gwd-6-16

Q16:

Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

1. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.


2. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.


3. The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.


4. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.


5. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

Answer is D; I choose B; because I regard the sencond boldface as the conclusion of Historian.

偶本来也选B，但是看了答案后，可能应该这样理解：

原来的结论是“ It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent”那么由however，推出现在的结论是“these discoveries were dependent”所以第二个黑体部分就不可以看成是结论，而是论据。

从这题和上次一题，http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=54618&page=1，偶发现做这类题目的关键是分清前后的论点是什么。这个让偶想到的阅读中的问题，一般后面的结论通过转折词对前面的取非得到。

这是做这两题的后的感觉，不确定，下次再碰到类似的题目验证一下。记得一定要贴出来分享哦。

Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false(这个结论是historian不同意的结论).  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented(这是historian的结论，怎么是个Evidence不懂？？）.

A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented(这是historian的结论，怎么是个Evidence不懂？？）.

试着翻译一下，看看有没有帮助：

然而，需要得出一个比这个（指上文反对的结论）更为谨慎的结论。L的记录只限于N著作中的早期部分，这部分早于N发表微积分概念和演算法的部分。

   我选D，总结论是： A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. （作者说L和N学术研究不相关）

                总结论反对的结论是 it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false（作者说L和N学术研究相关）

   整个文章推论是：传统观点认为L和N学术研究不相关——》发现证据证明两者有关联——》提出结论1（it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false）——》反对结论1（总结论：A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however。由however辨别）——》提出反对结论1的理由

You may think it in this way: however, a more cautious conclusion is called for, since Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

Instead of presenting the conclusion, the portion on boldface explains why we need a more cautious approach.

it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false是个被反对的结论，所以第一个黑体字是支持a criticized conclusion.这样，只有D和E。

E根本就无关，所以只有D。A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.是作者的结论。

请指正。