小安阅读 passage19 第三题求教

lorolana

先贴原文

Incontrast to（强对比，出取非题） traditionalanalyses of minority business, thesociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largelydependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically具体的（从笼统到具体，说明第二句比第一句重要）,this analysis indicates that supportnetworks支援网络 play a critical（+） role in starting and maintaining minoritybusiness enterprises by providing ownerswith a range of assistance, from theinformal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele客户 fromthe owner’s ethnic group民族团体 (ethnic group: n.同种同文化之民族). （主题句）Such self-help networks*1*2,which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary” institutions（新名词，注意后面解释）, thoseclosest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior*1Aand beliefs*1C. They are characterizedby the face-to-face association andcooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form anintermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary” institutions based on impersonalrelationships公事公办. Primary institutions comprising the support network*1 include kinship*1B, peer, and neighborhood*1D or community subgroups.（暂时不看，如有和列举有关的排除题再看）

A major functionof self-help networks is financial support.Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, oftenthrough frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family andare thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives,forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investmentcalculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs donot necessarily（修饰because） rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backingfrom commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because（可暂时不看，但要记住这里讲过了不从银行借钱的原因） they assumethat commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs ofminority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.

Withinthe larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations*3 have been usedto raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and othertrusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fundthat is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source ofcapital*3B*3C. However, recent immigrants and third or fourthgenerations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally*3E to raise investmentfunds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financialsupport for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenthcentury as depositories (depository: n.存放处)for dues (due:n. [复]应付款)collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung fromBlack churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Blackenterprises. Irish immigrants*8 inAmerican cities organized many building and loan associations to providecapital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-buildingcontractor firms*8D. Other ethnic andminority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directedfinancial institutions.


对第三题的C选项有些疑问：

.       Which of thefollowing can be inferred from the passage about rotatingcredit associations？

(A) They were developed exclusively by Chineseimmigrants.

(B) They accounted for asignificant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants in NewYork in the early twentieth century.

(C) Third-generation members ofan immigrant group who started businesses inthe 1920’s would have been unlikely to rely on them.

(D) They were frequently jointendeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.（B）

(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turnto rotating credit associations instead of banks for investment capital.

C选项哪里有问题呢？ in the 1920's 正好对应文章里的older group啊。。 为什么不对呢？

参考答案是B。。

求牛牛解答啊！！！跪谢！！！！！

enkyklios

亲，你复制的单词都连到一起了。

本帖最后由 enkyklios 于 2014-7-12 17:58 编辑 One author estimates that 40 percent of New York China town firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investmentfunds. 我觉的你还是没有读懂这篇文章的意思，上边这两句是原文中的话；它是说“早期中国城中的公司利用这种联系作为他们资金的来源，而现在的人或者那些……的后代们现在已经不需要利用这层联系作为资金的来源。 Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses inthe 1920’s would have been unlikely to rely on them. 选项中那些……人的后代不太可能再需要这种”联系“了 明白了没，原文是说不再需要利用这种联系作为……，而选项中直接说不再需要这种联系。这当然是不正确的，中国人什么时候都需要这种联系，我们不是常说中国人爱讲关系吗？ Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses inthe 1920’s would have been unlikely to rely on them. 其实这里语法还存在着一个问题，因为前边是an immigrant group,所以这里who 从句更可能的是修饰 members, 那么这时的翻译就成了20年代开创公司的这些某个移民团的后代他们不依赖……。这当然是错误的。当然退一步说即使它说的是group,正如上边说的那样，它同样是错误的。 语法逻辑和阅读都是一脉相承的，不要太相信技巧这样的东西，

enkyklios

而且你的注解画蛇添足，让人看起来很难受

enkyklios

光去掉注解就把眼都看花了

In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically,this analysis indicates that supportnetworks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele  fromthe owner’s ethnic group Such self-help networks,which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary” institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary” institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups.

A major function of self-help networks is financial support.Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives,forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs donot necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.


Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourthgenerations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investmentfunds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenthcentury as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung fromBlack churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Blackenterprises. Irish immigrants inAmerican cities organized many building and loan associations to providecapital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-buildingcontractor firms. Other ethnic andminority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directedfinancial institutions.

enkyklios

sociological analysis

lorolana

enkyklios 发表于 2014-7-12 17:32
sociological analysis

谢谢牛牛的解答 那天晚上发帖太着急了 从分析版中黏贴过来的 没发现格式问题呢 不好意思 下次会注意的！！who的修饰问题确实让我纠结了很久， 但是我觉得既然是third-generation了就应该不是start business in 1920s了吧 所以就没考虑这个问题呢。。。  

然后关于C的问题 我突然觉得 选项说的是unlikely（不可能） 而文章说的是only occasionally（也就是有时还会用到 只是没有那么重要了）这里有出入 所以C不对。

不知道这么想对不对呢？

blanrine

enkyklios 发表于 2014-7-12 16:57
亲，你复制的单词都连到一起了。

但是B选项说They ( the associations) accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants... 原文说的是， One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associated as their initial source of capital. 文章中的40%是公司数量，不一定能的出来是总的投资金额也是一笔很大数字。如果这些公司都是Small and medium companies, 那比例就不一定大了。
此外，这里对C选项的解释未免牵强了吧。我现在觉得C一定要说错的原因也是occasionally 和 unlikely 的区别。楼上说的需不需要这种association，首先这种association是rotating credit association, 是与钱相关的，与楼主说的中国人搞关系的association不是一个东西，其实是借贷用途的。所以楼主说的不是不需要这种association，而是不需要这种association借贷是说不通的，这里选项加不加to get investment capital无关紧要。