Gwd 8 25-28

jjll

A or C?

onglies

i have an alternative understanding towards 'the alternative to constructivist, in other words, is ...'.

here, the author is just to restate what the constructivists think of the technogy determinists'. that is.

'machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society" implies

'view techonlogy as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization'

smileday

以下是引用ayang1017在2005-9-28 20:46:00的发言：

终于想明白了28题

25－28。Q25 to Q28:

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of

the modernization of a telephone

exchange on exchange maintenance

Line work and workers is a solid contribution

(5) to a debate that encompasses two

lively issues in the history and sociol

ogy of technology: technological

determinism and social constructivism.    Jc的关于研究电话交换在交换的维持工作与工作人员之间的现代化的影响是一个非常重要的贡献对于两个在历史上和技术的社会学上的问题的争论，科技决定论和社会构成主义。

Clark makes the point that the char-

(10) acteristics of a technology have a

decisive influence on job skills and

work organization. Put more strongly,

technology can be a primary determinant

of social and managerial organ-

(15) ization. Clark believes this possibility    C形成了这个观点一个技术的特征对于工作技能和工作组织有决定性的影响。说得更严重点，技术能够作为社会和管理组织的主要决定因素。

has been obscured by the recent sociological

fashion, exemplified by

Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes

the way machinery reflects social

(20) choices. For Braverman, the shape of   C相信这种可能已经被现今的社会学的流行时尚所模糊了，这点可由b的分析作为例证，分析说机械方式的强调反应了社会的选择。

a technological system is subordinate

to the manager’s desire to wrest control

of the labor process from the

workers. Technological change is  对于b来说，一个技术系统的形态是经理的要求的下属服务于对工人的劳动过程的控制。

(25) construed as the outcome of negotiations

among interested parties who

seek to incorporate their own interests

into the design and configuration of the

machinery. This position represents    技术改变被分析为那些想要将自身利益植入机械的构造和外形中的利益集团之间的谈判。

(30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance

by misrepresenting technological determinism:

technological determinists are

(35) supposed to believe, for example, that

machinery imposes appropriate forms

of order on society. The alternative to  这个观点代表了新的称作社会构成主义的的主流思想。这个构成主义者通过误传的技术决定论而得到了认可，举例这个误传的技术决定论为技术决定论者被假设为相信机械施加适当的命令形式给社会。

constructivism, in other words, is to

view technology as existing outside

(40) society, capable of directly influencing

skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the

constructivists by both theoretical and

empirical arguments. Theoretically he  对于构成注意可供选择的，换句化说，是将技术看作是存在于社会之外的，能够直接影响技术和工作组织。通过理论和经验的辩论，C拒绝构成主义这种极端化。

(45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships

between social and technical

variables. Attempts to reduce the

meaning of technology to cold, hard

metal are bound to fail, for machinery

(50) is just scrap unless it is organized

functionally and supported by appropriate

systems of operation and main

tenance. At the empirical level Clark理论上来说，他将技术通过社会和技术的可变性而进行定义。尝试去减少技术的意义具体至金属，是一定失败的。对于机械来说如果它不被有机的组织起来并且由适当的系统进行运行并保持那么仅仅是碎片。

shows how a change at the telephone

(55) exchange from maintenance-intensive

electromechanical switches to semielectronic

switching systems altered

work tasks, skills, training opportunities,

administration, and organization of

(60) workers. Some changes Clark attributes  在经验的层面上来说，c表明电话的变化将一个机电密集式的电机转化为半电子式的系统改变了工作的任务技术和培训机会管理以及工作组织。

to the particular way management

and labor unions negotiated the introduction

of the technology, whereas

others are seen as arising from the

(65) capabilities and nature of the technology

itself. Thus Clark helps answer

the question: “When is social choice

decisive and when are the concrete

characteristics of technology more

important?”一些变化c将之归因为管理与劳动协会协商引进技术的特别方式，而其他的一些原因则被看作是由资技术的能力和本质的上升所导致。因而c帮助解答了这样的问题，什么时候社会选择起决定作用，和什么时候技术的本质特征更为重要？

Q28:

Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is

supported by information in the passage?

A. The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.

B. The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees

directly affected by it.

C. The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance

routines.

D. Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.

E. The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social

constructivism.

Answer:c

答案c的意思是现代化有一个影响远远超出了定期维护（我觉得这里指机械），那么它的意思就是说，机械的意义远远超出了机器本身存在的意义，也就是已经将其意义提升到了抽象的层面，在文章中有定位也就是文章中高亮部分，对应的很完美，也就是电话用来说明的理论～～

个人意见

agree on ans: C

but, 有沒有人可以把A,B,D,E所犯的錯,指出來?

這樣更周全,更有信心些...

thanks....

smileday

ding..

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-27 19:44:49编辑过]

mejor

这篇文章感觉好难，好绕。

我也错了3个！

kathy8446

又做一遍这题，26－28都没问题了。25还是不得其解。

去年我选C的时候答案是A，现在觉得选A了答案又换成C，晕死！

再看A、C,简直看不出差别了。challenge SC反对technological change不就是 advocate Clark's positive attitude toward technological change?

求助

luckyouyang

这个文章太恶心，看了三分之二有点看不下去，只能从头回看，还好题都做对了。不过25题似乎没有定论，个人倾向于C，advocate确实有点说不过去。

wgaggassi34

以下是引用wangyu73cn在2005-3-5 8:34:00的发言：

代楼主贴出文章。刚才写了近1小时，将每句话分析了一下，唉，忘了及时保存，可惜啊。只好再简单讲讲吧。

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution (5) to a debate that encompasses two
lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
1段1句，点题。同时持正评价。指出科技历史学和科技社会学中的两个生动命题：唯科技主义和社会结构主义。

Clark makes the point that the char-(10) acteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization.
1段2句，克拉克观点。

Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organ-
(15) ization.
1段3句，进一步详细阐述。

Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social (20) choices.
1段4句，提出对立人物布雷沃曼的对立观点。

For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers.
1段5句，布雷沃曼观点。

Technological change is (25) construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery.
1段6句，深入阐述布雷沃曼观点。

This position represents (30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.
1段7句，指出布雷沃曼观点即社会结构主义的新兴主流观点。

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are (35) supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society.
1段8句，开始指出社会结构主义的错误理解。

The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside (40) society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
1段9句，指出其对科技的错误认识。

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
2段1句，克拉克从两方面进行批驳。

Theoretically he (45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables.
2段2句，克拉克给出理论定义，驳斥1段9句的错误。

Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery (50) is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance.
2段3句，继续理论批判。

At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone (55) exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of (60) workers.
2段4句，在实践方面，给出电话交换机的例子。

Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the (65) capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
2段5句，对于上面例证的有关分析。

Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?”
2段6句，给出正评价，卡拉卡回答了核心问题。

全文脉络清晰，卡拉卡主张科技主导，并从理论和时间方面驳斥了布雷沃曼为代表的社会结构主义的错误主张，重要错误在于将科技脱离于社会之外。

终于理解了!

PFPF

rorarora

哎呀，这篇文章看得我那叫一肝疼。

原来exchange单独使用，就是交换机的意思！！！！！！！

文章结构很清晰，题目很晦涩.....

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-6-17 15:53:33编辑过]

SuccessMBA08

这片文章太绕了.严重打击信心!