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1.CR
答案:
AC
2.RC
The internationalization process of companies, as described in international business literature, typically commences in countries that are psychically proximate before venturing into more distant markets [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]. This pattern, if accurate, would suggest that Canadian companies would initiate their expansion in the United States, which is not only geographically closest but also bears significant similarities to Canada in various aspects. Indeed, evidence from the retail industry corroborates this pattern. The literature on the internationalization process elucidates the sequence of market entry that firms adhere to when internationalizing, reflecting a gradual, experiential learning process. However, the rationale behind this pattern is not explicitly stated. Researchers posit that entering psychically close countries mitigates the level of uncertainty firms encounter in the new market [Johanson and Vahlne 1992] and that such countries are more amenable to learning about [Kogut and Singh 1988]. These explanations, albeit logical, tacitly support the notion that initiating in psychically close countries should enhance a company's prospects of success in these markets. Although not prescriptive, the literature implicitly links entry sequence to performance, assuming that psychically close countries, being more similar, are easier for firms to manage than dissimilar ones, thus increasing the likelihood of success. While entry sequence is a crucial consideration, we argue that a limitation of this literature is its failure to address how the perceived psychic distance between countries influences decisionmakers' choice of entry or the organization's ultimate performance in the new market. This research presents evidence demonstrating that commencing the internationalization process by entering a psychically close country may lead to poor performance and potential failure, a phenomenon we term the psychic distance paradox. Instead of psychically close countries being easy to enter and operate in, we contend that perceived similarity can cause decisionmakers to falter due to inadequate preparation for the differences. The failure lies in the managerial decision-making aspect of the internationalization process, which has received insufficient attention from international business researchers [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]. Moreover, even in psychically close countries like Canada and the United States, significant differences may exist that can impact managers' ability to conduct business. What appears superficially psychically close may, in reality, be more distant than anticipated. This exploratory research focused on the performance of Canadian retail companies that entered the United States. With the American retail market exceeding $1.5 trillion, Canadian retailers have a compelling incentive to understand how to compete in this market. Consistent with internationalization theory, domestically successful companies entered a country that is not only the closest physically but also probably the most similar to Canada. However, of the thirty-two Canadian retail companies that entered the United States market, almost 80% failed, with only seven (22%) continuing to operate successfully [Evans, Lane and O'Grady 1992]. The high failure rate suggests a potential paradox or inherent contradiction within internationalization theory and the psychic distance concept, indicating that executives cannot always rely on measures of psychic distance when making internationalization decisions. This paper aims to use the experience of Canadian retailers entering the United States to analyze the psychic distance concept in greater detail and propose possible qualifications to improve its application in research and practice. First, we present a summary of the psychic distance concept and the evidence in the literature positioning Canada and the United States as culturally close. Next, results from both clinical and questionnaire data reveal areas where cultural and business differences manifested, along with empirical evidence of these differences. We then explore the paradox inherent in the psychic distance concept, explaining how the perception of a country as having a small psychic distance from one's own can lead decisionmakers to make faulty assumptions, creating an inability to learn about that country. We provide recommendations to help companies learn in these situations. Finally, we delve deeper into the psychic distance concept and propose qualifications. The results of this study suggest that the psychic distance concept is more complex than generally recognized in the literature and warrants further exploration. 1. What is the main idea of the passage? A) Canadian retailers have been highly successful in the United States market. B) The psychic distance concept is flawed and should be abandoned. C) The psychic distance concept is more complex than generally recognized and may lead to paradoxical outcomes. D) Entering psychically close countries guarantees success for internationalizing firms. E) The United States market is too difficult for Canadian retailers to enter successfully. 2. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the internationalization process of firms? A) Firms typically enter psychically distant countries first. B) The sequence of market entry reflects a gradual, experiential learning process. C) The literature explicitly states the rationale behind the pattern of market entry. D) Entering psychically close countries is guaranteed to improve a company's chances of success. E) The literature does not link entry sequence to performance. 3. The author suggests that the high failure rate of Canadian retailers in the United States indicates: A) The American retail market is not worth entering. B) Canadian retailers are not competent enough to compete internationally. C) There may be a paradox or contradiction within internationalization theory and the psychic distance concept. D) The United States is actually psychically distant from Canada. E) The psychic distance concept is entirely invalid. 4. The purpose of the paper is to: A) Discourage Canadian retailers from entering the United States market. B) Prove that the psychic distance concept is completely wrong. C) Analyze the psychic distance concept using the experience of Canadian retailers and propose qualifications to improve its application. D) Encourage companies to enter psychically distant countries first. E) Demonstrate that the United States and Canada are not culturally close. 5. What does the author suggest about the perceived similarity between countries? A) It always leads to successful market entry. B) It has no impact on a company's performance in a new market. C) It can cause decisionmakers to fail due to inadequate preparation for differences. D) It is the only factor that matters when making internationalization decisions. E) It is irrelevant to the internationalization process.
答案:CBCCC
3.DI
In the vibrant city of Shanghai, the "Yu Garden Traditional Ensemble" has seen a significant revival in popularity, with its blend of classical Chinese instruments and modern fusion compositions. This ensemble specializes in a wide array of instruments such as the erhu, pipa, guzheng, and dizi, each with its unique timbre and pitch range. The Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Culture is considering investing in an initiative called "Harmony of the Ancient City," designed to promote traditional Chinese music through concerts, educational programs, and technological advancements in instrument design. However, the initiative has encountered challenges from those who argue it might not appeal to younger audiences and others who fear the loss of classical authenticity. To address these concerns, the bureau has conducted extensive research to identify the current interest levels across different age groups and is planning to incorporate augmented reality (AR) experiences to make traditional music more accessible. The table below shows the pitch range of selected traditional Chinese instruments, assuming skilled practitioners:
Given the emphasis on both preservation and innovation, the Bureau forecasts a 50% increase in attendance at traditional music events over the next three years and a 30% growth in international audience through online streaming platforms.
问题:
1. Which instrument listed has the widest pitch range and would likely require the most versatility from a performer?
A) Erhu
B) Pipa
C) Guzheng
D) Dizi
2. If the Bureau's forecast for increased attendance is accurate, what would be a potential indirect benefit for the Shanghai cultural sector?
A) A rise in sales of Western musical instruments
B) Increased global recognition of Shanghai as a cultural hub
C) Decreased interest in other forms of traditional Chinese art
D) A decrease in funding for contemporary music genres
3. Which approach is the Bureau taking to enhance the appeal of traditional Chinese music to younger audiences?
A) Reducing the number of instruments in the "Yu Garden Traditional Ensemble"
B) Increasing the frequency of concerts in the evenings and on weekends
C) Incorporating augmented reality (AR) into musical experiences
D) Focusing solely on the historical aspects of the instruments
4. Considering the challenges faced by the "Harmony of the Ancient City" initiative, which metric would be most important to monitor for its success?
A) The number of traditional Chinese music downloads
B) Age demographics of concert attendees and online streaming audience
C) The ratio of traditional to contemporary instruments sold in Shanghai
D) The annual increase in the number of tourists visiting Shanghai
5. Assuming the initiative leads to an increased production of Guzheng instruments, which factor is likely to have the greatest impact on meeting the demand?
A) The availability of skilled Guzheng craftsmen
B) The import taxes on musical instrument materials
C) The number of music schools in Shanghai
D) The popularity of Western music genres in China
6. What potential risk could the "Harmony of the Ancient City" initiative pose to the local Shanghai community?
A) It may cause an oversaturation of the market with traditional Chinese instruments.
B) It could lead to gentrification and increased living costs in the surrounding areas.
C) There might be a decrease in the variety of cultural activities available to residents.
D) It could lead to a neglect of modern infrastructure development.
7. If the Bureau aims to use online streaming platforms to reach an international audience, what is a critical factor they should consider for maximum engagement?
A) The time zone differences when scheduling live streaming events
B) The historical significance of the instruments featured in the events
C) The pricing strategy for online concert tickets
D) The number of traditional ensembles similar to the "Yu Garden Traditional Ensemble"
8. How might incorporating modern fusion compositions into the ensemble's repertoire affect the initiative?
A) It could dilute the traditional aspects of the music.
B) It may attract a younger demographic that appreciates innovation.
C) It could result in a decline in the skill level of traditional instrument players.
D) It may increase the need for foreign musical directors.
CBCBABAB
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发表于 2024-3-13 09:57:03
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