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[考古] 工厂减少排污

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发表于 2014-7-7 18:37:22 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
31、工厂减少排污
V1 chyy91 730 V38,Q50,IR8.
有一篇关于采用低污染的技术好的文章,说大家一般都觉得降污减排会有很大的cost不好什么的,但其实大家没想到先采用这种技术的公司有两个好处,一是降低转型成本?二是别人往往模仿的难度比较大,需要的时间长,可以形成comparative advantage。然后举了一个化学工厂的例子,考到了这个例子的作用。然后我突然失忆了==
考古:
V1
第四篇讲的是一个有关排污处理什么的,就一大段,不过比较有条理
说是人们都认为要让企业使用新的污染处理技术会使企业的成本升高,然后作者貌似说并不是这样的,有两个原因
first,记不得了,貌似是没有题目的
second,讲的是,用了这些减污新技术,有些公司是会获利的,比如(这个例子出题了),有的化学造纸drill? 我当时理解的是生产线之类的。。。我当时理解的是,不同的造纸厂有不同的生产线,然后有的与这个减污新技术契合的好,相对于别的契合的不好的,就能获利。。。
V2
还有个一开始出现的文章。就两小段好像是,题目特别简单。说一般企业一般认为排污技术是cost的,对企业没有好处。当时这个观点错了。第一...第二...好像其中重点说了这种技术对企业的竞争有优势,而且在此考了一个题。还有个题目问这篇文章最主要是干什么。反正文章结构超级清楚,大家遇到了不要JJ也能做出来的。
还有一个我忘记了。等我想起来再告诉大家。最后一篇完全没什么时间了,我就大概看了下。貌似是...唉 不记得..
考古 by rebecca_wang(已确认)
V1【by loverwy】
公司在污染治理上的。公司传统上 觉得治理污染会增加成本,但是呢新的发现是说其实治理污染是有助于他们的利润的。下一段举了一个例子,说几十年前,1960?或者70,(不记得),公司 觉得提高质量也会增加成本,但是后来发现之前质量没那么好的时候是因为没有充分利用资源。。所以说提高了质量反而会增加利润。最后一段没看。。。题目比较 简单,问了这个例子的作用(就是整个第二段高亮),还有问主题啊什么的。
V2【by leetina700】
第一篇好像是说作者说啊,现在有的公司觉得环保的cost太高了。第二段说,这不是的,因为没有考虑到opportunity cost(有题),就是因为污染浪费掉的资源是很多的...哦,是先说到一种revolution什么的,然后好像类比了一下还是怎样==第三段 忘了。。。。(原谅我!记忆力太差!)有一道主旨题,我选的是作者通过论证支持某一观点
V3【bygreenGMATerS  750】
公司治理环境污染的那篇,碰到的考题和狗狗上差不多,补充一个,不是潜在cost,是机会成本(opportunity cost),我选的是Possible loss blahblah的
考古
V1
传统的corporate 是以identify, examine, clean up pullution waste 为主轴, 是用被动的处理方式来对待pollution的问题; 但是近几年的新公司是采用prevention-method.比如说增加newequipment 来减少排放或是采取close monitor的主动方式来处理pollution问题. 但是作者指出了一个新的观点(有题) 说公司可以view pollution problems as opportunity cost -pollution problem indicates inefficiency in resource allocation 和company 的运行模式. 公司可以把pollution 问题进一步的看成是公司运作方式出了问题的警讯.
V2
更多对于opportunity cost 的解释和给予支持. 但是观点仍然是在opportunity cost 是一个比防范, 甚至治疗, 还要更加有效的方式. 企业应该要因此去从这个角度切入来重新检视公司的 resource allocation, 无论是employee, material 或者以外的资源
V3
给了一些prospect, companies can be more efficientblahblahblah等等 其中的 "Can","Will" 都给了作者对于这个新方法的期望. 没题
这个题目有:
Q1- 此篇文章的main purpose,我选的是类似introduce a new concept on the pollution-prevention method
Q2-(Opportunity Cost 第一段两字高亮) 请问Opportunity Cost 指的是为何? 我选的是to allocate resource more efficiently
V4
第一段和JJ差不多。
第二段好像主要是讲如何用opportunity cost理论减少defect
第三段说like defect, pollution也可以用opportunity cost理论来eliminate
有一题提到第二段的作用,我好像选择一个提到类比(analogy)的方法
opportunitycost高亮问意思我选了stop pollution before it begin; 另外的选项有possibilities loss in cost
补充下有个问题是第二段的作用,我选的是第三段的类比
V5
主要说公司一直把污染看作成本,不管是采用事后弥补的还是事前预防的,但公司应该把它看作机会成本。然后举了个例子说原来质量控制也是被看作成本,提高质量就意味着增加检验和返工,后来公司意识到质量控制其实是啥东东,忘了。最后总结说污染也是同样道理云云。
补充问题:一题问opportunity cost是什么,这题JJ上说是选to allocate resource more efficiently这个选项,可是考场上没有和resource沾边的选项,犹豫了好久,又会原文扫了几眼,最后选了stop pollution before 污染发生的那个选项。:
那道比较有争议的opportunity cost指什么:我选的possible losses if not prevent pollution,我觉得stoppollution before it begin不对,那个是prevention method(提供者770分)
有一题问有junction molecule的作用吧。有两个选项挺接近的。一个说improve interactive ability of two typs ofmolecule还有一个是conduitfor information among cells. 我当时选了第一个,仔细想想的话应该是后一个吧。。大家到时候再仔细看吧
V6
P1: 很多company认为控制环境污染会增加不必要的cost,然后作者反驳说环境污染会带来一些潜在的cost, 然后举了几个例子(这里有一道考题问整个潜在的cost怎么解释,我选得是环境污染会在其他方面产生cost, 原文表述这个潜在的cost用了一个什么词我忘了)
P2: 类比说defect,以前公司认为defect是不可避免的,减少defect会增加公司的cost, 但是后来发现,通过改进流程可以减少defect也不会增加cost(有一道题问这段的作用,我选得是类比那个)P3: 总结说环境污染也可以像defect一样被控制
13.公司污染治理2(疑似NO.7)
jj里有提到的企业对待污染的态度问题。但好像和jj有不一样,没有提到opportunitycost。两端,一屏半。。
第一段先提出conventional 认为企业去防止pollution不合算。因为两个原因,一是防止污染只会增加企业的expense,而不会增加revenue。二是一个企业通过防止污染的措施会使得其他类似企业一同得利,其他企业可以照着成功企业的模式来copy。因此没有企业愿意先执行防污染措施。
第二段提出了一种新的观点认为有种low-anti pollution的方法,运用这种方法,可以让企业不仅增加expense,还能增加revenue。更重要的是,这种方法其他企业学不去,反而使得率先应用这种方法的企业有了比较advantage。
问题:
1.问到传统观点的一个原因。
2.问到了为什么新的方法有效。
3.有主旨题。refute atheory?/ introduce a new method?
4.问新的pollutionequipment怎么帮助公司的:有by providing the advantage over ..../ by providing thealternative ....

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沙发
发表于 2014-7-7 19:37:32 | 只看该作者
考古君辛苦!这几天考出来这么多!
板凳
发表于 2014-7-8 08:13:43 | 只看该作者
本月狗主chyy91确认不是这篇了!!那就当个课外阅读吧
狗主说最上面的两篇V1 V2应该是读到的那篇。结构很清楚,讲了两个好处, 第一个好处没题目,第二个好处用了一个化学厂的例子。后面的考古就不太有关系了。
  The concept of resource productivity opens up a new way of looking at both the full systems costs and the value associated with any product. Resource inefficiencies are most obvious within a company in the form of incomplete material utilization and poor process controls, which result in unnecessary waste, defects, and stored materials. But there also are many other hidden costs buried in the life cycle of the product. Packaging discarded by distributors or customers, for example, wastes resources and adds costs. Customers bear additional costs when they use products that pollute or waste energy. Resources are lost when products that contain usable materials are discarded and when customers pay --directly or indirectly -- for product disposal.
  Environmental improvement efforts have traditionally overlooked these systems costs. Instead, they have focused on pollution control through better identification, processing, and disposal of discharges or waste -- costly approaches. In recent years, more advanced companies and regulators have embraced the concept of pollution prevention, sometimes called source reduction, which uses such methods as material substitution and closed-loop processes to limit pollution before it occurs.
  But, although pollution prevention is an important step in the right direction, ultimately companies must learn to frame environmental improvement in terms of resource productivity. [1] Today managers and regulators focus on the actual costs of eliminating or treating pollution. They must shift their attention to include the opportunity costs of pollution --wasted resources, wasted effort, and diminished product value to the customer. At the level of resource productivity, environmental improvement and competitiveness come together.
  This new view of pollution as resource inefficiency evokes the quality revolution of the 1980s and its most powerful lessons. Today we have little trouble grasping the idea that innovation can improve quality while actually lowering cost.
  But as recently as fifteen years ago, managers believed there was a fixed trade-off. Improving quality was expensive because it could be achieved only through inspection and rework of the inevitable" defects that came off the line. What lay behind the old view was the assumption that both product design and production processes were fixed. As managers have rethought the quality issue, however, they have abandoned that old mind-set. Viewing defects as a sign of inefficient product and process design -- not as an inevitable byproduct of manufacturing -- was a breakthrough. Companies now strive to build quality into the entire process. The new mind-set unleashed the power of innovation to relax or eliminate what companies had previously accepted as fixed trade-offs.
  第二段用defect做类比Like defects, pollution often reveals flaws in the product design or production process. Efforts to eliminate pollution can therefore follow the same basic principles widely used in quality programs: Use inputs more efficiently, eliminate the need for hazardous, hard-to-handle materials, and eliminate unneeded activities. In a recent study of major process changes at ten manufacturers of printed circuit boards, for example, pollution-control personnel initiated thirteen of thirty-three major changes. Of the thirteen changes, twelve resulted in cost reduction, eight in quality improvements, and five in extension of production capabilities. [2] It is not surprising that total quality management (TQM) has become a source of ideas for pollution reduction that can create offsetting benefits. The Dow Chemical Company, for example, explicitly identified the link between quality improvement and environmental performance by using statistical-process control to reduce the variance in processes and to lower waste.
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