3月8日题目

belinda_cao

【3月8日题目】

发现Colin选择的都是一些很深沉的题目，很受触动，遇见你真好，Colin！ The opportunity of adversity



TED 链接：http://www.ted.com/talks/aimee_mullins_the_opportunity_of_adversity 大家可以点击选择不同语言的字幕

【5道逻辑题目】

1. Astronauts who experience weightlessness frequently get motion sickness. The astronauts see their own motion relative to passing objects, but while the astronauts are weightless their inner ears indicate that their bodies are not moving. The astronauts’ experience is best explained by the hypothesis that conflicting information received by the brain about the body’s motion causes motion sickness.

Which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest additional support for the hypothesis above?

(A) During rough voyages ship passengers in cabins providing a view of the water are less likely to get motion sickness than are passengers in cabins providing no view.

(B) Many people who are experienced airplane passengers occasionally get motion sickness.

(C) Some automobile passengers whose inner ears indicate that they are moving and who have a clear view of the objects they are passing get motion sickness.

(D) People who have aisle seats in trains or airplanes are as likely to get motion sickness as are people who have window seats.

(E) Some astronauts do not get motion sickness even after being in orbit for several days.

2.Problems caused by the leaching of pollutants from dumps and landfills are worst in countries with an annual per capita economic output of $4,000 to $5,000, and less severe for considerably poorer and considerably richer countries. This is so because pollution problems increase during the early stages of a country’s industrial development but then diminish as increasing industrial development generates adequate resources to tackle such problems. Therefore, problems caused by such leaching in Country X, where the annual per capita economic output is now $5,000, should begin to diminish in the next few years.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Within the next few years, Country X will impose a system of fines for illegal waste disposal by its industrial companies.

(B) Countries surrounding Country X will reduce the amount of pollution that their factories release into the air and water.

(C) Industrial development in Country X will increase in the next few years.

(D) Country X will begin the process of industrialization in the next few years.

(E) No other country with a similar amount of industrial development has pollution problems that are as severe as those in Country X.

3. The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens. This is clear from the fact that unless the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations, it will be impossible for a legislature to craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry, and it should be obvious that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.

The claim that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens plays which one of the following roles in the argument?

(A) It is the conclusion of the argument.

(B) It helps to support the conclusion of the argument.

(C) It is a claim that must be refuted if the conclusion is to be established.

(D) It is a consequence of the argument.

(E) It is used to illustrate the general principle that the argument presupposes.

4. Dental researcher: Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a harmless procedure: it inevitably damages some of the healthy parts of the tooth. Cavities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point. Therefore, dentists should not fill a cavity unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.

Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the researcher’s reasoning?

(A) Dentists should perform any procedure that is likely to be beneficial in the long term, but only if the procedure does not cause immediate damage.

(B) Dentists should help their patients to prevent cavities rather than waiting until cavities are present to begin treatment.

(C) A condition that is only potentially harmful should not be treated using a method that is definitely harmful.

(D) A condition that is typically progressive should not be treated using methods that provide only temporary relief.

(E) A condition that is potentially harmful should not be left untreated unless it can be kept under constant surveillance.

5. Jane: Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences.

Maurice: But you are recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and movie depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among young people predates movies and television by centuries.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens Jane’s argument?

(A) The most violent characters depicted in movies and on television programs are adult characters who are portrayed by adult actors.

(B) The movies that have been shown to have the most influence on young people’s behavior are those that are promoted to young audiences.

(C) The people who make the most profits in the movie and television industry are those who can successfully promote their work to both young and old audiences.

(D) Many adolescents who engage in violent behavior had already displayed such behavior before they were exposed violence in movies.

(E) Among the producers who make both movies and television programs, many voluntarily restrict the subject matter of films directed toward young audiences.

belinda_cao

Premise: motion relative to passing objects, but their inner ear indicate that their body not moving .
Conclusion: hypothesis, conflicting information causes motion sickness
Q: strongest additional support?
CD, don’t conflict   BE out of scope ,choose  AD conflict  choose A
A: Ship passengers who have a view of water are less likely to get motion sickness compare to who have no views.
B: people experienced airplane occasionally get motion sickness
C: automobile passengers whose inner ears and view don’t conflict get motion sickness
D: people who have aisle seats are as likely to get motion sickness as are people who have window seats
E: some astronauts do not get sickness

Premise：Pollution problems increase during the early stages and then diminish when increased industrial development generate adequate resources to tackle such problem. This happens in considerably richer countries

Conclusion: problems in country X, should begin to diminish in the next few years

A)  a system of fines for illegal waste disposal
B)  Countries surrounding country X will reduce the amount of pollution
C)  Industrial development will increase
D)  Country X will begin the process of industrialization
E)  No other country has pollution problems that are as severe as those in country X


Conclusion: the stable functioning depends upon the long-term stability.
Premise : The majority of individuals have a set of aspirations, it will possible for a legislature to craft laws, and a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.
Question :  the role of the last sentence

A) and parallelism  so not conclusion
B) Helps the conclusion
C) must be refuted
D) consequence
E) illustrate the general principle that the argument presupposes
E翻译为，说明主要假设的原则，这个有点点晕晕的。

Premise: Filling a cavity is not a harmless procedure,
Conclusion: dentists should not fill cavity unless nerve inside the tooth are in imminent danger
Question: strongly supports
A, good procedure is likely to be beneficial in long term
B, Prevent the cavities than treat the cavities
C,A condition should not be treated using a harmful method
D,A condition should not be treated using a temporary relief

Premise: depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular, depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior.
Conclusion: should be prohibited form movies ,
Q: most strengthens
A, most violent characters are adult adult characters  out of scope
B, the movies are those promoted to young audiences
C, the people who make the most profits   out of scope
D, many adolescents had already displayed such behavior   Weaken
E, many producers voluntarily restrict the subject matter of films Weaken


E,A condition should be left treated unless it can be kept under constant surveillance

belinda_cao

两道题目，答案都是对冲的，难度不是很高，这两道逻辑题，第一题的语法有点难懂。