4月24日逻辑题目

belinda_cao

1、A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker's Beach, the world's sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching. Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker's Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago. Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world's Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists' prediction?

A The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neither Merrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker's Beach.  
B Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker's Beach to lay their eggs when they are ten years old.  
C Under normal conditions, only a small proportion of hatchling female Merrick sea turtles survive in the ocean until adulthood and return to lay their eggs at Baker's Beach.  
D Environmental pressures unrelated to the chemical spill have caused a significant decline in the population of one of the several species of sea birds that prey on Merrick sea turtle eggs.  
E After the chemical spill, an environmental group rejected a proposal to increase the Merrick sea turtle population by transferring eggs from Baker's Beach to nearby beaches that had not been affected by the spill.

1、正确答案：B
2、原文逻辑：1）5年前,海滩就被污染了,因此理论上某龟会减少
                        2）但是从增加的母龟来看,上面的推断是错的
3、选项分析：Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world's Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded,注意这里proven unfounded,是由一个现象推出了结论，而不是结论为来产蛋的龟多了。
要使1能推出2，必须有个前提假设，就是母龟是受到海滩污染影响的，因为只有这样，它们数量的反增不减才能证明污染对他们没影响
而B指出，由于母龟在10岁的时候才会回来产蛋，所以这批母龟并不是5年前被污染的那批蛋孵出来的

2、Though sucking zinc lozenges has been promoted as a treatment for the common cold, research has revealed no consistent effect. Recently, however, a zinc gel applied nasally has been shown to greatly reduce the duration of colds. Since the gel contains zinc in the same form and concentration as the lozenges, the greater effectiveness of the gel must be due to the fact that cold viruses tend to concentrate in the nose, not the mouth.

In order to evaluate the argument, it would be most helpful to determine which of the following?

A Whether zinc is effective only against colds, or also has an effect on other virally caused diseases  
B Whether there are remedies that do not contain zinc but that, when taken orally, can reduce the duration of colds  
C Whether people who frequently catch colds have a zinc deficiency  
D Whether either the zinc gel or the lozenges contain ingredients that have an impact on the activity of the zinc  
E Whether the zinc gel has an effect on the severity of cold symptoms, as well as on their duration

1、正确选项：D
2、原文逻辑：原文说本来是用的口服药发现没有持续效果，现在应用了一种新的鼻吸药（zinc gel)发现效果更长，由于药的成分是一样的，所以得出结论：鼻息药更有效是因为病毒集中在鼻子的周围而不是嘴的周围。
3、选项分析：D选项，需要评价2种药是否会对其中的zinc的活动产生的影响，是因为这里需要排除它因才能得出原文结论，试想如果鼻息药更有效是因为它能使zinc更活跃而口服药不行，则不能得到原结论；反之，如果二者都能有作用，或都没作用，则无需考虑药本身对zinc的作用，这个因素就可以排除了。这里的关键就是在2种药的成分，作用都无区别的条件下，才能得出是是病毒的因素造成了药效的不同。

3、Some people have questioned the judge's objectivity in cases of sex discrimination against women. But the record shows that in sixty percent of such cases, the judge has decided in favor of the women. This record demonstrates that the judge has not discriminated against women in cases of sex discrimination against women.

The argument above is flawed in that it ignores the possibility that

A a large number of the judge's cases arose out of allegations of sex discrimination against women  
B many judges find it difficult to be objective in cases of sex discrimination against women  
C the judge is biased against women defendants or plaintiffs in cases that do not involve sex discrimination  
D the majority of the cases of sex discrimination against women that have reached the judge's court have been appealed from a lower court  
E the evidence shows that the women should have won in more than sixty percent of the judge's cases involving sex discrimination against women  

1、正确答案：E
2、原文逻辑：有一些人质疑法官对女性有歧视，但就统计来看，这位法官有60%的案子是判給对女人有利的，因此证据指明，这位法官并未有歧视女性的行为出现。
3、选项分析：A. 大量的法官审理的案件引起了对女性的性别歧视的指控，无关。
                     B法官发现很多这类案子很难保证客观。（不客观的結果是双向的，即偏向女性或反之.)与论证过程无关。
                     C. 法官对于不涉及性別歧视的案子中的女上诉者有歧视。
                     D. 大部分到这位法官面前的女性性别歧视案已经在低一级法院上诉过了。无关。
                     E有证据表示女人应该胜诉的概率超过六成 (间接指出法官让该赢的女孩未赢，削弱了原題推论)

4、People who have spent a lot of time in contact with animals often develop animal-induced allergies, a significant percentage of which are quite serious. In a survey of current employees in major zoos, about 30 percent had animal-induced allergies. However, a zoo employee who develops a serious animal-induced allergy is very likely to switch to some other occupation.

Which of the following hypotheses receives the strongest support from the information given?

A The incidence of serious animal-induced allergies among current zoo employees is lower than that among the general population.  
B Zoo employees tend to develop animal-induced allergies that are more serious than those of other people who spend equally large amounts of time with animals.  
C Exposure to domestic pets is, on the whole, less likely to cause animal-induced allergy than is exposure to the kinds of animals that are kept in zoos.  
D There is no occupation for which the risk of developing an animal-induced allergy is higher than 30 percent.  
E Among members of the general population who have spent as much time with animals as zoo employees typically have, the percentage with animal-induced allergies is significantly more than 30 percent.

1、正确答案：E
2、原文逻辑：跟动物长时间接触会过敏，大部分过敏都很严重。在zoo中有30%的人有过敏，然而，严重的会倾向于转向其他的职业。 因为在这些过敏的人群中大部分是严重的，也就是说大部分都会转向其他的职业。
3、选项分析：A 说 现在公园里患严重过敏的人比大众患严重过敏的人少。 这是无法界定的，因为文章中说的大部分指的是所有群体。 E 说花了同样时间与动物接触的大众群体中，过敏人群的比例会远远大于30%。这说法是对的，因为大部分公园里的过敏患者都会转向其他职业，也就是他们的过敏比例都算在了大众群体的比例中。

5、Journalist: In late 1994, the present government of the Republic of Bellam came into power. Each year since then, about thirty journalists have been imprisoned for printing articles that criticize the government. In 1994, under the old government, only six journalists were imprisoned for criticizing the government. So the old government was more tolerant of criticism by the press than the new one is. Politician: But in 1994 only six journalists criticized the government, and now journalists routinely do.

The politician challenges the journalist’s argument by doing which of the following?

A Presenting data that extend further into the past than the journalist’s data  
B Introducing evidence that undermines an assumption of the journalist’s argument  
C Questioning the accuracy of the evidence presented in support of the journalist’s conclusion  
D Pointing out that the argument illegitimately draws a general conclusion on the basis of a sample of only a few cases  
E Stating that the argument treats information about some members of a group as if it applied to all members of that group  

1、正确答案：B
2、原文逻辑：Journalist：1994年末，新政府管理下30名记者被禁止发布批评政府的期刊，而旧政府管理下的1994年只有6人被禁。说明老政府比新政府更能忍受批评。
Politician：旧政府管理下也就只有6个人发表过批评的言论，而新政府管理下记者经常批评。
简而言之，Politician质疑Journalist的是只看了分子没有看分母。
3、选项分析：A 呈现比journalist的data更早的data。
B 引入现象破坏journalist的假设。笼统的选项，但是确实没错，提出现象（老政府管理下分母分子都是6个）否定journalist的argument.
C 质疑支持journalist的结论的现象的准确性。j的数据是对的，但他得出的结论不对。
D 指出这个argument不合理地在少数几个例子样本的基础上得出整体结论。并没有少数几个例子做样本，老政府的6个和新政府的30个都提到的。但整体的现象得到的整体结论不对。
E说明论点将适用于一部分人的信息应用于所有人身上了。以偏概全。




【错误选项类型总结】

一、        诉诸权威/大众信念/人身攻击/感情色彩等选项（非学者态度）
二、 反对前提的选项
三、 涉及两比较对象的选项
        1． 比较双方应与题目比较双方一致
        2． 比较的概念要与原文完全等同（涉及与原文无关的新概念的比较必错）

OG2. The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana,  71.7 years. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii, therefore, [ their children would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the family remained in Louisiana. ]
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn in the passage?
A. Insurance company statisticians do not believe that moving to Hawaii will significantly lengthen the average Louisiana’s life. (一、诉诸权威)
B. The governor of Louisiana has falsely alleged that statistics for his state are inaccurate. （二、反对前提）
C. The longevity ascribed to Hawaii’s current population is attributable mostly to genetically determined factors.
D. Thirty percent of all Louisiana’s can expect to live longer than 77 years. （三1、比较双方应与题目的一致。应为Hawaii VS. Louisiana，而非30%Louisiana VS the other 70%）
E. Most of the Hawaiian Islands have levels of air pollution well below the national average for the United States. （三2、比较概念应与题目的一致。应为 Life expectancy，而非 Pollution level）
        3． 原并列内容变成比较，必错
OG33. Rural households have more purchasing power than do urban or suburban households at the same income level, [since some of the income urban and suburban households use for food and shelter can be used by rural households for other needs.]
Which of the following inferences is best supported by the statement made above?
A. The average rural household includes more people than does the average urban or
suburban household.
B. Rural households have lower food and housing costs than do either urban or suburban
households.
C. Suburban households generally have more purchasing power than do either rural or urban households.
D. The median income of urban and suburban households is generally higher than that of
rural households.
E. All three types of households spend more of their income on food and housing than on all other purchases combined.

四、 可能对，也可能不对的选项

五、 非提问要求的选项

5. A program instituted in a particular state allows parents to prepay their children’s future
college tuition at current rates. The program then pays the tuition annually for the child at any of the state’s public colleges in which the child enrolls. [Parents should participate in the program as a means of decreasing the cost for their children’s college education.]
Which of the following, if true, is the most appropriate reason for parents NOT to participate in the program?
A. the parents are unsure about which public college in the state the child will attend.   (四、有可能未来学费更高，也有更低的可能)
B. The amount of money accumulated by putting the prepayment funds in an interest-bearing account today will be greater than the total cost of tuition for any of the public colleges when the child enrolls.
C. The annual cost of tuition at the state’s public colleges is expected to increase at a faster rate than the annual increase in the cost of living. （五、题目问削弱，选项是加强）
D. Some of the state’s public colleges are contemplating large increases in tuition next year.（五、题目问削弱，选项是加强）
E. The prepayment plan would not cover the cost of room and board at any of the state’s public colleges.

六、 原文选项不在同一范畴 ((Out of Scope)

OG44. Some people have questioned the judge’s objectivity in cases of sex discrimination against women. But the record shows that in sixty percent of such cases, the judge has decided in favor of the women. [This record demonstrates that the judge has not discriminated against women in cases of sex discrimination against women.]
The argument above is flawed in that it ignores the possibility that
A. a large number of the judge’s cases arose out of allegations of sex discrimination against women
B. many judges find it difficult to be objective in cases of sex discrimination against women
C. the judge is biased against women defendants or plaintiffs in cases that do not involve sex discrimination  
D. the majority of the cases of sex discrimination against women that have reached the judge’s court have been appealed from a lower court
E. the evidence shows that the women should have won in more than sixty percent of the judge’s cases involving sex discrimination against women

七、 百分比和实际数量
八、 部分和整体
九、 相关性和因果性
十、 代表性问题 （Survey等的样本）
十一、 必要性和充分性（Necessity & Causaion）
十二、 含if, unless, as long as 等连词的选项，在归纳题中可能正确（是选项的前提必然成立）；在演绎题中必错（给出无关前提）