enhance the ability of these animals’ immune systems to fight off infection.

题目说M可以起作用,一些没有M的鼠没有N,(说明N是起作用的)。C选项说M可以制造N,架桥。

GWD-13-Q38:

Frobisher, a sixteenth-century English explorer, had soil samples from Canada’s Kodlunarn
                    Island
examined for gold content.  Because high gold content was reported, Elizabeth I funded two mining expeditions.  Neither expedition found any gold there.  Modern analysis of the island’s soil indicates a very low gold content.  Thus the methods used to determine the gold content of Frobisher’s samples must have been inaccurate.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

  1. The gold content of the soil on Kodlunarn
                            Island
    is much lower today than it was in the sixteenth century.

  2. The two mining expeditions funded by Elizabeth I did not mine the same part of Kodlunarn
                            Island
    .

  3. The methods used to assess gold content of the soil samples provided by Frobisher were different from those generally used in the sixteenth century.

  4. Frobisher did not have soil samples from any other Canadian island examined for gold content.

  5. Gold was not added to the soil samples collected by Frobisher before the samples were examined.

如果架桥就准了。

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GWD-13-Q40:

In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface.  Mice infected with a herpesvirus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye.  Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpesvirus surface, scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to herpesvirus.

 

Which of the following, if true, gives the greatest additional support to the scientists’ hypothesis?

 

  1. Other types of virus have surface proteins that closely resemble proteins found in various organs of mice.

  2. There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice contract herpes at roughly the same rate as other mice.

  3. Mice that are infected with a herpesvirus but do not develop keratitis produce as many antibodies as infected mice that do develop keratitis.

  4. There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice survive these infections without ever developing keratitis.

  5. Mice that have never been infected with a herpesvirus can sometimes develop keratitis.

整段话的意思为:对病毒感染做出反应,老鼠通常产生抗体,这种抗体附着到病毒表面的蛋白质,将它杀死。感染H病毒的老鼠通常得K病(一种眼睛病)。因为眼睛的这部分细胞表面的蛋白质和H病毒表面的蛋白质极其项似,所以科学家猜测K病是对H病毒的抗体引起的。

其实这道题你不需知道原文内容便可知答案。答案是个因果型结论,即认为某个原因导致某种现象。它的支持选项通常是1:排出其他原因导致该现像。2。有因有果。3。无因无果。4。因果不倒置。5。提供去推导因果关系的信息是准确的。

具体到该题,答案认为抗体导致K病。D说无抗体的老鼠没得这种病。无因无果。

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[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-17 16:08:04编辑过]
 楼主| 发表于 2007-5-17 15:53:00 | 显示全部楼层

THAT’S  ALL

GOOD LUCK!


[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-17 16:10:03编辑过]
发表于 2007-5-17 16:53:00 | 显示全部楼层
顶!谢谢!
发表于 2007-5-17 20:43:00 | 显示全部楼层

顶,非常感谢。

发表于 2007-5-18 00:32:00 | 显示全部楼层

强!感激~~

发表于 2007-5-19 11:58:00 | 显示全部楼层

谢谢楼主,

我看到你的逻辑总结了,看来这两天我终于有事可做了。

PREP先前我已经模考三次了,分别是700,700,710,因为有些题先前做过,就没有再模考了,不过听我考过的朋友说实际考试成绩和模考还是差很远的,考试较难些。

发表于 2007-5-20 02:09:00 | 显示全部楼层
lz 辛苦啦!
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