3月8日作业答案

belinda_cao

【3月8日作业】

1. Astronauts who experience weightlessness frequently get motion sickness. The astronauts see their own motion relative to passing objects, but while the astronauts are weightless their inner ears indicate that their bodies are not moving. The astronauts’ experience is best explained by the hypothesis that conflicting information received by the brain about the body’s motion causes motion sickness.

Which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest additional support for the hypothesis above?

(A) During rough voyages ship passengers in cabins providing a view of the water are less likely to get motion sickness than are passengers in cabins providing no view.

(B) Many people who are experienced airplane passengers occasionally get motion sickness.

(C) Some automobile passengers whose inner ears indicate that they are moving and who have a clear view of the objects they are passing get motion sickness.

(D) People who have aisle seats in trains or airplanes are as likely to get motion sickness as are people who have window seats.

(E) Some astronauts do not get motion sickness even after being in orbit for several days.

正确答案：A。

解题思路：

题目大意是：这种运动性疾病是由于大脑接受了不同的矛盾的信息。有两个信息源：一个来自内耳（静止），一个来自眼睛（运动）。

解答这道题目，需要利用搭桥法，建立静止与运动的联系。

选项中只有A,C,D涉及这样两个信息源。

A指出接受两种不同的信息较容易获得运动性疾病比起获得两种一致的信息。

C：虽有两种信息，但两者是一致的（都是运动的）。

D：指出接受两种一致的信息较容易获得运动性疾病比起获得两种不同的信息。与题目的例子相反。所以只有A是正确选项。

2.Problems caused by the leaching of pollutants from dumps and landfills are worst in countries with an annual per capita economic output of $4,000 to $5,000, and less severe for considerably poorer and considerably richer countries. This is so because pollution problems increase during the early stages of a country’s industrial development but then diminish as increasing industrial development generates adequate resources to tackle such problems. Therefore, problems caused by such leaching in Country X, where the annual per capita economic output is now $5,000, should begin to diminish in the next few years.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Within the next few years, Country X will impose a system of fines for illegal waste disposal by its industrial companies.

(B) Countries surrounding Country X will reduce the amount of pollution that their factories release into the air and water.

(C) Industrial development in Country X will increase in the next few years.

(D) Country X will begin the process of industrialization in the next few years.

(E) No other country with a similar amount of industrial development has pollution problems that are as severe as those in Country X.

词汇：leach/分离

正确答案：C。

解题思路：

理论: Problems caused by the leaching of pollutants from dumps and landfills are worst in countries with an annual per capita economic output of $4,000 to $5,000, and less severe for considerably poorer and considerably richer countries.

前提: pollution problems increase during the early stages of a country’s industrial development but then diminish as increasing industrial development generates adequate resources to tackle such problems.

结论: problems in Country X should begin to diminish in the next few years. 是对 premise 的一次改写。

隐藏的假设: The industrial development in Country X  will  increase in the next years so that its economic output will be more than $5,000,  it passes over the early stage of industrial development and has adequate resources to tackle leaching problems.

题目问Assumption, 即必要条件。 只有这个必要条件成立，结论才能成立(A->B ) 。没有这个必要条件，结论是不可能成立的（非B-> 非A)，取非削弱。

A. 高额的罚款并不是country X抯 problem will diminish. 的必要条件。因为如果由公司从自身的经济利益出发，宁愿选择接受罚款，则结论不成立。

B. 无关选项，周围国家的情况与X国无关。

C. Correct Answer. 正符合我们的 Assumption.

D. Weaken the conclusion --- because that pollution problems increase during the early stages of a country’s industrial development (early stages == begin the process of industrialization)

E. 时间不一致，（一般现在式与begin to diminish in the next few years.）

  比较对象不对。（Other country 与 Country X  vs. Country X  现在 与 未来）

3. The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens. This is clear from the fact that unless the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations, it will be impossible for a legislature to craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry, and it should be obvious that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.

The claim that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens plays which one of the following roles in the argument?

(A) It is the conclusion of the argument.

(B) It helps to support the conclusion of the argument.

(C) It is a claim that must be refuted if the conclusion is to be established.

(D) It is a consequence of the argument.

(E) It is used to illustrate the general principle that the argument presupposes.

词汇：aspiration/强烈的渴望

正确答案：B。

解题思路：

结论段落结论在开头: The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens.

A society is stable (a) à its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens. (b)

To craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry (b)à the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations, (c)

Therefore, A requires C. (the conclusion)

段落结构如上述，做这一类题型的关键是根据内容找结构，找准结构后不难得到正确答案B.

4. Dental researcher: Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a harmless procedure: it inevitably damages some of the healthy parts of the tooth. Cavities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point. Therefore, dentists should not fill a cavity unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.

Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the researcher’s reasoning?

(A) Dentists should perform any procedure that is likely to be beneficial in the long term, but only if the procedure does not cause immediate damage.

(B) Dentists should help their patients to prevent cavities rather than waiting until cavities are present to begin treatment.

(C) A condition that is only potentially harmful should not be treated using a method that is definitely harmful.

(D) A condition that is typically progressive should not be treated using methods that provide only temporary relief.

(E) A condition that is potentially harmful should not be left untreated unless it can be kept under constant surveillance.

词汇：cavity/洞、龋洞

正确答案：C

解题思路：

前提：补牙对牙齿的健康部分是一定有害的。而牙洞只有在已经露出神经后才是有害的。

结论：因此牙医不应该随便给病人补牙除非牙龈神经已经露出。

A, 提到无关信息：beneficial in the long term。

B, 与题目相反

C, 有效的建立了两者的关系，即对于潜在的伤害不应用必然带来其他伤害的方法来治疗。

D, 无关信息排除

E, 选项本身逻辑有问题，与原文提及的前提和结果对应不上。

5. Jane: Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences.

Maurice: But you are recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and movie depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among young people predates movies and television by centuries.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens Jane’s argument?

(A) The most violent characters depicted in movies and on television programs are adult characters who are portrayed by adult actors.

(B) The movies that have been shown to have the most influence on young people’s behavior are those that are promoted to young audiences.

(C) The people who make the most profits in the movie and television industry are those who can successfully promote their work to both young and old audiences.

(D) Many adolescents who engage in violent behavior had already displayed such behavior before they were exposed violence in movies.

(E) Among the producers who make both movies and television programs, many voluntarily restrict the subject matter of films directed toward young audiences.

词汇：depiction /画面

答案：B

解题思路：

此题不要轻易被Maurice的言语部分干扰，因为我们需要做的是加强J的论点。

前提：恶少们很多是被电影带坏的，

结论：带暴力的镜头应该除掉。

要支持，就要建立连接，证明这些电影和镜头对青少年来说影响太大了。

A, 无关选项，成人角色原文没提过。

C, 无关选项，影视大腕的成功与“镜头和青少年”之间无法建立联系。

D, 削弱选项，说那帮小孩们从来就是暴力狂，跟影视没关系。

E, 比较模糊，说是制作人们比较自觉，一般都删掉暴力镜头，可以说无关，也可以说削弱，但是绝对不是加强。