【解析】OG, gwd 10 25-28 印第安水权全面起底大解析!被这篇虐的小伙伴看过来~~(Linhui)

Hhelloviv

赞！！！

Etoile-

这篇阅读我真的研究一个小时都没搞懂在说啥 谢谢楼主

lincolnbjgs

赞 - 实实在在地花了一个小时去了解这文章。看了逻辑图后感觉怎么我一开始就是没看出来是这几点。。。

laughingwind

感谢楼主！真是良心贴！

laughingwind

全文脉络就是，WINTERS法规规定印第安保护区的水权归当地印第安人使用，然而RIO地区（由于历史原因）无法被界定是不是印第安保护区，因此WINTERS法规貌似对此无法适用。然而，后来出台的ARIZONA法规规定，任何情况WINTERS都照用不误，因此在RIO地区，水权还是归印第安人优先使用。

heyttt

感谢分享！               

lalalynn04905

刚被这篇文章虐惨，搜索维基百科发现此神贴！

lvlv菜菜

赞

780一次过

In Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme Court held [that the right to use waters (flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation) was reserved to American Indians (by the treaty establishing the reservation)]. [Although this treaty did not mention water rights,] the Court ruled [that the federal government (, when it created the reservation,) intended to deal fairly with American Indians (by reserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless)].
翻译：在Winters v. United States (1908)中，最高法院判决[（根据建立reservation的条约）将（临近FKIR的水源）the right to use waters留给印第安人]。[虽然这个条约没有提及水权，]法院规定[（在建立保留地时）联邦政府为了公正对待印第安人（将水源留给他们，因为如果没有水源土地将会没有用处）]。
Later decisions (, citing Winters,) established [that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands（—i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws—）and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation].
翻译：之后的判决（，引用W）确立了[法院能援引联邦权力，为某些特殊目的保留该地区水权进行储水，如果
（1）待裁决的地区位于联邦独家管辖区域的飞地内
Enclave n. 飞地（指在本国境内的隶属另一国的一块领土）; 被包围的领土
jurisdiction n. 司法权，审判权，管辖权
（2）待裁决地区曾被正式从联邦公共领地中取出并分离或保留，（即，在federal land use laws规定下，为了private use从联邦土地储备中分离出来）
（3）在建立保留地时，政府有意保留水权和土地权

Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights （through the courts）（based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty）. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed [when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848]. [Although they at that time became part of the United States,] the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands （as American Indian reservations）.
翻译：
sovereignty n. 主权；主权国家
一些部落也已经（基于在美国成为主权国家之前，水源的传统划分和使用）（通过法院）确立了水权。例如，[在1848年美国从New Mexico获得主权时]，the Rio Grande pueblos早就存在了。[虽然在那时他们成为了美国的一部分，]但是P的土地从来没有正式成为federal public lands；无论如何，没有条约、法令或行政命令，将P（作为American Indian reservations）从public lands中指定或脱离出来。
This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. [What constitutes an American Indian reservation] is a question of practice（, not of legal definition,） and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), {wherein the Supreme Court indicated [that the manner (in which any type of federal reservation is created) does not affect the application to it (of the Winters doctrine)}. Therefore, the reserved water rights （of Pueblo Indians）have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.
翻译：
doctrine n. 主义，学说；〔政府政策的〕正式声明
然而，但这一情况并没有阻碍winters条款的实施。什么构成了保留地是一个实践问题而非法律定义，并且P一直被美国当作保留地对待。这一实用主义的方法被Arizona v. California所支持, {最高法院判定[这种方式(在任何类型的联邦中)并不会影响到(W原则的)应用]}。
因此，P用水权优先于其他公民的用水权从1848年起，就是在那一年，P被认为是保留地了。

780一次过

翻译了一天 开始静下心来攻RC 加油 希望每次不要都错一半
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