【3月22日逻辑答案】

belinda_cao

1.Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?

(A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds.

(B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increase with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction.

(C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.

(D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.

(E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.

参考答案：B

思路：结论：How to build a nest is veryimportant.第一句话。论据：birds nesting ,不如老birdsuccess, also less than 。。。其实就一句话，新birds没用经验nesting,所以生育成功率低。

削弱方向：

1、断桥，论据与结论无关，即新birds nesting。。 推不出how tobuild a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds.

2、他因：有其他的原因可以解释论据。

3、驳斥论据的有效性；

A.  无关，比较点不对，和其他bird无关

B.  他因，success 是与capacity有关。

C.  无关，陷阱，把论据重新说呢一遍。The breedingsuccess of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birdsnesting for the first time.= He finds that birds nesting for the first time areless successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful thanthey themselves are a year later.

D.  无关，文中没有比较smaller ,weaker。Smaller,weaker birds 完全有可能知道 how to build a nest .

E.  无关，birds被杀和breedingsuccess of birds 无关，如果是出生（breeding）的birds 被杀就有关了。

评论：排除法是最有效的，因为不正确选项简单。而正确选项的推理过程有点扰。

2.  History textbooksfrequently need to be revised. The reasons for this are clear: new discoveriesof documents and remains, the discovery of mistaken inferences in priorhistories, the discovery of previously unnoticed relationships among data, andthe application of hitherto undiscovered principles of natural science all mayindicate inadequacies in current history texts. Any of these considerations mayrequire that the past be reinterpreted in a manner that is new and moreilluminating.

Which one of thefollowing can be inferred from the argument in the passage?

(A) Theinterpretation of historical events is affected by natural science.

(B) The past isconstantly renewed because of illuminating reinterpretations.

(C) History booksare outdated as soon as they are written.

(D) Naturalscientists also function as historians.

(E) Historians’ mistakeninferences are caused by unnoticed relationships among data.

参考答案：A

思路：归纳题，正确选项从原文推出，范围比原文窄。可用无关词排除法。

A.   文中提到，未经发现的自然科学法则会造成历史课本的不充分，需要被重新解释。说明历史事件的解释是受自然科学影响的。正确。

B.   混淆选项。根据最后一个句子，可知原文的意思是过去以一种新的且更加明确的方式被重新解释，而不是因为明确的解释而被经常更新。

C.   根据头脑空白原则，不能由历史课本需要经常被修正就推出历史课本写的时候就过时了。

D.   文中未出现诸如自然科学家、历史学家，无关词排除。

E.   同D。

3. How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airline have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots’ lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes.

Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends?

(A) Training programs can eliminate pilot errors.

(B) Commercial pilot routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers.

(C) The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time.

(D) Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes.

(E)  Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs.

参考答案：D

思路：xxx的program 不能补充pilots’ lackof actual flying time.结论：thererfore, rethink approach toprevent commercial plane crash. 中间有思维跳跃，actual flyingtime 与plane crash 什么关系？

A.  削弱，program can eliminate…, sodo not need rethink approach

B.  无关。题中是prevent planes crashes的training.

C.  加强。

D.  将actual flying time 与(piloterror in) plane crashes 联系起来。对assumption取非：actualflying time is not an important contributor to pilot error in commercial planecrashes. 削弱结论。符合ETS假设定义。

E.  加强。

评论：比较简单，不要关心废话。

4.Background information: This year, each film submitted to the Barbizon Film Festival was submitted in one of ten categories. For each category, there was a panel that decided which submitted films to accept.Fact 1: Within each category, the rate of acceptance for domestic films was the same as that for foreign films. Fact 2: The overall rate of acceptance of domestic films was significantly higher than that of foreign films.

In light of the background information, which of the following, if true, can account for fact 1 and fact 2 both being true of the submissions to this year's Barbizon Film Festival?

AIn each category, the selection panel was composed of filmmakers, and some selection panels included no foreign filmmakers.  

BSignificantly more domestic films than foreign films were submitted to the festival.  

CIn each of the past three years, the overall acceptance rate was higher for foreign than for domestic films, an outcome that had upset some domestic filmmakers.  

DThe number of films to be selected in each category was predetermined, but in no category was it required that the acceptance rate of foreign films should equal that of domestic films.  

EMost foreign films, unlike most domestic films, were submitted in categories with high prestige, but with correspondingly low rates of acceptance.  

参考答案：E
背景：某电影节参展作品都都会submit到10个类别中的某一个去。有一个专门委员会决定accept哪些提交的影片。
fact1：在每一个类别，本国片和外国片的接受率一样。
fact2：本国片的总体接受率远高于外国片的总体接受率。
问题是：哪个选项造成了fact1&fact2
A：每个类别的评审委员都是由制片人组成的。有的category的评审委员会没有外国制片人。 【委员会怎么组成不影响评选结果。关注点在于他们怎么评。由哪些人评出这样的结果无关】
B：本国上交的片子大大超过外国上交的片子【注意fact2比较的是接受率，而不是number of accepted films。可以作一个假设，假设本国片1000部，每个category100部；外国片100部，每个category10部；根据fact1，假设每一个category的本国片通过率=外国片通过率=1/10，那么本国片通过100部；外国片通过10部。我们要比较的是通过的比例：本国片通过率为100/1000=1/10;外国片通过率为10/100=1/10，与fact2违背，可见此为错误选项】
C：过去三年，每年外国片的总体通过率都要高于本国片的总体通过率，这让本国制片人很不爽。【CR题杜绝过度infer。他们不爽和今年本国片通过率高于外国片通过率无之间关联】
D：每个类别可参选的影片数量的实现确定的。不是每个类别都必须做到本国片、外国片通过率一样【counter-fact1】
E：和本国片不同，大部分外国片都被分在了高档，但是通过率很低的类别【10个类别，每个类别的通过率未必相同的。在我们假设B选项的时候其实就应该想到了。可能有几个类别，外国通过率和本国通过率都很低。如果大部分外国片集中在这样的category里面，那么显然被选中的片子就很少，总通过率就很低。可以用“加权”的思想考虑】