Having+past participle will only be a noun modifier when that noun is the subject of a clause
在OG中SC的体现
5.Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history,
25.Neuroscientists,having amassed a wealth of
225. Minnesota is the only one of the contiguous forty-eight states that still has a sizable wolf population, and where this predator remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep.
(A) that still has a sizable wolf population, and where
(B) that still has a sizable wolf population, where
(C) that still has a sizable population of wolves, and where
(D) where the population of wolves is still sizable；（E）
(E) where there is still a sizable population of wolves and where
2 在D中，分号后的句子是 this predator remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep，这样他就与前面这句话形成了并列关系，而不是从属关系，改变了原句的结构 所以og说：
Choice D is grammatically constructed, but it lacks a conjunction that establishes a logical relation between the clauses; since Minnesota as a grammatical subject is separated from the clause following the semicolon, the statement there need not even pertain to Minnesota.
PLACEMENT OF VERB-ING MODIFIERS
The function played by a verb-ing modifier depends upon where and how it appears in the sentence. The verb-ing modifiers can take three places in a sentence:
1. Placed after a clause PRECEDED by a comma,
2. Placed after a clause NOT PRECEDED by a comma,
3. In the beginning of a clause followed by a comma.
FUNCTIONS: RULE SET #1
If the verb-ing modifier appears after a clause and is preceded by a comma, then it modifies the entire preceding clause. It
a. either presents additional information about the preceding clause,
b. or presents the result of the preceding clause.
SIMPLE EXAMPLES: Presenting Additional Information
EGMAT
Verb-ing 的第二页中的例题 ，但这句话没有理解透
有待进一步消化
Now as you can see, “which circle…” modifies the noun phrase “80 massive planets”. Now this modifier is not written in correct construction since which is typically preceded by a comma. Remember that the comma that precedes “which” does not separate “which” but is part of the comma pair that separates the modifier – most of them…from the rest of the sentence.
关于介宾短语做为先行词 是不适用的， enough that 也是不对的
http://www.beatthegmat.com/affording-strategic-proximity-to-the-strait-of-gibraltar-t10206.html
in general, OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS are very rarely the antecedents of pronouns. (i won't say never -- but rarely enough that, if you have to make a random guess, this is probably a pretty good standard by which to make such a guess.)
for instance:
if you have "the cat in the box", then it is very unlikely that a pronoun will be able to stand for "box".
see #29 in the blue verbal supplement, choices (a) and (b).
you can also apply this guideline here -- both “the strait of gibraltar” and “the first half of the 20th century” are objects of prepositions, so they are going to be generally disfavored as antecedents for pronouns.
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发表于 2014-8-25 15:36:25
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