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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
Colorless diamonds are known for their rarity and high value. However, a recent discovery has shown that these diamonds can be produced from brown diamonds through a special process. Consequently, some market analysts predict that the price of colorless diamonds will drop in the near future.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the market analysts' prediction?
(A) The demand for colorless diamonds has remained stable over the past decade.
(B) The cost of the process to convert brown diamonds into colorless diamonds is significantly lower than the price difference between the two types of diamonds.
(C) The industrial use of brown diamonds has doubled in the past five years.
(D) The mining costs for both types of diamonds have decreased in recent years.
(E) The process can successfully convert a large portion of the brown diamonds on the market into colorless diamonds.
A study investigated the similarity between learning music and spatial testing in improving cognitive skills. Researchers recruited a group of participants to compare their cognitive skills before and after learning music and undergoing spatial testing. However, the results showed no overall improvement in their scores, leading the researchers to believe that their initial hypothesis was incorrect.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the researchers' conclusion?
(A) The study only focused on a limited number of cognitive skills, while many others were not tested.
(B) The duration of the study was too short to observe significant improvements in cognitive skills.
(C) The participants' prior experience with music and spatial testing was not taken into account.
(D) While some participants showed no improvement, others demonstrated significant progress in specific cognitive skills.
(E) The study did not include a control group that did not undergo music learning or spatial testing.
答案:
ED
A chain of extinct volcanoes that mostly lie under water stretches across the Pacific from Hawaii to Kamchatka. This chain, known as the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain, is the trail left by a volcanic hotspot. But why does it change direction in the middle? An international team of researchers, including members of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, and FAU have found an explanation in large-scale tectonic changes that took place around 50 million years ago. Their study has recently been published in the international journal Nature Geoscience.*
The model is very simple in principle. In certain places in the earth’s core, especially hot material rises towards the earth’s crust in what is known as a plume. It melts through the tectonic plates like a blowtorch, depositing magma on the surface. A volcano is formed. However, over time the plates move away from the volcanic hotspot, taking the volcano with them. As the plume continues to expel hot material, a second volcano forms next to the first which is now extinct. In this way, over millions of years a chain of volcanoes is formed. One of the most famous examples of this is in Hawaii, where the chain starts with today’s islands and extends in an almost perfectly straight line towards the north-west. The Hawaiian Islands mark the location of the active hotspot, while the islands and under-water mountains become older and older the further you go to the north-west.
Yet as is so often the case in nature, the reality is more complex than the model. Around 3500 kilometres north-west of Hawaii the chain of volcanoes suddenly changes direction and goes north. From here onwards the submerged mountains are known as the Emperor Chain. ‘Until now there have been several theories as to the cause of the Hawaiian-Emperor bend, but no really reliable explanations. We have found evidence that the Pacific Plate underwent large-scale deformation between 47 and 53 million years ago and that the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain occurred at the same time. We have come to the conclusion that large-scale changes in plate tectonics and convection currents in the mantle that happened around 50 million years ago could be the cause,’ explains Prof. Dr. Kaj Hoernle from GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. He and nine other researchers from Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, the United Kingdom and the USA have now published their findings in the international journal Nature Geoscience.
The researchers were helped by volcanoes with some interesting names. North of the Hawaiian Chain is a range of underwater mountains called the Musicians Seamounts which are named after composers such as Beethoven, Bach or Donizetti. For a long time it was thought that these seamounts were also created by a hotspot. In their study the researchers dated and examined many samples from the Musicians Seamounts using geochemical methods for the first time. They discovered that these underwater mountains do not show a progression from young to old as would be expected for volcanoes formed by a hotspot. ‘The samples that we analysed were mostly between 47 and 53 million years old,’ explains lead author Dr. John O’Connor, a researcher at GeoZentrum Nordbayern at FAU who collaborates with colleagues from Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research and the University of Amsterdam in his research on the dynamics of the earth’s crust.
‘The geochemical analyses also had a surprise in store for us. The composition of the samples from the Musicians Seamounts is more similar to volcanoes that form in mid-ocean ridges that those that grow over a hotspot,’ explains Dr. Folkmar Hauff from GEOMAR, co-author of the study. It is possible that around 50 million years ago large cracks appeared in the Pacific Plate, leading to the formation of these volcanoes. We know from previous studies that this was also the time when the plates in the north and west of the Pacific Ocean began to overlap. The Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc and the Aleutian Arc are impressive testaments to these processes. ‘Our analyses of the Musicians Seamounts show that all of these events could be related, and that these large-scale changes probably also caused the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain,’ says Professor Hoernle.
1. The passage suggests that the researchers' findings contradict which of the following previously held beliefs?
(A) The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain was formed by a single hotspot.
(B) The Musicians Seamounts were created by a hotspot.
(C) The bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain was caused by a change in the direction of the Pacific Plate's movement.
(D) The formation of the Musicians Seamounts was related to the large-scale changes in plate tectonics around 50 million years ago.
(E) The overlapping of plates in the north and west of the Pacific Ocean was unrelated to the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the relationship between the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain and the Musicians Seamounts?
(A) They were formed by the same hotspot at different times.
(B) They were formed simultaneously by different hotspots.
(C) The formation of the Musicians Seamounts caused the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain.
(D) The bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain led to the formation of the Musicians Seamounts.
(E) They were both affected by the large-scale changes in plate tectonics around 50 million years ago, but in different ways.
3. The author mentions the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc and the Aleutian Arc in order to:
(A) provide evidence that contradicts the researchers' findings.
(B) illustrate the complexity of the formation of volcanic chains.
(C) support the idea that large-scale changes in plate tectonics occurred around 50 million years ago.
(D) suggest that they were formed by the same hotspot as the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain.
(E) argue that their formation was unrelated to the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain.
4. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the composition of the volcanoes in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain?
(A) They have a similar composition to the Musicians Seamounts.
(B) They have a composition typical of volcanoes formed by a hotspot.
(C) Their composition changes from the Hawaiian Islands to the Emperor Chain.
(D) Their composition is more similar to volcanoes formed at mid-ocean ridges.
(E) The passage does not provide enough information to make an inference about their composition.
5. The passage suggests that the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain and the formation of the Musicians Seamounts:
(A) occurred at exactly the same time.
(B) were caused by the same hotspot.
(C) were both the result of the Pacific Plate moving in opposite directions.
(D) may have been caused by different aspects of the same large-scale tectonic changes.
(E) were entirely unrelated events that coincidentally occurred around the same time.
6. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the movement of the Pacific Plate?
(A) It has moved in a consistent direction over the past 50 million years.
(B) It underwent large-scale deformation between 47 and 53 million years ago.
(C) Its movement was unaffected by the large-scale changes in plate tectonics around 50 million years ago.
(D) It moved towards the hotspot that formed the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain.
(E) Its direction of movement determined the shape of the Musicians Seamounts.
7. The passage implies that the researchers' findings:
(A) provide a complete explanation for the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain.
(B) raise new questions about the formation of the Musicians Seamounts.
(C) challenge the idea that hotspots are responsible for the formation of volcanic chains.
(D) suggest that the formation of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain and the Musicians Seamounts were unrelated.
(E) offer a possible explanation for the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain but do not definitively prove it.
8. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the passage?
(A) To compare and contrast the formation of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain and the Musicians Seamounts.
(B) To argue that the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain was caused by large-scale changes in plate tectonics around 50 million years ago.
(C) To describe the process by which hotspots form chains of volcanoes.
(D) To present evidence that contradicts the previously held belief that the Musicians Seamounts were formed by a hotspot.
(E) To discuss the importance of geochemical analysis in understanding the formation of volcanic chains.
BECEDBEB
3.DI
The annals of ancient history are replete with tales of conquest, empire, and the clash of civilizations, but few figures loom as large or cast as long a shadow as Alexander the Great and Darius III, whose epochal confrontations would reshape the political, cultural, and demographic landscape of the ancient world. Born in 356 BCE in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedon, Alexander was the scion of a formidable military dynasty, his father Philip II having transformed the once-peripheral kingdom into a dominant power through a series of shrewd military and diplomatic maneuvers. Tutored by the legendary philosopher Aristotle and forged in the crucible of his father's campaigns, the young Alexander would quickly prove himself a prodigy of martial prowess and strategic acumen, ascending to the throne in 336 BCE after his father's assassination and promptly consolidating his grip on the Hellenic world through a mixture of deft diplomacy and decisive military action.
To the east, however, loomed the vast and formidable Achaemenid Persian Empire, a behemoth that stretched from the shores of the Aegean to the foothills of the Hindu Kush, encompassing an estimated population of 50 million people and a land area of approximately 8 million square kilometers. At its helm sat Darius III, a ruler of no small pedigree himself, tracing his lineage back to the legendary Achaemenid kings Cyrus the Great and Darius I. Commanding an army that may have numbered up to 200,000 men, drawn from the far-flung satrapies of his empire and bolstered by a formidable array of chariots, cavalry, and war elephants, Darius presented a daunting obstacle to Alexander's dreams of eastern conquest, the Persian emperor's vast resources and numerical superiority seeming to render any attempt at invasion a fool's errand.
Undeterred by the odds arrayed against him, Alexander would launch his audacious campaign against the Persian Empire in 334 BCE, leading an army of some 50,000 battle-hardened Macedonian and Greek troops across the Hellespont and into the heart of Persian territory. In a series of stunning victories, most notably at the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela, Alexander would repeatedly demonstrate his tactical genius and the superiority of his troops, the Macedonian phalanx, with its longer spears and tighter formation, proving more than a match for the Persian infantry, while Alexander's elite Companion Cavalry would time and again break through the enemy lines and wreak havoc on the Persian flanks and rear.
As word of Alexander's victories spread, the Persian Empire began to unravel, with many of its far-flung provinces and satrapies defecting to the Macedonian conqueror or rising in open revolt against Darius's rule. The Persian emperor, his armies shattered and his authority crumbling, was forced to flee into the eastern reaches of his empire, his fate ultimately sealed by the treachery of his own subordinates, who assassinated him in the summer of 330 BCE. With Darius's death, Alexander found himself the master of the largest empire the world had yet seen, his dominion stretching from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus Valley and encompassing an estimated 5.2 million square kilometers and a population of over 30 million people.
Yet even as he stood at the pinnacle of his power, Alexander's insatiable ambition and restless spirit would not let him rest on his laurels. Pushing ever eastward, he would lead his army on a grueling campaign of conquest and exploration, subduing the fierce tribes of Bactria and Sogdiana and crossing the Hindu Kush into the valleys of the Indus, where he would clash with the formidable armies of King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Though victorious, Alexander would ultimately be forced to turn back at the Beas River, his troops, exhausted by years of campaigning and demoralized by the prospect of further battles against the vast armies of the Nanda Empire, refusing to go any further.
Returning to Babylon, the great city he had chosen as his capital, Alexander would devote his final years to consolidating his rule and laying the foundations for a new, syncretic empire that would blend the best of Persian and Hellenic culture. However, his grand designs would be cut tragically short by his untimely death in June of 323 BCE, likely from a combination of fever, exhaustion, and excessive drinking. The shockwaves of Alexander's sudden demise would reverberate across his vast empire, as his generals and satraps, the so-called Diadochi, or "successors," jockeyed for power and position in the vacuum left by their fallen leader.
In the bloody wars of succession that followed, Alexander's empire would be carved up into a series of competing Hellenistic kingdoms, each ruled by a dynasty of Macedonian or Greek descent. In the east, Seleucus, one of Alexander's most capable generals, would establish the Seleucid Empire, a vast domain that stretched from Anatolia to the borders of India, while in Egypt, Ptolemy, another of Alexander's inner circle, would found the Ptolemaic dynasty, which would rule the land of the Nile for nearly three centuries. Other Diadochi, such as Antigonus Monophthalmus and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, would stake their claims to various parts of Alexander's empire, their internecine struggles and shifting alliances defining the political landscape of the Hellenistic world for generations to come.
Yet even as Alexander's political legacy fractured and dissolved, his cultural and intellectual impact would endure, the Hellenistic kingdoms he had spawned acting as conduits for the spread of Greek language, art, and philosophy across the Near East and beyond. The great libraries and museums of Alexandria, the flourishing of Hellenistic science and mathematics, and the syncretism of Greek and local religious traditions all attest to the profound and lasting influence of Alexander's conquests, which opened up new horizons of cultural exchange and helped lay the foundations for the cosmopolitan, globalized world of late antiquity.
In the end, the story of Alexander the Great and Darius III is one of epochal confrontation and transformation, a tale of two titans whose clash would echo through the ages and reshape the very fabric of the ancient world. It is a story of ambition and conquest, of the rise and fall of empires, and of the enduring power of ideas to transcend the boundaries of nation and culture. And while the empires they forged would eventually crumble and fall, the legacy of these two towering figures would endure, etched indelibly into the annals of history and the collective memory of civilization.
Questions:
1. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following best approximates the ratio of the land area of Darius III's Achaemenid Persian Empire to that of Alexander's empire at its greatest extent?
(A) 1:1.54
(B) 1:1.65
(C) 1:1.73
(D) 1:1.84
(E) 1:1.92
2. The passage suggests that the primary reason for Alexander's success against the numerically superior Persian forces was:
(A) The superior tactical flexibility and mobility of the Macedonian army
(B) The use of war elephants to break through Persian lines
(C) The defection of key Persian satraps and allies to Alexander's side
(D) The superior naval power of the Macedonian fleet
(E) The spread of disease and famine among the Persian ranks
3. According to the passage, Alexander's eastward campaign following his conquest of the Persian Empire was ultimately halted by:
(A) The defeat of his army at the hands of the Nanda Empire
(B) The refusal of his troops to continue campaigning beyond the Beas River
(C) The outbreak of rebellion and unrest in the western provinces of his empire
(D) The intervention of the Roman Republic in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean
(E) The formation of a coalition of Indian states to resist Macedonian expansion
4. The author's description of the cultural and intellectual impact of Alexander's conquests serves primarily to:
(A) Illustrate the superiority of Hellenistic culture over that of the conquered peoples
(B) Suggest that the spread of Greek language and culture was the primary motivation behind Alexander's campaigns
(C) Argue that the Hellenistic kingdoms were more stable and prosperous than Alexander's empire
(D) Emphasize the enduring legacy of Alexander's conquests beyond their immediate political and military consequences
(E) Provide evidence that the Hellenistic world was more culturally diverse than the empires that preceded it
5. The passage implies that the division of Alexander's empire among the Diadochi following his death was primarily a result of:
(A) The lack of a clear successor to Alexander's throne
(B) The pre-existing ethnic and cultural divisions within the empire
(C) The intervention of outside powers, such as Rome and Carthage
(D) The inability of Alexander's bureaucracy to effectively administer such a vast territory
(E) The competing ambitions and rivalries of Alexander's generals and satraps
6. The author's characterization of Alexander and Darius as "two titans whose clash would echo through the ages" serves primarily to:
(A) Suggest that their confrontation was inevitable given their respective positions and ambitions
(B) Argue that their personal rivalry was the primary driver of the conflicts between their empires
(C) Emphasize the epochal significance and enduring legacy of their confrontation
(D) Imply that their individual personalities and leadership styles were more important than the underlying political and social factors that led to their clash
(E) Provide evidence that the Macedonian and Persian empires were evenly matched in terms of military power and resources
7. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between the size of an army and its effectiveness in the ancient world?
(A) Larger armies were always more effective than smaller ones
(B) The size of an army was less important than factors such as training, equipment, and leadership
(C) The ideal size for an army was between 50,000 and 100,000 men
(D) The use of mercenaries was more important than the size of an army in determining military success
(E) The ability to rapidly mobilize and deploy troops was more important than the overall size of an army
8. The passage suggests that the assassination of Darius III by his own subordinates was:
(A) The primary cause of the collapse of the Persian Empire
(B) A direct result of Alexander's military victories and the defection of Persian satraps
(C) A premeditated plan by Alexander to destabilize the Persian leadership
(D) An unexpected event that played little role in the overall course of the war
(E) A reflection of the inherent weakness and instability of the Persian system of government
9. The author's description of the Hellenistic kingdoms that emerged after Alexander's death suggests that:
(A) They were more culturally and ethnically diverse than the empires that preceded them
(B) They were more politically stable and cohesive than Alexander's empire had been
(C) They were primarily focused on military conquest and expansion
(D) They were less influential in the long run than the Persian and Macedonian empires had been
(E) They represented a continuation and evolution of the political and cultural legacies of Alexander's conquests
10. Which of the following best characterizes the overall tone and perspective of the passage?
(A) A neutral, objective account of the events and their historical significance
(B) A laudatory celebration of Alexander's achievements and legacy
(C) A critical assessment of the negative consequences of Alexander's conquests and the Hellenistic world that emerged in their wake
(D) An evocative, almost epic narrative that emphasizes the grandeur and drama of the events described
(E) A revisionist interpretation that seeks to challenge conventional views of Alexander and his legacy
1. 答案 A)1:1.54
解释:文章中提到大流士三世的阿契美尼德波斯帝国面积约为800万平方公里,而亚历山大帝国鼎盛时期的面积估计为520万平方公里。这两个面积的比率是8:5.2,约等于1:1.54。
2. 答案A)马其顿军队在战术上更加灵活和机动
解释:文章强调了马其顿方阵和伴随骑兵的战术优势,表明这些因素比数量优势更能决定亚历山大战胜波斯的结果。
3. 答案B)他的部队拒绝继续向比亚斯河以外进军
解释:文章明确指出,亚历山大的东征在其部队"因多年的战争而疲惫不堪,并且因面对难达帝国庞大军队的前景而士气低落,拒绝继续前进"时停止。
4. 答案D)强调亚历山大征服的持久影响,而不仅仅是眼前的政治和军事后果
解释:作者讨论亚历山大征服的文化和智力影响,包括希腊语言、艺术和哲学的传播,这突出了他的成就在眼前的政治和军事结果之外的长期意义。
5. 答案E)亚历山大的将军和总督们相互竞争和对抗
解释:文章描述了在亚历山大死后,他的将军和总督,即所谓的"继业者",如何在"他们倒下的领袖留下的空白中争夺权力和地位",导致他的帝国分裂成相互竞争的希腊化王国。
6. 答案C)强调他们对抗的重大意义和持久影响
解释:通过将亚历山大和大流士描述为"两个泰坦,他们的冲突将在时代中回响",作者强调了他们对抗的历史重要性和持久影响,而不仅仅关注他们的个人竞争或个人特点。
7. 答案B)军队的规模不如训练、装备和领导等因素重要
解释:文章表明,马其顿军队在战术、装备和纪律方面的优势比数量优势更能决定亚历山大战胜波斯的结果。
8. 答案B)亚历山大的军事胜利和波斯总督的叛变的直接结果
解释:文章指出,大流士三世被他自己的属下暗杀发生在亚历山大成功征服和波斯帝国瓦解的背景下,"它的许多偏远省份和总督都叛变到马其顿征服者一方,或公开反抗大流士的统治。"
9. 答案E)它们代表了亚历山大征服的政治和文化遗产的延续和发展
解释:作者对希腊化王国的描述强调了它们在传播和延续亚历山大征服的文化和智力影响方面的作用,即使它们发展出自己独特的政治和王朝特征。
10. 答案D)一个令人回味的、近乎史诗般的叙述,强调所描述事件的宏伟壮丽和戏剧性
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发表于 2024-8-6 07:21:14
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