2008.2.23.开始的RC机经, 题目+黄金80篇的范文和分析

Issues:

1. 34. “All citizens should be required to perform
a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the
country as a whole but also the individual participants.”

“所有的市民都应该被要求完成一定量的公共服务。这样的服务将不但从整体上给国家带来好处，也能给个人的参与者带来好处。”
            

1.      
比起专业的公共服务组织，所有的公民都完成一定的公共服务显得比较低效率。因为我们是在一个高度专业化分工十分明晰的社会，放弃专业的公共服务组织而采取强制性的公民义务形式的服务会使得效率十分低下，而且也会让大多数
            人不满，毕竟每个人都有自己的职业和爱好。

2.      
管理成本的高昂也是该计划难以贯彻的一个原因。这项决定潜在上要求了要有人监督每个公民是否履行了自己的义务，也要有人给每个公民分配任务.

3.      
诚然就象作者所说的那样确实会从整体上给国家带来一定的好处，同时给每个参与的人提供和更多人交流等机会，但是在权衡利弊之后尤其是在和专业化组织对比之后还是得不偿失的be not worth the candle mandatory compulsory ...be
weighed against ...

individual compliance
enforcement nullify stifle incompetence competent tantamount to 等价
insofar as...

1.     
对于国家和社会的好处：首先，强制性mandatory social work可以增加人力资源——因为social
work的wage比较低，所以在非强制的情况下，只有少数人愿意参加，这样导致了人员的不足；广泛的参与extensive
participation可以引起大家的重视——激发人们更加爱护公共设施,从而降低整个expense on the maintaining. 因为公共设施becomes a aggregation
of the hard work of all the citizens. 人们不付出努力,就不会珍惜

2.     
对参与者的好处: The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft.  Flaubert（the great novelist）公共服务可以使人们更加意识到自己的社会责任感duty, 也同时有益于平时的工作; 可以增加人与人的交流, 在完全没有压力的环境下, 心灵得到放松.

3.     
当然, 完全强制有可能引起stimulate抵触emotion of
repellence, 也要注意方法,同时不要影响正常的工作.

View1: public service, a main approach to show social
responsibilities, benefits both the county and the participants.

View2: When becomes a burden and stress to the
participants, public service harm not only individual performers but also
entire society. Cost of enforcement, reduction of efficiency , increase of
abhorrence.

The potential benefits of mandatory
public service must be weighed against administrative
problems and concerns about individual liberty. On
balance (adv. 总而言之), the costs to a nation and to the participants would probably
exceed the benefits.

Admittedly, a colorable (adj.似是而非的)
        argument can be made for
mandatory public service. It would help alleviate “free-rider”
problems, where those who do not contribute benefit from the efforts of those
who do. It would mitigate pressing social problems—with education, public
health and safety, and the environment. It might instill
in participants a sense of civic duty,
community, and individual responsibility. Finally, it has worked on a smaller scale, particularly in urban
areas, where renewal projects succeed in making communities safer, healthier,
and more prosperous.

Far more compelling, however, are the arguments
against mandatory public service. First, who would make
assignments and decide what projects are worthwhile, and how would compliance be assured? Resolving enforcement issues
would require government control, in turn requiring increased taxes and/or cuts
in other social programs, thereby nullifying the benefits of mandatory public
service. Second, a mandatory system would open the floodgates
to incompetence and inexperience. Finally, the whole notion seems tantamount to
Communism insofar as each citizen must contribute, according to his or her
ability, to a strong state. Modern history informs us that such systems do not
work. One could argue that mandatory public service is simply a tax in the form
of labor rather than dollars. However, compulsory labor smacks (v. 带有..风味) of involuntary servitude, whereas financial taxes do not.

In conclusion, logistical and
philosophical barriers to mandating public service outweigh its potential
benefits for the nation as well as for participants.

2. 36. “Businesses and other organizations have
overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human
group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and
energy, who gets things done.”

“企业和其他组织过分强调了团队工作的重要性。很明显，在任何人类团体里，都是最强的个人，那个具有最多义务和能量的人，把事情完成的。”
            

The author's assert
brings in the controversail and complex question that is being discussed a lot
now : teamwork or individual energy and commitment, which one is more important
to a company or other types of organizaitons? The author claims that teamwork
has been overemphasized. To the contrary, I believe that is the author who
makes an overemphasis by saying "It is the strong individual, the person
with the most commitment and engergy, who gets things done.

1.      
每个个人都是组织的一个组成成员。每个人都各司其职。尤其是在科学技术如此进步的今天很少有人能象作者所说的那样独立完成一项任务。事实上每个人都是完成了工作的一个部分一个方面，而合在一起才有了团队的成功。

2.      
一个公司一个组织并不是所有成员的简单加总.如果是这样的话,那么也就没有必要形成一个团队了每个人独立完成就好了.事实上一个团队可以把个体有机的组织在一起,使整体的运做更有效率更有成效,这才识组织存在的原因.

3.      
诚然集体的每个任务都是许多个别员工的努力组成的.但是这其中的每个人都不是完全独立的.没有设计人员,生产人员无法生产,而没有生产人员,销售人员亦无法销售.

regimentation团队精神
each does his or her own duty technology organic organically

View1: efficiency comes from work divisions. In today’s
business world, it is unpractical for one person to accomplish an entire
program. Actually, only every competent person finishes one part of the
mission, entirely whole program get done.

View2: An organization is not simply put competent
people together but combine them to form a organic integrity, thus induce
higher efficiency an productivity.

The relationship between teamwork and individual strength, energy,
and commitment is complex; whether they operate in a complementary
or antagonistic manner depends on: (1) the goals toward which the traits are directed, (2) the degree of emphasis on
teamwork, and (3) the job of the individual within an organization.

A person’s ability to work effectively in a team is not in
consistent per se with personal strength,
energy, and commitment. If exercised in a self-serving manner—for example,
through pilfering or back stabbing—these traits
can operate against the organization. Conversely, if directed toward the firm’s
goals, these traits can motivate other team members, thereby advancing common
goals. World War II generals Patton and Rommel
understood this point and knew how to bring out the best individual qualities
in their troops, while at the same time instilling a strong sense of team and
common purpose.

Nevertheless, over-emphasizing teamwork can be counterproductive for an organization. A successful
team requires both natural leaders and natural
followers; otherwise, a team will accomplish little. Undue emphasis on teamwork
may quell initiative among natural leaders,
thereby thwarting team goals. Also, teamwork can be overemphasized with a commissioned sales force of highly competitive and autonomic individuals. Overemphasis on teamwork here
might stifle healthy competition, thereby
defeating a firm’s objectives. In other organizational areas, however, teamwork
is critical. For example, a product-development team must progress in lock-step (锁步) fashion toward common goals, such as meeting a rollout (: the
public introduction of a new aircraft; broadly: the widespread public
introduction of a new product)
            deadline.

In sum, individual strength, commitment, and energy can complement a
strong team approach; as long as individual autonomy is not undermined, all can
operate in a synergistic manner to achieve an organization’s goals.

3.
        132. “Governments
should not be responsible for regulating businesses and other organizations.
Instead, society would benefit if the organizations themselves assumed
responsibility for establishing and enforcing their own standards and
regulations.”

Discuss
the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.
Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,
observations, or reading

“政府不应该对规范企业和其他组织负责。相反，如果组织自身承担建立和执行他们自己的标准和规范的责任，那么社会会得利。”

1.      
Admittedly,
the goveronment should not regulate the business or other organizations too
much. Too much supervision will harm the development of the business or an
organization.

2.      
Let the
business alone to regulate itself will also cause problems. The ultimate goal
of the business is to gain benefit, therefore all the activities will serve
this pivotal goal even at the expense of the social benefit.

3.      
The ideal
combination can be the midst.

1.       
too much interference from the government would undoubtedly impede
the development of businesses and organizations. 1, 政府干涉过多可能或扼杀企业的积极性positivity. 显然如果没有自主决定the power of independently making
decisions, 那么eventually, lead to the less
active economy. 2, 政府过度的exorbitant干涉可能会打乱市场发展的自然规律disturb the natural order of
the market. 比如regulation on the type of
product 可能市场上的excessive demand or supply.

2.       
但是也不是说政府should assume no necessary
supervision over the business. 首先, 毕竟,企业的一切行为都是为了利益最大化. 缺乏管理,很可能产生很多negative results.政府有义务确保keep the national market in
healthy condition. 如果缺乏suitable regulation, 有可能会出现恶性的竞争inordinate competition. 又比如Enron cheat on the financial condition. 第二, 政府有时要帮助企业度过recession.依靠企业自身的力量, 可能不能overcome the huge destroy of the
recession.

3.       
要有适当的regulation, 同时adequate freedom. 才能健康地发展.

View1: if organizations are allowed to establish their
own regulations, the enforcement of regulations will be enhanced and the
governmental burden of organizations will be released.

View2: however, the lack of authoritative and uniform
regulations will ultimately do harm to both organizations and entire society.

Evidence: disturb of market order, monopoly, unfair
competition.

To society: Unqualified products, high prices, environmental
pollution, waste of resources

Do harm to international
trade because the lack of uniform standards and the assurance of credit.

4. 37. “Since
science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society,
schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to
teaching the arts and humanities.”

“由于对现代社会来说，科学和技术正在变得越来越基本，学校应该投入更多的时间教授科学技术而减少艺术和人文的教育。”
            

1.      
艺术可以使人更好地投入到科学技术的研究中.起到一定的促进作用.For example,
recent studies of cognitive development show that studying music at an early
age can strengthen a child's later grasp of mathematics. And understanding
philosophical concepts has helped scients recognize their own presuppositions,
and frame their central questions more accurately.

2.      
从前人前辈的成就和伟大人格中我们可以得到促进和激励更好的投入到工作和学习生活中.

3.      
单独只有科学技术我们只能找到解决问题的办法。即我只是知道how to do而不知道should we do

.... . This is not to
say, however, that ... . To the contrary mathematicians cognitive strengthen
grasp philosophical philosophy presupposition presumption premise assumption
intellectual inspire dominate predominate autonomous autonomy liberal arts 文科 contemporary

1.      科技十分重要，没有科学技能的人，很难快速容入工作。难以想象一个缺乏基本电脑知识的人，如何在一个corporation in which most of
the daily affairs are dealt with the aid of computer里很好地完成工作！所以，学校有责任培养学生的IT技能。

2.      但是，不代表学校应该忽视艺术人文的教育。众所周知，艺术人文起到启迪思想provide people with gracious
spirit. 引导人们意识到人性中的固有美德：。。。举例：科学技术是人们生存发展的工具，但同时，如果没有美德，则可能变成危险的武器。比如nuclear weapons; heroin is made
by people with standard chemistry knowledge…（with the guide of virtue, science can be the best servant of human;
however, on the other hand, without such guide, it can become the most
dangerous weapon.

3.      
false dilemma. The speaker falsely put the school in a dilemma by
suggesting the teaching of science and that of arts are mutually exclusive. 完全可以把两者结合起来。

Because scient View1: primarily and secondary school, whose main
function is to teach general knowledge and more important, to shape healthy
personality, should place at least as much attention on the arts and humanities
as they do on science and technology

View2: Contrarily, university and college should devoted
more time on teaching science and technology as they are becoming more and more
essential to our modern society. However, it dose not mean the Arts and
humanities is not important and the time devoted to it should be decreased. Universities
can increase the teaching hour on science and technology by ways such as employ
more professors and open more available classroom to provide more courses at
the same time.

View3: science and technology are becoming more and more
important, yet, we still can not underestimate the importance of the arts and
humanities.

Learning form predecessors’
experience and great personalities can lead to great efforts devoted to work
and thus better performance. Science and technology tell us who to do, but
humanities tell us what should to .

ific knowledge is increasingly important in our technological world
and in the practical world of jobs and careers, schools should devote
sufficient time to teaching mathematics and science. This
is not to say, however, that schools should devote less time to the arts
or humanities. To the contrary, in a
technological age the study of arts and humanities is probably more important
than ever—for three reasons.

First of all, studying the arts and humanities can help students
become better mathematicians and scientists.
For example, recent studies of cognitive development show
that studying music at an early age can strengthen a child’s later grasp of
mathematics. And understanding philosophical concepts has helped scientists
recognize their own presuppositions, and frame
their central questions more accurately.

Secondly, studying the creative and intellectual achievement of
others helps inspire our own creativity and intellectual questioning. This is
particularly important in an era dominated by technology, where we run a
serious risk of becoming automatons who fit
neatly into the efficient functioning of some system.

Finally, technology is valuable as an efficient means to our
important goals. But neither technology, nor the science on which it is
founded, decides which goals are best, or judges the moral value of the means
we choose for their attainment. We need the liberal
arts (文科)
        to help us select
worthwhile ends and ethical means.

In conclusion, schools should not devote less time to the arts and
humanities. These areas of study augment and enhance learning
in mathematics and science, as well as helping to preserve the richness of our
entire human legacy while inspiring us to further it. Moreover, disciplines
within the humanities provide methods and contexts for evaluating the morality
of our technology and for determining its proper direction.

540. “With the increasing emphasis
on a global economy and international cooperation, people need to understand
that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as
citizens of a particular country.”

“随着对全球经济和跨国公司的关注增加，人们需要理解他们作为世界公民的角色比作为一个特定国家的公民的角色更重要。”
            

1.      
两者并不是完全对立的环保

2.      
事实上两者可以相互促进一个人在一个国家做慈善工作很可能也会有一天为别的国家的人服务

3.      
当两者冲突的时候哪个更重要取决与不同的情况。

代替取代supersede compatible be compatible with... citizenship domain
This one person would be acting consistently as a citizen of community, state,
nation and world.admittedly conflicting obligation arise dual Admittedly,
conflicting/clashing/discordant obligations sometimes arise as a result of our
new dual citizenship.obligatory In sum, although our "dual"
citizenship may at times lead to conflict, one role need not automatically take
precedence over the other. more often than not The relationship between the two
roles is, more often than not, a complementary one, and can even be
synergistic. synergistic coactive complement
            complementary supplement

1.      有时, 很多问题是全球性的,需要世界公民的角度考虑,而非只站在一国角度. 比如,环境问题, 能源问题, 等等. 人们应该为整个地球负责任,而不仅仅是为了一个民族或国家. 因为, 如果是后者, 则很有可能只解决自己的问题, 而把危害转移到别的国家. shift the burden and threats from one
nation to another…比如: 出口垃圾,比如大量进口发展中国家的木材.虽然自己的国家暂时解决了问题,但长远看, 没有国家孤立地存在, 不能short-sight and narrow mind, 因为interdependent.

2.      但这不意味着人们就要discard or weaken their role as citizens
of one nation. 其实两者并不是incompatible, 更多时候, 可以作为complementary one—and can even be synergistic.比如the preservation of traditional culture, 人们作为一国公民,保护自己独特文化的同时, 实际上也为全球的diversity of culture作出了positive effort. 比如, 为一个国家的public service付出努力的同时, 很可能激发起公民的社会责任感和compassion and responsibility, 参与到国际public service 中, 比如很多charitarian就开始从对本国的慈善事业subsidize the school in one
nation也激发起对attention to the education in
the international scope.

View1: people’s role as citizens of the world is become
more and more important in the modern society.

View2: Without the awareness of being citizens of a
particular country, people will find no roots to behave on the stage of the
world.

View3: these two roles, national and international, are
not mutually exclusive alternatives. They can be properly combined.

With the growth of the global economy and the need for international
cooperation, every human being has assumed a role as citizen of the world. Does
this mean that our roles as citizens of our respective nations are thereby superseded by our role as world citizens, as the
speaker suggests? Not at all. Good citizenship at one level is often compatible
with good citizenship at another. In fact, being a
good citizen in one social domain can help one be a better citizen in another.

Good global citizenship is not incompatible with good citizenship at other levels. Consider, for example, one’s efforts
as a citizen to preserve the natural environment. One particular person might,
for example: (1) lobby legislators to enact laws preserving an endangered redwood forest, (2) campaign for nationally-elected
officials who support clean air laws, and (3) contribute to international rainforest (n. 雨林) preservation organizations. This one person would be acting
consistently as a citizen of community, state, nation and world.

Admittedly, conflicting obligations sometimes arise as a result of our new “dual” citizenship. For
example, a U.S. military official with an advisory role in a United Nations
peace-keeping force might face conflicting courses of action—one that would
secure U.S. military interests, and another that would better serve
international interests. However, the fact that such a conflict exists does not
mean that either action is automatically more obligatory—that is, that one’s
role as either U.S. citizen or world citizen must invariably supersede the other.
Instead, this situation should be resolved by carefully considering and weighing the consequences of each course of action.

Moreover, being a good citizen in one social context can often help
one be a better citizen in another. For example, volunteering to help
underprivileged children in one’s community might inspire one to work for an
international child-welfare organization. And inculcating civic values—such as charity and civic pride—may
give rise to personal traits of character that transfer to all social domains
and contexts.

In sum, although our “dual” citizenship may at times lead to
conflicts, one role need not automatically take
precedence over the other. Moreover, the relationship between the two
roles is, more often than not, a complementary
one—and can even be synergistic.

6. 13.Responsibility for
preserving the natural environment是individual person的责任而不是government的。

“保护自然环境的责任完全属于每个个人，而非政府。”
                

1，      
个人往往是按照自己的利益办事即使有环保意愿但和个人利益冲突或要损失个人利益时候往往就会选择牺牲环境moreover个人往往是短视的，只关注眼前不注意长远。政府则相反

2，      
环保常常规模很大，个人无力完成。

3，      
诚然每个保护环境的措施都是要个人的参与的。但是这种参与是在政府的统筹下的。象作者那样的论断是草率的

a tug of war拔河，两派间的激烈竞争  a political tug of
war between those in favor of the new legislation and those against it.

large in scale
participation participate ensure preservation individual

on behalf of 为了 at
large 逍遥自在不受限制的；全体地普遍地

Experience tells us
that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and
political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.

complete elimination
emission automobile nevertheless不过 manufacturer
manufacture because voluntarily volunteer voluntary volunteer voluntary
voluntarily sacrifice accomplish

regulatory调整的
enforcement impose necessary standard ensure achieve aside from inherently
inherent pandemic全国流行的 epidemic流行的  traverse border environment environmental
hazard enemy analysis authority authoritative possess attainment agreed-upon 意见一致的

1，
                The proponents of this
assertion may argue that the natural environment ultimately belongs to each
individual person, therefore, it is reasonable to attribute to each person the
responsibility for preserving it. a, 必须要承认的是，我们共同使用环境资源，the condition of the environment may have directly effect on
each person。所以，人人都has the obligation to protect
the environment from being polluted. b, 只有人人都积极地保护环境，

2，
                However, to leave all the
responsibility to individuals is hardly a wise decision. Despite of the
argument above, we should still not lose the sight of the fact that individuals
have strong propensity of self-interest and short-term consideration. 没有政府的监督，很少有人自愿作出牺牲以保护环境（voluntarily make sacrifice to protect the environment.）比如如果政府不forbidden smoking in public，smokers may enjoy their cigarettes
whenever they want. Deforestation
            kill excessively

很多情况下，重大fatal的保护环境举措，没有政府的支持做不到。比如工厂dumping noxious water into the
river/ deforestation/ kill excessively…以上那些行动，个人的力量根本不能阻止prohibit.

Optional words:

Preserve/
conserve/ maintain

Thesis sentence: While individual person can do a lot to protect
our natural environment, the responsibility of preservation the overall
environment lies in the hands of government with help form each individual in
the society.

View1: Experience tells us that individuals tend to act
on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on
behalf of the environment or the public at large.

View2:the
government has certain advantages in preserving the environment.

Evidence:

the government can place
certain regulations on the wastes and pollutants towards environment emitted by
industries.

Fines deprived from
corporations and individual ones that disobey the environmental regulations can
be used on many ways such as preserve the forests, planting trees, create
conserved areas that will improve our current situations.

While nearly everyone would agree in
principle that certain efforts to preserve the natural environment are
in humankind’s best interest, environmental issues always involve a tug of war (n. 拔河, 两派间的激烈竞争)
        among conflicting
political and economic interests. For this reason, and because serious environmental
problems are generally large in scale,
government participation is needed to ensure environmental preservation.

Experience tells us that individuals (and private corporations owned
by individuals) tend to act on behalf of their
own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the
environment or the public at large. For
example, current technology makes possible the complete elimination of
polluting emissions from automobiles. Nevertheless, neither automobile
manufacturers nor consumers are willing or able to voluntarily make the
short-term sacrifices necessary to accomplish this goal. Only the government
holds the regulatory and enforcement power to impose the necessary standards
and to ensure that we achieve such goals.

Aside from the problems of self-interest and enforcement,
environmental issues inherently involve public health and are far too pandemic in nature for individuals to solve on their own. Many of the most egregious
environmental violations traverse state and sometimes national borders.
Environmental hazards are akin to those
involving food and drug safety and to protecting borders against enemies;
individuals have neither the power nor the resources to address these widespread hazards.

In the final analysis, only the authority and scope of power that a
government possesses can ensure the attainment of agreed-upon
environmental goals. Because individuals are incapable of assuming this
responsibility, government must do so.

7.
            29“Too many people think only
about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on the specific
task at hand and not to worry about results.”

“太多的人只想到得到结果。成功的关键是注意手边的特定事情而不担心结果。”
            

        你怎么看这句建议的意思，总的来说，你认为它值得遵守吗？从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。

1.       只想到结果的人而不注意手边的事情的人往往因为太迫切的期待结果而不屑于把手边看似琐碎的小事做好.事实上每一个目标的达成都是需要无数这样的事情集合在一起才可以达成的.

2.       同样的只注意手边的事情也是不可取的.因为一直这样就缺少了高屋建瓴的技能往往会过分注意细节而忽略了从整体上的把握.每一件事情就都变成是在孤立的完成而不是在为一个核心pivotal的目标而服务这样会忽略了重点降低效率.

at hand anxious anxiety
specific specialized certain  result
outcome eventuality consequence sequence think it scorn to trivial petty
accomplish accomplishment attainment keystone advisable可取的inadvisable
to operate from a strategically advantageous position strategical strategy
advantageous advantage disadvantage focus on the details solely ignore
efficiency keystone endproduct proceed process precedent preceding merit
admittedly daunting overwhleming

Admittedly, this advice
has some merit, by focusing on the details at hand one is less likely to become
discouraged by the daunting and overwhleming tasks ahead in an ambitous
project.

without reference to
virtually The central problem with this advice is that focusing attention
completely on the task at hand without reference to how that task is related to
the end product would be virtually impossible to do.

random diligent
likelihood minimal

View1: without achievements of specific tasks there will
be no base for final results.

View2: however, without a specific ideal destination,
efforts will find no way to go.

This advice means fundamentally that if we focus our attention on
the details of a project rather than on the end
product (最后产物，最终产品), the result will be better than if we proceed the other way around
(adv. 从相反方向). Admittedly, this advice has some
merit; by focusing on the details at hand one is less likely to become
discouraged by the daunting or overwhelming tasks
ahead in an ambitious project. Otherwise, however, I think this advice is poor,

The central problem with this advice is that focusing attention
completely on the task at hand without reference to how that task is related to
the end product would be virtually impossible to do. The reason for this is
simple. Without some reference to a goal or a result we would have no idea of
what task to perform in the first place. As a result, the various tasks we
engage in would be somewhat random and, in turn, no matter how diligent and
careful we were in performing them the likelihood of producing worthwhile or
successful end products would be minimal.

To ensure good results, one should instead take a balanced approach
to the task at hand (adv. 在手边, 在附近, 即将到来). By a
balanced approach I mean paying attention to both the desired result and the
specific tasks that are required to achieve it. House building provides a good
example of this approach. The house plan not only contains a rendering of the finished
product but also contains detailed drawings and descriptions of each of
the specific components required to ensure a successful result. Moreover, the
order of the tasks is determined with reference to this
result. In my estimation, virtually all successful projects proceed in the fashion illustrated in this example.

In sum, I don’t think that the advice offered in the statement is
worth following. In my view, following this advice is more likely to produce
unsuccessful results than successful ones.

8. 115. “Technology ultimately separates
and alienates people more than it serves to bring them together.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with
the opinion stated above. Support your position with reasons and/or examples
from your own experience, observations, or reading.

从根本上说，科技使人们疏远远甚于使人们聚合在一起。

1.        
不能交流的可以交流了，不容易交流的变得容易拉

2.        
增进交流也就加强了理解使得交流有更深的层次

3.        
当然有些工具的产生确实也使得交流变得肤浅但是综合来看不支持作者的观点

I believe there is some truth to the speaker’s claim that technology
separates and alienates people. However, there is certainly at least as much evidence
that technology serves best to bring people together.

The most obvious way that technology separates and alienates people
from one another is symbolized by the computer nerd (nerd: n. 讨厌的人, 卑微的人an unstylish,
unattractive, or socially inept person; especially: one slavishly devoted to
intellectual or academic pursuits *computer nerds*)
sitting glazed-eyed (adj. 面无表情的, 目光呆滞的)
        before his computer screen in a
basement, attic, bedroom, or office cubicle.
While this scene is a caricature, of course, it’s true that practically everybody who uses email or surfs (transitive senses: to scan the offerings
of [as television or the Internet] for something that is interesting or fills a
need) the Internet does so alone, with only his or her computer for company (adv. 陪着). And, to the extent that computer
use increases the amount of time we collectively spend in solitary activities,
it increases the amount of time we spend separated from our fellow humans.

On the other hand, technology has been a wonderful aid in bringing
people together, or, in many cases, back together. Speaking
for myself, I can say that I have become connected with quite a number
of people via email with whom I might never have spoken otherwise. These
include old friends with whom I had fallen out of (fall out of: v. 放弃[习惯等])
        the habit of writing
regular letters but with whom I now correspond regularly because of the ease
with which email can be sent and delivered.

A second way in which the new technology has brought people together
is by allowing individuals who have common interests to make contact with one
another. It is possible to find people who share one’s interest in nearly
anything, from aardvarks (n. [动]土豚) to zippers. Such contacts may be ephemeral, but they can
be a great source of information and amusement as well. I would hazard (VENTURE,
RISK *hazard a guess as to the outcome*)
            a
guess that for each person who sits neurotically (neurotic: of, relating to, constituting, or
affected with neurosis) at home, eschewing personal contacts with
others in favor of an exclusive relationship with his computer, there are
hundreds of others who have parleyed their email capacity and their access to
the Web into a continuous succession of new acquaintances.

In sum, it seems clear to me that technology has done more to bring
people together than to isolate them.

9.24 A powerful business leader has far more
opportunity to influence the course of a community or a nation than does any
government official.”

“一个有力的企业领导比一个政府官员有更多的机会影响一个社团或国家的方针。”

1.      
每一个政府官员都很难自己做出决策。每一个政令的颁布表面上仿佛是由一个人宣布的，其实背后的程序过程都是十分繁杂的。seperation of the three powers(the legislative,
executive and judicial powers) In this work he argued that the three powers a
state has are the Legislative, the Executive and the Judicial and that for a
state to remain democratic, these powers must be separated and there must be
checks and balances to prevent a single group from acquiring control over two
or more of them.

            任何一个政府官员做出决定都可能受到上司甚至是同事的限制，即使是总统，其实也仅仅是他的领导班子共同商议做出结论，更何况三权分立在保护了民主的同时本身也限制了每个个人甚至是每个group的决策权利以及对国家和社区的影响。

2.      
而企业领导往往会有更大的决策权，而他们的决策也更容易被贯彻。在一个经济为中心的国家相应的他们的对社区和国家的影响力也就更大。

3.      
诚然在一个以政治为中心的国家里，企业领导对社区和国家产生影响的机会会较少，但经济是政治的基础，离开经济政治是毫无影响力可言的。此外由于上面所说过的原因政府官员对社区和国家的影响同样不会很大。

goverment order
procedure process complex complicated intricate higher-up subordinate superior

restict restriction
confine constrain curb administration collective the seperation of the three
powers: the legislative the executive and the judicial decision-making carry
out implement perform politics-centered economy-centered influence effect
impact historical influential abound

on balance=with all
things considered admittedly opportunity commerce commercial check-and-balance
system 制约平衡制度 scandal illuminate illumination luminous
lumination technic technical technology technician technological entity equity
seems to pale next to...

Yet the impact seems
to pale next to those of our modern captains of industry.

by virture of for the
sake of on the account of

1.       Admittedly, 领导人的作用有时不象企业家一样apparent. 因为国家的发展，人们的生活，与企业closely related. 比如GATES，领导了信息产业革命；Rockefeller，控制国家的石油命脉took control of 
American oil supply。企业家通过影响企业的行为，从而直观上影响人course of a community.

2.      但是，企业的一切影响is based on its existence, which is
permitted by the government. 政府制定各种policy来允许企业的存在，企业家的一切行为需要被政府允许才能产生作用。

3.      
Moreover, 影响一个国家，需要强大的power, which can be only
generated from absolutely authority. 这样的绝对权力是企业不具备的。Yet even a cursory review of the history reveals substantial
evidence that it is the government leader rather than the business leader that
can make the pivotal decision when the nation is in crisis. 比如，在经济recession，企业的力量无法使经济好转，revive the economy of the whole nation, 只有政府运用行政措施，制定positive policy to stimulate the companies
and thus the economy of the whole nation. 比如Roosevelt. Bill Clinton.  financial policy

            

            

View 1: Unlike business leader, government power is
likely to subject to many more restraints. 
Our check-and-balance system, the legislation influence and the voting
power are all factors that temper the power of government official to the
course of a community or a nation. Moreover, powerful business leaders all too
often seem to hold the actual legislative and judicial power by their financial
supporting of official activities such as governmental elections.

View2: While take more thorough consideration, the
government official is likely to have more direct and broad influence on a
community and a nation.

Evidence: various approach
to influence other than financial approach

In addition the
governmental official have the abilities to regulate commerce,  

Historical examples of both influential public officials and
influential business leaders abound. However,
the power of the modern-era business leader is quite different from that of the
government official. On balance, the CEO seems to be
better positioned to influence the course of community and of nations.

Admittedly the opportunities for the legislator to regulate commerce
or of the jurist to dictate rules of equity are
official and immediate. No private individual can hold
that brand of influence. Yet official power is tempered by our check-and-balance system (制约平衡制度) of government and, in the case of
legislators, by the voting power of the electorate.
Our business leaders are not so constrained, so, their opportunities far exceed
those of any public official. Moreover, powerful business leaders all too often
seem to hold de facto legislative and judicial
power by way of their direct influence over public officials, as the Clinton
Administration’s fund-raising scandal of 1997 illuminated all too well.

The industrial and technological eras have bred
such moguls of capitalism as Pullman, Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Gates, who by the nature of their
industries and their business savvy, not by
force of law, have transformed our economy, the nature of work, and our very day-to-day (adj. 日常的, 逐日的)
        existence. Of course,
many modern-day public servants have made the most of their opportunities—for example,
the crime-busting (bust: to break or smash especially with force;)
            mayor
Rudolph Giuliani and the new-dealing President
Franklin Roosevelt. Yet their impact seems to pale
next to those of our modern captains of
industry.

In sum, modem business leaders by virtue of
the far-reaching impact of their industries and of their freedom from
external constraints, have supplanted lawmakers as the great opportunists of
the world and prime movers of society.

10. 112. “The
overall quality of life in most societies has never been better than at the
present time because of recent advancements in such areas as business and
technology.”

“因为最近商业和技术方面的发展，大多数社会的总体社会质量前所未有的好。”

1， 
物质生活更丰富，生活更便利，不受天灾威胁

2， 
节奏太快，远离自然

3， 
进步是双刃剑要好好利用double-edged sword

1.     
progress in technology and business确实给人们的生活带来了considerable improvement. a, in the material life，提供了unprecedented diversity of service and
products。supermarket：hundreds and thousands of products for
people to choose；——三月份就可以吃到新鲜的草莓fresh strawberry   b, 方便。高效率in the
convenience of our own homes
        ：得到信息在网上，订餐order a dinner via internet； c, 人们的健康状况更好了，很多曾经可以威胁人生命的病现在只要简单的医疗手段就可以解决。

2.      
但是，也不是说全都是好处，同时也有消极的影响。比如a, 人们spend more time on television and internet, 忽略了overlook
the necessary communication in the family。造成了alienation between the
family members. b, 再比如，fast communication on-line 剥夺了人们深入思考的可能。deprive people of deep and comprehensive thinking.

3.      
使人们更加忙碌，疲劳。a, 人们的效率提高了，却被要求做更多的事了，实际上，人们更加忙碌了。比如the invention of laptops provide the possibility
for people to continue their work after they leave the company. even on
holiday. b, 新技术发展很快，demand changes every day. 这样accelerate
the job obsolescence。造成人们suffer more pressure and anxiety.

The stated opinion is that recent
advancements in business and technology have made overall
quality of life better than ever. I disagree somewhat with the speaker’s
viewpoint. For although such advancements have improved our lives in many
respects, they have also diminished our quality of life in other ways.

Clearly, progress in business and technology has produced many
benefits. For example, we can research problems and their solutions in minutes
on the Internet; productivity is at an all-time (adj. 空前的, 创记录的) high. And we can get more done in less time, leaving more time for
hobbies, entertainment or other leisure activities. We can even mix a little work into our leisure time, by taking
our laptops (便携式电脑) and cell phones on vacation (在度假中). This way, we can stay one step ahead on
projects at work, anticipating deadlines and staying in touch with co-workers and important
clients.

In addition, leisure time has itself been enhanced by business and
technology. Never before have we had so many spectacular diversions available,
or so many leisure- and entertainment-related businesses vying for our attention. Moreover, we can obtain
everything form airline tickets to a language course and holiday wardrobe (行头a collection of wearing
apparel (as of one person or for one activity) *a summer wardrobe*) via the Internet, in the convenience of our
own homes.

Nevertheless, advances in business and technology have compromised
our quality of life as well. For all the wonders
of computers, they have spawned their own special illnesses
and ailments, like severe eyestrain (眼睛疲劳), back and neck problems, and carpal tunnel
syndrome (n. 腕管综合征: a condition caused by
compression of a nerve where it passes through the wrist into the hand and
characterized especially by weakness, pain, and disturbances of sensation in
the hand). And though we now have a world of
information available in a keystroke (按键，按一下键), some of this information—like pornography, hate group diatribes
and bomb-building instructions—are harming our society, especially our
children. Even apparently harmless material, like direct
mail advertising and telephone soliciting,
is endlessly annoying. Finally, family life is sometimes a casualty (a person
or thing injured, lost, or destroyed : VICTIM *the ex-senator was a casualty of
the last election*) of all this progress, with parents and
children spending more time transfixed (使呆住) before their computer monitors and
less time together.

In conclusion, advances in business and technology are a mixed
blessing. For while we enjoy many benefits of this so-called progress, in many
ways it has changed our lives for the worse.

11. 57.Everywhere, it seems, there
are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more respectful of one
another’s differences. “看来有明显和确实的迹象说明所有地方的人们都变得对彼此的不同越来越尊重。”
        

我基本同意作者的观点

1.        
一方面我们的立法越来越完善不断向着消除歧视和偏见的方向发展。这从强制的方面要求人们尊重和其他人的不同

2.        
另一方面，随着技术的不断进步交流的不断深入人们对别的文化也有了更深的了解。而了解就会使得不同文化的人们提高对对方文化和行为的自发的非强制的尊重。

3.        
诚然现在还有很多的种族的性别的等各个方面的歧视。但是我们很高兴地看到事情在向好的方面发展。

1.     
The increased globalization has provided more opportunities than
ever before to contact and acknowledge cultures of other nations. 对于不同的宗教信仰和文化习俗，人们采取了更加宽容more tolerant attitude toward
dissimilar culture, including religion and custom from other nations. 比方说：China had long closed itself to the
outside of the world for many centuries before it opened the door in 1980’s. 在那段时间里，西方文明被简单地理解为怪异和粗鲁的considered to be strange or rude.
而现在，接触了更多后，中国也认识到了不同，并且充分地接受和借鉴even learn from他们。

2.      然而，在很多领域，尽管通过legislation，已经改变了一些to some extent，但严重的discrimination and prejudice
still remain severe despite of the legislation… 
比方说，racial, gender虽然立法规定了男女在工作一样的情况下得到一样工资，但是社会人为地perceived
inequity still exist since 男和女被分为不同种类的工作。

3.     
有成绩，但仍然需要努力。对不同的高度容忍体现文明的发展程度。sign of… 之类。所以要一起努力。

Hearst Corporation

__celebrate differences among people and make active use of the varied
perspectives that workers from different backgrounds bring to the job.

View1: our legislation and moral tend to eliminate bias
and prejudice based on difference.

View2: better communication and broader cooperation
teach people to respect deference

In determining whether we are becoming more respectful of one
another’s differences, one must examine both overt (open to view: MANIFEST)
actions and underlying motives, as well as examining whether our differences
are increasing or decreasing. The issue, therefore, is quite complex, and the
answer is unclear.

Disrespect for one another’s differences manifests itself in various
forms of prejudice and discrimination. Since the civil rights and feminist
movements of the 60s and 70s, it would seem that we have made significant
progress toward eliminating racial and sexual discrimination. Anti-discriminatory
laws in the areas of employment, housing (供给住宅,住房供给dwellings provided for
people), and education, now protect all significant
minority groups racial minorities and women, the physically challenged (adj. having
a disability or deficiency) and, more recently, homosexuals. Movies and television shows, which for better or worse
(adv. 不论好坏)
        have become the cynosure of our
cultural attention, now tout the rights of minorities, encouraging acceptance
of and respect for others.

However, much of this progress is forced upon us legislative.
Without Title 10 and its progenies (a body of followers, disciples, or
successors), would we voluntarily refrain from the discriminatory
behavior that the laws prevent? Perhaps not.
Moreover, signs of disrespect are all around us today. Extreme factions still
rally around bigoted demagogues; the number of
“hate crimes” is increasing alarmingly; and
school-age children seem to flaunt a disrespect toward adults as never before.
Finally, what appears to be respect for one another’s differences may in fact
be an increasing global homogeneity—that is, we
are becoming more and more alike.

In sum, on a societal level it is difficult to distinguish between
                genuine respect for one another’s differences on the one hand and
                legislated
morality and increasing homogeneity on the other.
            Accordingly,
the claim that we are becoming more respectful of one another’s differences is
somewhat dubious.

12．  62
        “What education fails to teach us is to see
the human community as one. Rather than focus on the unique differences that
separate one nation from another, education should focus on the similarities
among all people and places on Earth.”

What do
you think of the view of education expressed above? Explain, using reasons
and/or specific examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

“教育没有教会我们的是把人类社会看成一个整体。与其把焦点集中在区分一个国家和另一个的独特不同点上，教育应该集中焦点于地球上所有人类和所有地方的相似之处。”
            

1.        
It is
important for the education to teach us the unity. It is important for us to
identify with others since no one can live without others.

2.        
While it is
also important for the education to teach us the diverstity for us to better
understand and respect others.

3.        
Which is more
important is hard to say. Both the unity and the diversity should be taught.

View1: It is very important for education to teach us
unity. Since all nations interact with each other more and more thoroughly, no
one is an island in the world.

Evidence: unify citizens from diverse backgrounds, reduced
ethnic, religious or political factions and wars. Improve cooperation, mutual
altruism and finally harmonious humanity

View2: While it is also important for education to teach
us diversity in order to improve understanding and respect between nations.

Evidence: democratic ideal of tolerance, educating people
about diversity might even produce a unifying effect—by promoting understanding
and appreciation among people from all backgrounds.

This view of education seems to recommend that schools stress the
unity of all people instead of their diversity. While I agree that education
should include teaching students about characteristics that we all share, doing
so need not necessarily entail shifting focus away from our differences.
Education can and should include both.

On the one hand, we are in the midst of an evolving global community
where it is increasingly important for people to recognize our common humanity,
as well as specific hopes and goals we all share. People universally prefer
health to disease, being nourished to starving, safe communities to
crime-riddled ones, and peace to war. Focusing on our unity will help us
realize these hopes and goals. Moreover, in our pluralistic
democracy it is crucial to find ways to unify citizens from diverse
backgrounds. Otherwise, we risk being reduced to ethnic, religious or political
factions at war with one another, as witnessed recently in the former
            Yugoslavia (南斯拉夫). Our own diverse society can forestall such horrors only if
citizens are educated about the democratic ideals, heritage, rights and
obligations we all have in common.

On the other hand, our schools should not attempt to erase, ignore,
or even play down (v. 降低, 贬低, 减少)
        religious, ethnic or
cultural diversity. First of all, schools have the obligation to teach the
democratic ideal of tolerance, and the best way to teach tolerance is to educate people about different religions, cultures
and so on. Moreover, educating people about diversity might even produce a
unifying effect—by promoting understanding and appreciation among people from
all backgrounds.

In conclusion, while it may appear paradoxical to recommend that
education stress both unity and diversity, it is not. Understanding our common
humanity will help us achieve a better, more peaceful world. Toward the same end, we need to understand our
differences in order to better tolerate them, and perhaps even appreciate them.
Our schools can and should promote both kinds of understanding by way of a
balanced approach.

13． 2
            “It is unrealistic to expect individual
nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy.
International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect
to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated
above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own
experience, observations, or reading.the primary function of art is to
challenge a society, but not to entertain it.

“指望单个国家独立地做出必要的牺牲来保存能源是不现实的。如果我们希望为下一代保护世界的能源资源，国际领导力量和全球性的公司是基本的。”
            

1.        
To
conserve the energy is a world-wide project. No individual country is able to
do it independently.

2.        
It is
unfair to let individual nations to make sacrifices while the others do not.

3.        
The
best and the most efficient way is the whole wolrd conserve the energy
simultaneously and collectively.

1，
                首先，虽然不愿意，但仍然要承认，自私几乎是天性。self consideration优先。在没有广泛的行动时，每一个国家都不愿意在自己作出牺牲的同时，其他国家没有行动。这样不公平，也不可能达到。这时，领导的作用很重要。安排各国家工作，协调各国家活动。有一个行动的指导作用。function as the leader of the
group.

2，
                而且，保护资源是全球的问题，指望单个国家作出牺牲是不够的。因为在全球化经济发展下，资源几乎是全球运转的。比如，美国会向中国进口木材等原料。所以需要合作。大的跨国公司在其中扮演重要的角色。比如，开发非洲的，有很多是欧洲的公司，跨国公司的举动会影响到很多国家的经济政策。nuclear weapons proliferation

by the
same token(同样道理)

the problem of energy conservation
transcends the national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or
all will suffer.(sample上的句子)

3，
                当然，这样是不够的，必须由各个国家充分地发挥主动的作用take positive action。因为资源是全人类的，每个国家都有责任并且都有必要。只有将统一领导与各国的积极性作用一起结合，才是最effective的方法。

Optional words:

Sacrifice/
expense/ offering/ cost

Conserve/ protect/
guard/ keep/ maintain

Thesis sentence:

To conserve the
energy resources is a worldwide project, however, individual nations have been
take the responsibilities of energy conservation initiatively without
international leadership.

View1:

International leadership
and worldwide cooperation play important roles in the protection of energy
resources.

Evidence: OPEC is one of
the best examples. OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is
an international organization of eleven developing countries that are heavily
reliant on oil revenues as their main source of income. Since oil revenues are
so vital for the economic development of these nations, they aim to bring
stability and harmony to the oil market by adjusting their oil output to help
ensure a balance between supply and demand. In the long run, the stabilized
out-put help to cease the problem of over-refining and over utilization of oil
energy.

            

            

View2:

It is not idealistic to
expect the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy independently. Factors other
than international leadership and world wide cooperation have driven individual
nations to conserve energy. These countries conserve energy purely for their
own benefit in the future.

Evidence:

Most nations in Europe have developed and used automobiles that are highly energy
efficient.

Japan is a country naturally with nearly no energy
resources, so it make great effort to conserve energy for future generations. An
famous case is that Japan once brought crude oil from other countries and
buried it under the sea .

The speaker asserts that an international
effort is needed to preserve the world’s energy resources for future generations.
While individual nations, like people, are at times willing to make voluntary
sacrifices for the benefit of others, my view is that international coordination is nevertheless necessary in light of the strong propensity of nations to act
selfishly, and because the problem is international in scope.

The main reason why an international effort is necessary is that, left to their own devices,
individual nations, like people, will act according to their short-term motives
and self-interest. The mere existence of military weapons indicates that
self-interest and national survival are every nation’s prime drivers. And
excessive consumption by industrialized nations of natural resources they know
to be finite, when alternatives are at hand demonstrates that self-interest and
short-sightedness extend to the use of energy resources as well. Furthermore,
nations, like people, tend to rationalize their
own self-serving policies and actions. Emerging nations might argue, for
example, that they should be exempt from energy
conservation because it is the industrialized nations who can better afford to
make sacrifices and who use more resources in the first place.

Another reason why an international effort is required is that other
problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For
example, has each nation independently recognized the folly
of nuclear weapons proliferation and
voluntarily disarmed? No: only by way of an international effort, based largely
on coercion of strong leaders against detractors,
along with an appeal to self-interest, have we
made some progress. By the same token (adv. 出于同样原因), efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile, because
efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly, the problem of energy
conservation transcends national borders in that
either all nations must cooperate, or all will ultimately suffer.

In conclusion, nations are made up of individuals who, when left
unconstrained, tend to act in their own self-interest and with short-term
motives. In light of how we have dealt, or not
dealt, with other global problems, it appears that an international effort is
needed to ensure the preservation of natural resources for future generations.

14. 45. “The most effective way for a
businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is to follow the
highest standards of ethics.”

“商务人员在长期内实现利润最大化的最有效途径是遵循最高标准的道德。”
            

反面的例子可以是说如果从最高的道德规范来看有些污染环境的行业根本就不应该存在。但是从企业的长期发展来看以及从社会的福利最大化来看，只要污染控制在一定范围就好。如化工厂只要把排污控制在国家规定的范围就好。

1.        
道德不明确，每个人的标准不一样

2.        
法律立法时符合大多数人的要求明确具体

3.        
时滞可以用提高立法效率来解决

和AI034基本一样。

1.       
支持者会认为, 高道德会赢得reputation and trust; 第一, 高道德生产高质量的产品以及service,顾客稳定stable share of the market; 第二, 高道德会让员工满意度提高(公平，平等). 从而attract those applicants with high ability
and keep the employees loyal to the company---最终导致高的productivity.

例子：Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the
world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major
products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the
company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support
and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the
company.

2.        
但在更多的情况下, 高道德也许不equal to maximal profit. 比如,a, 如果把道德放在第一位的话,企业的executive很可能无法执行裁员活动complete the normal administration, such
as raising the price, reducing the superabundant staff…  b, 高道德的话，很可能采用最高标准的环保生产——这样很不是cost-effective.   总之，Following such undue concern about ethics, the company may find it
impossible to survive in the radical competitive market, let alone to gain
large profit.

View1: the definition of highest standards of ethics
vary from person to person and time to time. Therefore, it is impractical to
find and then stick to the highest standards of ethics.

View2: the regulations and laws of authorities are more
feasible and suitable standards to follow.

View3: while waiting for government regulations may draw
back the processes of eliminating the ill actions, we can count on the
authorities to speed up the process of refining the laws and regulations.

The speaker claims that following high ethical standards is the best
way to maximize profits in the long run. However, this claim seems to be more
of a normative statement than an empirical
observation. The issue is more complex than the speaker suggests. In my
observation, the two objectives at times coincide but at other times conflict.

In many ways behaving ethically can benefit a business. Ethical
conduct will gain a company good reputation that earns repeated business. Treating
suppliers, customers and others fairly is likely to result in their reciprocating. Finally, a company that treats its
employees fairly and with respect will gain
their loyalty which, in turn, usually translates into higher
productivity.

On the other hand, taking the most ethical course of action may in
many cases reduce profits, in the short run and beyond.
Consider the details of a merger in which both firms hope to profit from a synergy (n.最佳协合作用,企业合并后的协力优势) gained thereby. If the details of the merger hinge on (v. 靠..转动, 以..为转移)
        the ethical conviction that as few
employees as possible should lose their jobs, the key executives may lose sight
of the fact that a leaner, less labor-intensive organization
might be necessary for long-term survival. Thus, undue concern with ethics in
this case would results in lower profits and perhaps ultimate business failure.

This merger scenario points out a larger argument that the speaker
misses entirely-that profit maximization is per se the highest ethical
objective in private business. Why? By maximizing profits, businesses bestow a
variety of important benefits on their community and on society: they employ
more people, stimulate the economy, and enhance healthy competition. In short,
the profit motive is the key to ensuring that the members of a free market
society survive and thrive. While this argument might ignore implications for
the natural environment and for socioeconomic (of, relating to, or involving a combination
of social and economic factors) justice, it is a compelling
argument nonetheless.

Thus the choice to follow high ethical standards should not be made
by thinking that ethical conduct is profitable. While in some cases a
commitment to high ethical standards might benefit a company financially, in many
cases it will not. In the final analysis, businesses might best be advised to
view their attempts to maximize profits as highly ethical behavior.

15．47 The primary responsibility for preventing
environmental damage belongs to government, not to individuals or private
industry.”

Discuss
the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above.
Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own
experience, observations, or reading.

16. the primary function of art
is to challenge a society, but not to entertain it.(2)

17.
                    People have a duty to disobey laws that they consider unjust.

18. B10. Portrayals of violence have proven
commercially successful in television programs, movies, songs, and other forms
of popular entertainment. Therefore, those who create popular entertainment
should continue to incorporate violence into their products.

Argument:

1.     
一个鼓励大家买房的人说：过去5年股票市场一直下降
        房市一直涨
        现在大家应该投资买房
        在后面的5年还可以受益
        即可以住新房
        又可以享受增值
            

2．  AA-72

The following appeared as part of a
recommendation from the business manager of a department store.

“Local clothing stores reported that their
profits decreased, on average, for the three-month period between August 1 and
October 31. Stores that sell products for the home reported that, on average,
their profits increased during this same period. Clearly, consumers are
choosing to buy products for their homes instead of clothing. To take advantage
of this trend, we should reduce the size of our clothing departments and
enlarge our home furnishings and household products departments.”

 专卖店的商务经理的备忘录：
            

        本地服装店报告说从8月1号到10月31号的3个月里他们的平均利润下降。销售家庭用品的商店却报告同期的平均利润上升。很明显，顾客正选择为他们的家里购买用品而不是买衣物。为了利用这个趋势，我们应该缩减我们的服装部规模而扩大家庭装饰和家务用品部

1.        
A
period of three month is too short to draw a general conclusion of the overall
trend.

2.        
The
past three months' trend does not guarantee the same in the future.

3.        
Whether
the reports from the local clothing stores and stores that sell products for
the home are reliable or not are still open to doubt, thus making the author's
suggestion groundless.

1，  
降低和上升，是否存在必然的关系。忽略他因。

2，  
三个月的时间是否能说明一种趋势？

Based upon sales reports over a three-month period that indicate an
increase in profits for stores that sell products for the home and a decrease
in profits for clothing stores, the business manager of a department store concludes that consumers are
choosing to purchase home furnishings rather
than clothing. On the basis of this conclusion,
the manager recommends a reduction in the size of the clothing department and
an increase in the size of the home-furnishings department. This recommendation
is problematic in two critical respects.

In the first place, the author’s conclusion that consumers are
choosing to buy products for their homes instead of clothing is based upon too small a sample. Data gathered from
a three-month period is insufficient to establish the conclusion drawn from it.
It is quite possible that the three-month period chosen is idiosyncratic and not representative of entire year’s
sales. If so, reducing the size of the clothing departments and enlarging the
home-furnishings departments may be a costly mistake.

In the second place, the data collected during the three month
period may be biased. The fact that the data reflects sales in local stores is
cause for concern. It is possible that the sales trend in a particular location
is not representative of sales in other regions. For example, sales of clothing
in Florida during the winter months are likely to be quite different from
sales of clothing in Alaska during the same period.

In conclusion, this argument is not persuasive
as it stands. A more convincing argument must provide additional sales data,
collected at different periods of the year and at different locations, that
substantiates the trend in question.

3．  AA-10

The following appeared in the editorial
section of a local newspaper.

“This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh
                State College traveled to the state capitol
building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college
programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently weren’t so concerned
about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break.
Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more
representative of the state’s college students than are the protesters.
Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting
students.”

地方性报纸的编者按：
            

        过去的冬天里，200名学生从Waymarsh州立大学前往州府大楼抗议对各项州立大学项目基金进行削减的计划。另外12000名Waymarsh学生显然对他们的教育不太关心：他们或是留在学校里，或离开过寒假。由于不抗议的人群更大，他们比抗议人群更有资格代表州立大学学生。所以州立法会不必理会抗议者。

1.       
代表学生的形成方式不知道。如果是随机产生的，那么去反对的学生完全可以代表学生总体。

2.       
没去的学生不一定不关心。他们可能有更重要的事情要忙。例如要赶回家过圣诞节。有已经订好的寒假计划等等。

3.       
此外，没去的学生之所以没有去很可能是因为他们觉得那些代表足可以代表他们表达心声。

1，
                没有投诉不代表没有不满。很可能学生以其他的方式发泄不满意，比如absent the class, leave the
school earlier, 等等。One obvious rejoinder to this line of reasoning is
that。。。很可能他们已经知道了学生去protest了，所以才没有去。

2，  200名学生不具有代表性的说法不对。很可能是被推选出来的elected to represent the
entire students。缺乏根据的论证，错。

The conclusion in this argument is that the state legislature need
not consider the views of protesting students. To support this conclusion, the
author points out that only 200 of the 12,000 students traveled to the state
capitol to voice their concerns about proposed cuts in college programs. Since the
remaining students did not take part in this protest, the author concludes they
are not interested in this issue. The reasoning in this argument is flawed for
two reasons.

First, the author assumes that because only one-tenth of the
students took part in the protest, these students’ views are unrepresentative
of the entire student body. This assumption is unwarranted. If it turns out, for example, that the protesting students
were randomly selected from the entire student body, their views would reflect
the views of the entire college. Without information regarding the way in which
the protesting students were selected, it is presumptuous
to conclude that their opinions fail to reflect the opinions of their
colleagues.

Second, the author cites the fact that the remaining 12,000 students
stayed on campus or left for winter break as evidence that they are not
concerned about their education. One obvious rejoinder
to this line of reasoning is that the students who did not participate
did so with the knowledge that their concerns would be expressed by the
protesting students. In any case, the author has failed to demonstrate a
logical connection between the students’ alleged
lack of concern and the fact that they either stayed on campus or left for
winter break. Without this connection, the conclusion reached by the author
that the remaining 12,000 students are not concerned about their education is unacceptable.

As it stands, the argument is not well
reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the author would have to
demonstrate that the protesting students had some characteristic in common that
biases their views, thereby nullifying their protest as representative of the
entire college. 

4．  AA-64

The following appeared in a memorandum from
the Director of Human Resources to the executive officers of Company X.

“Last year, we surveyed our employees on
improvements needed at Company X by having them rank, in order of importance,
the issues presented in a list of possible improvements. Improved
communications between employees and management was consistently ranked as
the issue of highest importance by the employees who responded to the survey.
As you know, we have since instituted regular communications sessions conducted
by high-level management, which the employees can attend on a voluntary basis.
Therefore, it is likely that most employees at Company X now feel that the
improvement most needed at the company has been made.”

 人力资源经理给X公司的经营主管的备忘录：
            

        去年，我们向员工调查他们认为X公司应该进行的改进，让他们把改进按重要性排列。结果列印为一张可能的改进的表格。根据调查中员工的反应，“加强员工和管理层的沟通”最具重要性，稳居调查表之首。如你所知，那以后我们建立了由高层管理人员组织，雇员可以自愿参加的常规交流会。因此，看来X的多数员工认为最应该进行的改进已经完成了。

 (下文思路单一，两段都是谈调查方法的问题，还可以谈后半部分，“采取了措施就一定能达到目的吗？”)

1.        
The
result of a last year's survey does not necessarily represent the improvement
most needed of this year.

2.        
How
was the survey held has not been illustrated by the author, thus making the
conclusion groundless.

3.        
Whether
the implement of the mentioned resolution is right or wrong is still unkonwn,
it is still too early to say the improvement has been made.

1，     调查的可信性：是否anonymous，如果要named，很可能并不是他们最想要的改进。

2，     改进方法是否充分？是否交流会有很好交流，并且采纳accept意见

The Director of Human Resources concludes that most employees at
Company X feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been
satisfactorily addressed. Two reasons are
offered in support of this conclusion. First, a survey of employees showed that
the issue respondents were most concerned about was employee-management
communication. Second, the company has since instituted regular voluntary
sessions for employees and management designed to improve communication. The
director’s argument is questionable for two reasons.

To begin with, the validity of the survey is doubtful. Lacking
information about the number of employees surveyed and the number of
respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. For
example, if 200 employees were surveyed but only two responded, the conclusion
that most of the employees ranked employee-management communication as the most
pressing issue would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence
that would rule out interpretations such as
this, the survey results are insufficient to support the author’s conclusion.

Furthermore, even if the survey accurately ranks certain issues
according to level of employee concern, the highest-ranked issue in the survey
might not be the issue about which employees are most concerned. Why? The
improvement most needed from the point of view of the employees might not have
appeared as one of the choices on the survey. For example, if the list of
improvements presented on the survey was created by management rather than by
the employees, then the issues of greatest concern to the employees might not
be included on the list. Lacking information
about how the survey was prepared, it is impossible to assess its reliability.
Consequently, any conclusion based on it is highly questionable.

In conclusion, the director’s conclusion is not well-founded. To strengthen the argument, additional
information regarding the way in which the employee survey was prepared and
conducted is required.

5．  AA-34

The following appeared as part of a plan
proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company to the president.

“The Easy Credit Company would gain an
advantage over competing credit card services if we were to donate a portion of
the proceeds from the use of our cards to a well-known environmental
organization in exchange for the use of its symbol or logo on our card. Since a
recent poll shows that a large percentage of the public is concerned about
environmental issues, this policy would attract new customers, increase use
among existing customers, and enable us to charge interest rates that are
higher than the lowest ones available.”

Easy信贷公司的一个经营主管向董事长提交的一份计划：
            

        如果我们将信用卡所得的利润中的一部分捐给一个知名的环保组织换取在我们的信用卡上使用他们的标识的权利，Easy信贷公司将在信用卡服务的竞争中得到很大好处。由于最近的民调显示，很多人都关心环境问题，这一计划将吸引新顾客，提高现有顾客的使用量，并使我们得到比最低利润率要高的利润率。

1环保组织所提供的标识所关心的方面和民众所关心的方面可能不一致

2关心环保问题不意味着他们就一定会采取一些具体的措施象是在这个例子里面购买这个公司的产品

The author assumes
that the public's concern about environmental issues will result in its taking
steps to do something about the problem-in this case, to use the Easy Credit
Company credit card.

3权衡了额外付出的成本和收益之后并不一定值得这么做.

1，            
首先，关心环境的人，不一定是使用信用卡的。第二，关心环境问题的人，关心的issues不一定与该组织的相同。

2，            
因果关系不明确：不一定人们关心环保就一定用使用信用卡的方式来表达。因为More often，人们可能采取更加直接的方式，比如直接donate money to the
environmental organization.

3，            
另外，利润率关系到收入和支出，很可能两个比较收入小于支出。

In this argument the author concludes that the Easy Credit Company
would gain several advantages over its competitors by donating a portion of its
profits to a well-known environmental organization in
exchange for the use of the organization’s logo on their credit card.
The author reaches this conclusion on the basis of a recent poll that shows
widespread public concern about environmental issues. Among the advantages of
this policy, the author foresees an increase in credit card use by existing
customers, the ability to charge higher interest rates, and the ability to
attract new customers. While the author’s argument has
some merit, it suffers from two critical problems.

To begin with, the author assumes that the environmental
organization whose logo is sought is concerned with the same environmental
issues about which the poll shows widespread concern. However, the author provides no evidence
that this is the case. It is possible that very few credit-card users are
concerned about the issues that are the organization’s areas
of concern; if so, then it is unlikely that the organization’s logo
would attract much business for the Easy Credit Company.

Next, the author assumes that the public’s concern about
environmental issues will result in its taking steps to do something about the
problem—in this case, to use the Easy Credit
Company credit card. This assumption is unsupported
and runs contrary to experience. Also, it is
more reasonable to assume that people who are concerned about a particular
cause will choose a more direct means of expressing their concern.

In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen the argument, the author
must show a positive link between the environmental issues about which the
public has expressed concern and the issues with which this particular
environmental organization is concerned. In addition, the author must provide
evidence to support the assumption that concern about a problem will cause
people to do something about the problem. 

6．  AA-B8

The following appeared in a presentation by
the chief production manager of a machine parts manufacturing company at a
management meeting:

“Our factory in Cookville is our most
advanced and efficient. It is capable of producing ten drill bits for each
dollar of production costs, whereas none of our other factories can produce
more than seven drill bits per dollar of production costs. Therefore, we can
reduce our overall drill bit production costs by devoting the Cookville factory
entirely to drill bit production. Since reducing the production costs of
individual machine parts is the only way to achieve our larger goal of reducing
our overall production costs, dedicating the Cookville factory entirely to
drill bit production and shifting all other machine part production to our
other factories will help us to attain that larger goal.”

7．  AA-105

The following appeared in an editorial from
a newspaper serving the town of Saluda.

“The Saluda
                Consolidated
                High School offers over 200 different courses from
which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street
offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently
sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than
Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there
and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at
Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”

Saluda镇的报纸的编者按：
            

Saluda统一高中提过超过200中不同的课程供它的学生选择。路那头一所小的多的私立学校提供80种基本的课程，但是它的毕业生升入大学的比例始终比统一高中要高。去除至少一半的课程而着眼于基本课程，我们可以改善统一高中学生的表现并省下税收收入。

1.       
是否上大学更多就意味着更好呢？概念不对equate——可能去的学校不好。

2.       
忽略他因。

3.      
错误类比。情况不同，人数多可能必须提供多种课，同时也可能兴趣多。。。

1.        
causal
oversimplification

2.        
false
analogy

3.        
It is
likely that the smaller private school is incapable of offering more courses,
or else its students can have better performance.

In this editorial the author
recommends that Saluda’s Consolidated
            High School eliminate half of its 200 courses and focus primarily on basic
curriculum in order to improve student performance and save tax revenues. The
author’s recommendation is problematic for
several reasons.

To begin with, the author assumes that the only relevant difference
between Consolidated and the private school is the number of courses offered by
each. However, other relevant differences between the schools might account for
the difference in the proportion of their graduates who go on to college. For example, the private school’s students might
be selected from a pool of gifted or exceptional students, or might have to meet
rigorous admission standards whereas
Consolidated’s students might be drawn from the community at large with little or no qualification for
admission.

Next, the author assumes that the proportion of students who go on to college is an overall
measure of student performance. While this is a tempting
assumption, its truth is by no means obvious.
If student excellence is narrowly defined in terms of
the student’s ability to gain access to college, this assumption is somewhat
reasonable. However, given a broader conception of student excellence that
takes into account student’s ability to learn and apply their knowledge to new
situations, its is not obvious that college admission is reliable indicator of
performance. For example, students in non-academic disciplines could
conceivably perform at high levels within these
disciplines but nevertheless be unable to meet college admission
standards.

Finally, the author assumes that savings in tax revenues will result
from the reduced costs of funding the paired-down
curriculum. This is not necessarily true. For example, it could turn out that
both programs serve the same number of students and require the same number of
classrooms and teacher.

In conclusion, the author has not made a convincing case for the recommendation to eliminate courses at
Consolidated and focus on a basic curriculum. To strengthen the conclusion the
author would have to provide evidence that Consolidated and the private school
were sufficiently similar to warrant the analogy between them. Moreover, the
relationship between student performance and college admission and the
mechanism whereby savings in tax revenues would
be accomplished would have to be clarified.