【Native Speaker每日综合训练—31系列】【31-19】经管- China's Reform and Opening Up

AceJ

Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471


我们始终坚信，每一次阅读，都应是一次美妙的旅程
而工作组的使命就是带领大家领略阅读中的极致美景
欢迎来到本期小分队 -- Over 30 Years ‘Reform and Opening Up  改革开放30年
今天之所以选择这个话题，是因为利用假期阅读了一本好书《邓小平时代》，对于邓小平我们一点也不陌生，党的第二代领导人，第一位在联合国发言的中国领导人，一国两制解决香港问题，改革开放总设计师等等，小平同志的闪光点值得挖掘的有很多。但我想与我们的生活最息息相关的，还是改革开放30年来中国所取得的成绩和发生的变化，今天，就以此为主题，带大家回顾一下这一段恍若隔世的大变迁。
速度部分主要集中于对我们日常生活中所发生的变化的描述，越障则上升至理论高度（大家可以留意一下作者是谁）。

Part I: Speaker

Article 1

Asia’s Rise: How and When

By Hans Rosling

[Rephrase 1]
Hans Rosling was a young guest student in India when he first realized that Asia had all the capacities to reclaim its place as the world's dominant economic force. At TED India, he graphs global economic growth since 1858 and predicts the exact date that India and China will outstrip the US.



[Speech, 17:20]


Source: TED
http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_asia_s_rise_how_and_when.html

AceJ

Part II: Speed

Article 2

Changing Marriage and Love in China

By Yang Xi

[Time 2]
It has been 30 years since China initiated its reforms and opening-up. Chinese people have cast off the yoke of old systems and thinking and gained more freedom in marriage during these years.

1970s - Writing to show love was popular
In 1975, the 20-year Zhang Yumei fell in love with a young man named Li Jude, who was working at the same factory as her.
"We did not think about kissing or hugging when we fell in love, and we were also too shy to exchange any personal words," says Zhang, recalling how love developed with her husband. Watching a movie together was a happy experience for them.
Zhao Yongfu, a native Beijinger who went to Hainan Province to join the army in 1972, met his girlfriend through his sister-in-law.
"She and I got engaged immediately after meeting for the first time," said Zhao, who wrote to his girlfriend every month to show his love.
In the 1980s, it was very popular for young people to write to each other to show their love.

1980s - Simple wedding celebrations
Zhang and Li got married in 1980, when people were not that well-off. There was only a very simple banquet to celebrate their wedding.
Zhao Yongfu too had only a simple wedding ceremony, without honeymoon, video or any great fuss. For many couples in the 1980s, their wedding ceremony was warm and simple, and marriage was just another step in life rather than an important personal milestone.
In the 1980s, couples maintained good relationships in spite of hard financial times, and divorce was regarded as immoral. Most people looked for a life-long relationship.

1990s - Free courtship began to prevail
Chinese people began to take more initiative in looking for love as society became more prosperous. According to a survey, more than 50 percent of young Chinese wanted to find their own partners rather than fitting in with an arranged marriage, evidence of liberalization in attitudes.
It was not so shameful for couples to break up and apply for divorce. People were more inclined to keep looking for their ideal partner.
As Chinese society became more open and enjoyed more prosperity, people began to betray their partners. Many wealthy farmers in southern provinces had concubines, and some young girls had a relationship with rich married businessmen. These marital problems threatened the social fabric.
[393 words]

[Time 3]
New Marriage Law Unveiled
China's first Marriage Law was adopted in 1950 and revised in 1980. The lawful age for marriage was amended in the new regulations. According to the new law, divorce was to be allowed if an estranged couple could not resolve their problems through mediation.
The divorce rate in China has increased since the enactment of the new Marriage Law, with more and more people looking for new partners for true love.
Chinese family life was threatened in the 1990s by an increase in factors like extramarital affairs and family violence. Legal experts reflected on further amendments to the Marriage Law to solve these problems.
The Marriage Law was revised once again in 2001, stating that a husband and wife shall be truthful to and respect each other, and no one who has a spouse may cohabit with any other person.

Nowadays - More freedom but also more confusion
People born after the 1980s are more open in love and marriage. In fact some of them care little for marriage, as a result of liberated ways of thinking. According to a survey, sexual affairs before marriage are no longer a secret among young people in China.
Additionally, as the Internet has made it much easier for young people to find partners, it has also promoted casual relationships. One night stands, flash marriages, pre-marital cohabitation; all of these are new challenges in Chinese society.
A greater degree of freedom in love and marriage has resulted from liberation of thinking, but a lack of attention to love has also brought many social problems, said experts.

Honesty is highlighted
More than 50 percent of female college students in Shanghai regarded a happy marriage the most important thing in their life, according to a survey conducted by the Social Investigation Center of China Youth Daily in 2007. 46 percent called for honesty between partners, 28 percent believed that extramarital affairs should be condemned, and 35 percent said social ethics and morality should be strengthened.
[333 words]

Source: China.Org.cn
http://china.org.cn/china/reform-opening-up/2009-01/04/content_17051951.htm

Article 3

Changes in Employment in China

By Yang Xi

[Time 4]
Young Chinese people's approach to career selection has undergone a significant change since the reform and opening-up. There have been three identifiable stages of development.
Under the planned economy, employment was guaranteed by the State
From 1978 to the mid-1980s, under a planned economy, most young people in rural areas were engaged in farming due to measures to limit migration between villages and cities. Only a small number passed the college entrance exam for higher education.

Urban youth without a degree had access to their parents' positions. The employment of college graduates was guaranteed by the state.
According to a survey conducted in 1984, during this period urban youth considered social status to be the top priority when selecting jobs. Additionally, young employees preferred government departments and large-scale industry to business opportunities.

The attitude of young Chinese towards job selection begins to open up
As agricultural reform was initiated in the 1980s, large numbers of rural employees were freed from agricultural production under the household contract responsibility system. At the same time, non-agricultural enterprises were in urgent need of staff, and the state also reduced restrictions on internal labor force migration. All of these factors contributed to the flow of rural workers into urban areas. Rural youth were more open-minded when job-seeking.
From 1985 the country gradually removed the state-backed graduate employment system, encouraging young people to find jobs through the market. Young job hunters began to attach greater importance to income and welfare benefits.

The liquidity of youth employment also grew from the mid-1980s.
Employment diversification has prevailed from the mid-1990s
Since the mid-1990s, rural youth have been able to migrate freely into urban areas. Large numbers of rural workers have come to work in the cities and even settle there.
As Chinese colleges expanded enrollment, and government departments and state-owned enterprises reorganized, the employment situation became much tougher.

Educated young people now focus on development prospects, income and welfare benefits, as well as the working environment. The service sector has become one of their preferred choices. Additionally, college graduates prefer to work in a field that interests them, and can balance their choice between what they would like and what is available. Chinese young people are less dependent on their parents, and some of them now set up their own businesses.
In summary, there are three characteristic features of the employment market for Chinese youth, these being independence, pragmatism and diversification.
[403 words]

Source: Chian.Org.cn
http://china.org.cn/china/reform-opening-up/2008-10/08/content_16645042.htm

Article 4

China’s Film Industry in Retrospective

By Pang Li

[Time 5]
China's opening to the world 30 years ago rejuvenated its movie business and provided it with a welcome opportunity to develop. Now this aspect of the country's cultural scene has made real progress, and Chinese movies are playing an increasingly important role in world cinema. Movie stars such as Zhang Ziyi, Jet Li and Jackie Chan have become household names both at home and abroad.

The year 1978, when China launched its opening-up and reform plan, was a watershed in China's modern history. From that year on, Chinese people were no longer isolated and began to embrace the outside world. With a great thirst for entertainment, they demonstrated huge enthusiasm for movies. Moviegoers flooded into theaters in incredibly large numbers. China saw cinema attendance figures reach a staggering 29.3 billion in 1979, setting a world record. In the early 1980s, bi-monthly movie magazine Popular Cinema boasted a circulation of 9.6 million copies.

Freed from the bondage imposed during the Cultural Revolution (1966 – 1976) and inspired by the dawning new era, Chinese movie makers shifted their focus to reality and human interest. They came together to revolutionize the style of expression of Chinese cinema. In such circumstances, a profound impression was made on the audience by many thought-provoking works like Herdsman (1982, directed by Xie Jin), Yellow Earth (1984, directed by Chen Kaige, cinematography by Zhang Yimou) and Red Sorghum (1987, directed by Zhang Yimou).

Chinese movies began to attract international attention, and there emerged some highly entertaining works like Jet Li's debut, The Shaolin Temple (1982), which generated movie-going frenzy across the nation. In 1988 Zhang Yimou's directorial debut Red Sorghum won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. This was the first time that a Chinese movie had won a top-class movie award and it was widely recognized as evidence of the rise of Chinese cinema in the international arena.

In 1987, in response to the pressure of the box office, China's movie critics realized that they had to reconsider their stand and give more credit to work that they had previously held in contempt as "commercial movies". Since then movie makers have been trying to find a balance between the competing influences of artistic impulse, box office, individuality, and society.

In 1993 the authorities implemented a set of measures to reduce administrative interference in the movie studios and break the distribution monopoly held by China Film Group Corporation. This was the first step towards unifying and opening the country's movie market.
[415 words]

[Time 6]
But the market at the time was weak and theaters were suffering a serious drop in revenues. In order to reverse this gloomy trend, in 1994 the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) gave the go-ahead to China Film Group Corporation to import 10 foreign movies each year; all ticket revenues generated by these movies were to be split among the parties involved in movie making and distribution. As a result Harrison Ford's blockbuster, The Fugitive, arrived in China the same year and raked in 25 million yuan in ticket sales, which was viewed as some kind of miracle. The film's huge success drove Chinese movie makers to replicate this distribution model.

As the Chinese market opened to foreign productions, the authorities vowed to support domestic movie making. In 1995 the State Council issued a set of regulations on the administration of films, the first of their kind, stipulating that China's domestic film production should account for a minimum of 2/3 of the total number of movies screened annually. In addition, the authorities stepped up their efforts in funding domestic film making. The money allocated per year has increased from 30 million yuan at the time to a current figure of 120 million yuan.

In the late 1990s the authorities lowered the market access bar for movie production and distribution and encouraged the participation of private capital, while optimizing theater resources, changing the ownership structure of state-owned film companies, and setting up some major movie studios. It is believed that by 2006 there were about 2,000 private companies specializing in film and TV program production and distribution across China. Now these companies play a significant role in Chinese movie markets with big budget blockbusters like Hero, Big Shot's Funeral, and House of Flying Daggers, among many others.

When China was accepted as a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001, the country capped the number of annual imported movies at 20, double the previous amount. For all the concern that was expressed at the time about its impact on the domestic industry, the decision caused no damage at all to the Chinese movie business.

Inspired by the enormous success achieved in the west by Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Chinese film makers decided to bet on big budget and star-studded martial arts productions. It was therefore no surprise to see the US$31 million Hero, directed by Zhang Yimou and starring Jet Li, Tony Leung, Maggie Cheung and Zhang Ziyi, cause so much excitement in 2002 with its record production budget and record box office receipts (250 million yuan) on the Chinese mainland.
[436 Words]

[The Rest]
The movie was a true commercial success in every sense from production to marketing, and it marked a turning point for the Chinese movie industry. The days of gloom were over; with the general public's interest reawakened, the Chinese movie business started to boom. To date Mr. Zhang has dedicated his efforts to multimillion-dollar blockbusters like House of Flying Daggers (2004) and Curse of Golden Flowers (2006), leading other directors to follow suit. Farewell, My Concubine director Chen Kaige unveiled his US$35 million-plus fantasy The Promise in 2005, a film that was highly-successful at the box office, although at the same time it almost put an end to the director's career. Even Feng Xiaogang, a director better-known for his hilarious comedies, has thrown his cap in the ring of the martial arts movie, and his The Banquet, set in ancient China but adapted from William Shakespeare's Hamlet, graced the silver screen in 2006.

In addition, Hero truly and successfully carried modern Chinese cinema to the international audience. It was shown around the world from 2002 to 2005. With over US$53 million in ticket sales, it was the third largest-earning foreign language movie in the U.S. from 1981 to 2005. The flourishing overseas market encouraged both the government and film makers to promote Chinese cinema internationally. The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) has now implemented favorable policies to help Chinese movies go global by offering various financial incentives.

Thanks to the concerted efforts of government and film markers, China produced 420 movies in 2007, ranking third in the world. Meanwhile, 2007 box office receipts increased by more than 30 percent over the previous year to gross over 3 billion yuan (about US$440 million) – the biggest leap in the international movie industry.

But there are some undeniable problems that are hindering the progress of Chinese cinema. The first and biggest is the administrative system. Absence of a rating system makes movie makers and distributors feel uncomfortably constrained. Some topics are still taboo in China. Even SARFT's deputy director Zhao Shi admits that administrative barriers are substantially affecting the movie industry.

Secondly, Chinese movies in general lack competitive edge. Generally, they are weak in terms of storytelling and application of technology. Some directors suggest that Chinese cinema does not make enough effort to engage emotionally with its audience. Many of the movies present miserable portrayals of China that are not only far from the truth, but also dishearten movie goers. They do not offer the entertainment that the public wants.

Thirdly, the prices of movie tickets are set too high. 60 to 80 yuan (US $9-11) for a ticket makes cinema-going a luxury for ordinary Chinese with an average monthly income of about 3,000 yuan (US$438). The result is that many Chinese turn to pirate DVDs, to the detriment of cinema attendance numbers.
[473 Words]

Source: Chian.Org.cn
http://china.org.cn/culture/2008-12/12/content_16940111.htm

AceJ

Part III: Obstacle

Article 5

Learn from the Past, Look to the Future

By Deng Nan

[Paraphrase 7]
Building socialism in a country with a large population and a weak economic foundation has entailed successful experiments as well as detours. Since 1978, reform and opening-up has seen China undergo rapid, sustainable and sound economic development.

China's Achievements Have Captured World Attention
Reform and opening-up have both given powerful internal and external impetus to China's economic development. The policy has unfettered China's productive forces, creating a high economic aggregate and growth rate, increases in per capita GDP (gross domestic product), as well as making a contribution to world economic growth.

China Becomes the "Engine" of World Economic Development
Following the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China convened in late 1978, China introduced the household contract responsibility system in rural areas, mobilizing the productive enthusiasm of vast numbers of farmers. In about five years, agricultural productive forces increased substantially and long-standing shortages of key agricultural products like grain, meat and cotton were relieved, thus basically solving the problem of food and clothing that had baffled the populous country for decades. Later, with the establishment of the market economy, implementation of industrial reforms and entry into the WTO (World Trade Organization), China attained unprecedented economic development and achieved a miracle.

From 1978 to 2007, China's GDP maintained an annual growth rate of 9.8 percent, triple the world average during this period, far exceeding countries like the U.S., Japan, Singapore and the R.O.K. during their economic takeoff stages. Currently China's GDP represents approximately six percent of global GDP, placing it fourth in the world. In 1978, China accounted for merely 0.6 percent of global trade, but this figure had increased to 7.7 percent by 2007, translating into an average annual growth rate of 18.7 percent, double the world average during this period. Since 2006, China's contribution to world trade growth has outpaced that of the U.S. and Germany, placing it first in the world. China has become the main engine driving world economic growth.

Qualitative Leaps in People's Living Standards
In 1978, China's urban per capita disposable income was RMB 343, and the rural per capita net income was RMB 134. About 250 million people in rural areas were below the absolute poverty line. Increasing people's income and eradicating poverty were the top priorities of China's social development.

In 2007, China's urban per capita disposable income was RMB 13,786, and the rural per capita net income was RMB 4,140. Across three decades, the respective increases have been 39-fold and 30-fold, and the absolutely poverty-stricken rural population has decreased to less than 15 million. The low-income rural population now numbers some 28 million. According to the World Bank's definition of poverty (per person consumption of US $1 a day), the proportion of China's population living in poverty has dropped to 10 percent. Depending on her own efforts, China has successfully solved the problem of providing food and clothing for 1.3 billion people, and achieved a comfortable life for many.

Capability for Sustainable Development Steadily Enhanced
By the 1990s, China became fully aware that the relative shortage of natural resources was going to make the contemporary style of economic growth hard to sustain. Consequently finding a sustainable path of development became a must.

In the late 1980s, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures to enhance the environment and development. In 1991, the Beijing Declaration was issued at a ministerial level conference among developing countries. One year later, the Chinese government actively participated in a United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and signed the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21. Approved by the State Council in 1994, China's Agenda 21 has become the programmatic document guiding the medium and long-term strategy for China's economic and social development.

In March 1996, the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress defined sustainable development as one of the two strategies of China's economic and social development. The Scientific Outlook on Development was advanced during the Third Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. As the guiding policies have been established at national level, the practice of sustainable development has been positively explored at local levels. So far, more than 60 national-level and 90 provincial-level experimental areas and 13 national-level demonstration areas for sustainable development have been established to guide the popularization of sustainability and the exploration of different approaches.

China's Development Has Made Great Contributions to the World's Sustainable Development
Opening-up has made China's development closely connected with global development, which is propitious to the global circulation and optimization of resources, improving the utilization efficiency of global resources.

Since the 1990s China has been a major importer in the global primary products market, especially of oil and iron ore. On the one hand this has allowed resource exporters to make vast amounts of money and has stimulated global economic growth. On the other hand, the raw materials have guaranteed the rapid growth of China's manufacturing both in depth and scope. As large quantities of "made in China" products go out to the world, these resources return to the international market. China's rise has injected new vitality into the world economy.

According to the Report on Ecological Footprint in China recently published by the World Wildlife Fund and the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, since 1960 China has nearly doubled its consumption of natural resources. However, the current per capita area required to sustain Chinese lifestyles is 1.6 hectares, far below the world average of 2.2 hectares, or the 10.9 hectares used by each American.

Moreover, China's environmental protection policies have made a positive contribution to the conservation of the global environment. Since the 1970s China has always been active on the stage of global environmental protection. During the second national environmental protection conference in 1983, the central government established environmental protection as a basic national policy, when China still hadn't solved the problem of food and clothing. After the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, China reaffirmed sustainable development as a national strategy. By 2006, China had enacted nine laws on environmental protection, 15 laws on natural resources, and 50 administrative regulations. The GDP proportion of environmental protection input has increased to 1.3 percent, up from 0.5 percent in the initial stage of reform and opening-up. For instance, RMB 430 billion has been invested just in reclaiming farming land for reforestation. This shows China attaches great importance to the environment issue.

[1080 words]

[The Rest]
Looking into the Future: Many Challenges Lie Ahead

The 30 years of rapid economic development that China has experienced are equal to 100 years or more of development in Western developed countries. One can well imagine the accumulated problems and confronting challenges. Generally speaking, the challenges fall into three categories.

First, although China's resources and environment have made great contributions to sustaining three decades of rapid economic growth, China will be increasingly confronted with the arduous pressure of energy conservation and reducing resources consumption.

Under conditions of a large population but weak economic strength and technical competence at the beginning of reform and opening-up, when meeting people's basic living needs was the country's most pressing problem, China employed its natural resources to cultivate a modern industrial system and accelerate all-round economic and social development.

It is estimated that during the past 30 years, the mining of mineral resources has directly generated some 10 to 30 percent of China's GDP, as well as contributing substantially to the remaining 70 to 90 percent. Meanwhile, the utilization efficiency of resources has improved, and China has sustained its economic boom with a much lower resources consumption growth than GDP growth. During the period in question, China's GDP increased 11-fold, while water resources consumption grew by only 30 percent, energy consumption increased 3.4-fold and ecological acreage utilization increased two-fold. In 1978 China's energy consumption per RMB 10,000 of GDP was 15.68 tons of standard coal. This figure was 5.06 tons in 2006. In 1980 industrial wastewater emissions per RMB 10,000 of GDP were 1,187.3 tons. This dropped to 70.6 tons in 2006.

Compared with developed countries, however, China still needs to improve further. In the rating of resources performance levels of 59 major countries, China ranks sixth from the bottom. China's energy consumption per RMB 10,000 of GDP is three to 11 times that of developed countries. In terms of strategic resources, China is confronted with severe shortages, particularly of oil and iron ore. China's external oil dependence reached 47 percent in 2006 and iron ore exceeded 50 percent, presenting profound challenges for China's economic security. Accordingly, China must establish a resource-conserving and environmentally-friendly society to relieve the stress brought by resource deficiencies and restricted environmental carrying capacity. Technological advancement and independent innovation should be fully tapped to enhance resources utilization efficiency and change the current development mode.

Along with the further expansion of the economy, environmental fallout has become increasingly severe. The pollution problem has spread from developed regions to backward areas, from urban to rural areas, and the overall environmental trend has been "improvements in some areas, but a worsening overall situation." According to the 2007 Report on the State of the Environment in China publicized by the Ministry of Environment Protection in June 2008, the water quality of 50.1 percent of the 407 sections of 197 rivers tested was at IV-V level (suitable for industrial and agricultural use only). In the seven major water systems, the Yellow River and Huaihe River suffer medium levels of pollution, while the Liaohe River and Haihe River are highly polluted. Although the emissions of principal pollutants have taken a downturn, the environmental situation is still serious.

Generally speaking, there are various and complicated reasons for China's resources and environmental problems. The main reasons include: a large population requiring the consumption of massive amounts of resources just to ensure survival; a relatively weak technical capability and management ability; and relatively low utilization efficiency of resources and the environment. China is experiencing industrialization, and the experiences of other countries show that industrialization inevitably demands the consumption of resources and pollutes the environment. Over the past 20 years, global manufacturing has largely been transferred to China, and to a certain extent China has become the world's factory. The toll on its resources and environment is the cost China has paid not only for the Chinese people's survival and development, but for the development of the world economy as well. This combination of factors means China is confronted with enormous pressure and challenges when it comes to resources and the environment, and must achieve a sustainable mode of economic and social development.

Second, China is undergoing a transitional period of social and economic development, marked by unbalanced development and inequality between urban and rural areas, as well as between different regions.

Since the reform and opening-up, owing to restructuring and regional economic disparity, resources have flowed into the cities from rural areas, and into east China from central and west China. While the flow has accelerated China's industrialization, urbanization and overall economic growth, it has also broadened the social and economic gap between urban and rural areas and among different regions.

In 1978, the proportion of GDP aggregate in eastern, central and western China was 52.4 percent, 30.7 percent and 16.9 percent respectively. In 2006 the figures were 61.8 percent, 25.3 percent and 12.9 percent. The per capita GDP ratio between the three regions was 1.75:1.17:1 in 1978, and 2.48:1.28:1 in 2006.

The price scissors effect between agricultural produce and industrial goods means that the wealth farmers created flowed into industrial and urban development, restricting the development of agriculture and rural areas.

The widening gap between the rich and poor has also aroused social concerns. While the number of rich Chinese people listed in Forbes grows every year, China still has more than 20 million impoverished people. The issue of social security for low-income people has become increasingly pressing, while the problems of housing, and access to medical treatment and schooling have become the hot discussion topics at the annual National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Problems like soaring house prices, the high cost of medical and educational expenses, and imbalances in education resources restrict China's move towards sustainable development.

These problems, however, are concomitant with the current developmental stage. The unfairness caused by development can only be solved through further development. The equity we pursue is based on constantly improving people's living standards, sustainable economic and social development, and increasingly harmonious interpersonal relationships. The CPC Central Committee and State Council are keenly aware of the development imbalance between regions, urban and rural areas, and individuals. The idea of balancing urban and rural development, regional development and economic and social development advanced by the 17th CPC National Congress aims to solve the problems of development imbalance and unfairness. The Third Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee again emphasized "constructing socialistic new rural areas, and forming an integral pattern of urban and rural economic and social development." The ultimate goal is to close the gap between urban and rural development. The solution of these problems also requires time and further economic development.

Third, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters and industrial accidents has created a serious challenge as regards risk management.

China's peculiar geomorphological structure and complicated geologic environment means the country suffers frequent natural calamities. The floods in 1998, and the severe snowstorms in southern China and the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008, all created economic losses in the order of hundreds of billions of RMB, not to mention great loss of life.

China is at an industrial development stage that relies largely on heavy industry and mining. Therefore, mining accidents and pollution are excessive, and production safety accidents occur more frequently than in other developmental stages. Meanwhile, China's enterprises are at an initial level of development, and their sense of social responsibility needs enhancement. Accidents resulting from the excessive pursuit of profit are frequent. The recent scandal involving Sanlu infant formula milk powder is a heartbreaking example of placing profit over people's health.

Seize Opportunities and Face Challenges

2008 marks the 30th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up policy, as well as a crucial time for fulfilling the concept of the 17th CPC National Congress. Having deeply researched the achievements and problems in the field of sustainable development over the past 30 years, the Chinese Society for Sustainable Development (CSSD) will keep on studying the challenges of the new era, and provide the government with timely counseling to map out further strategies and policies. The CSSD is going to contribute more proposals on China's social and economic development in the future.
[1367 Words]


Source: China.Org.cn
http://china.org.cn/china/reform-opening-up/2009-01/14/content_17106111.htm

疏离无罪

沙发沙发沙发~~~~~~
今天Speaker的人好有趣
Speaker:The speaker used a graph to show how the economy and life expectancy of UK USA India and China change since 1858 and predict when the economy of China and India can catch that of UK and USA.

01:34
Describe the marriage and love in 1970s 1980s and 1990s.

01:35
The new marriage law leads to the raise of divorce,to some extent.People born after 1980 have more liberal ideas about marriage and sex.And honesty is thought to be most improtant in marriage.

02:02
Before open-up most people perfer government departments and large-scale industry.And people in rural people almost have no opportunity to cites.After open-up,many people come to urban areas and forcus on income,prospescts and wealthfare.

01:30
Describe how movie industry change from 1978 to 1993.

01:26
Since 1990s,foreign movie came into China and regulations on them came out.And private capital is allowed to enter this industry.Now movoe industry becomes a huge industry.

04:24
Main Idea:the past achievement made by China since open-up.
China become the engine of the development of world economy.Chinese people living standard raise sharply and people under proverty line reduce dramaticly.China's capablility for sustainable development has enhanced steadily for its several actions in the international meetings.China's economy development,exporta and import development and enviornmental protection ploicies make great contribution to the world.

sherlock1992

20-19
Speaker:
the ever experience in India changed the mindset of the author and he therefore concludes that Asia will regain its dominate position in the world. Then the author uses a movable chart to predict the precise year that the average income of China and India will reach the average income of the West.

Speed:
2'16''
1'44''
3'06''
2'45''
2'49''
the first importation of foreign movies hits a big success in China. As the Chinese movie market opened, the authorities began to support domestic movie industries. The participation of private capital.  double the imported number of foreign movies after WTO and the later developed trends of Chinese movies.
3'02''

Obstacle-8'11''
MI: the benefits of China's economic development since opening-up.
Reform and opening-up brings China and the world a widespread positive influence. The growth rate of China's economy makes a great contribution to the growth rate of world's economy. The dividends of reform and opening-up makes qualitative leaps in people's living standards. Meanwhile, the pursuit of sustainable development renders the economy more environmentally friendly. At the same time, this pursuit boosts the world's sustainable development.

guagua13

thanks ace

Speaker
1858: great technology advancement in the west, but Asia was suffering
1947: India finally gained its independence
1949: modern China; started to improve. better health but low income
1978: India and China were trying to catch up.
shanghai has already cached up in 2007. (rural vs. urban)
rural places in china and africa have low health care
US and UK: humble growth way
social investment is really needed in India and China.
Asia will catch up and take place in the July of 2048.

Speed
time2: 2:18:39 393
Chinese society has become more open than before. The author describes the changes in marriage and love from 1970s to 1990s.
time3: 2:02:77 333
The divorce rate in China has increased. Factors such as extramarital affairs and family violence threaten Chinese family life in the 1990s.
One night stands, flash marriages, and pre-marital cohabitation are new challenges in Chinese society.
time4: 3:00:33 403
Employment diversification has prevailed from the mid-1990s. Rural youth have been able to migrate freely into urban areas. Chinese young people are less dependent on their parents and more pragmatic.
time5: 2:42:71 415
Chinese movies are playing an increasingly important role in world cinema. In 1993, authorities implemented a set of measures to reduce administrative interference and break the distribution monopoly.
time6: 2:40:23 436
Private companies plays a critical role in the Chinese film markets.
the rest:
Administrative barriers are substantially affecting the movie industry.
problems: lack a rating system and competitive edge; prices of move tickets are set too high.

Obstacle: 7:44:48 1080
China has become the main engine driving world economic growth. The poverty rate has dropped to 10 percent.
China's Agenda 21 guides the medium and long-term strategy for China's economic and social development. The practice of sustainable development has been explored at local levels. China's development has made great contributions to the world's sustainable development and the protection of global environment.

Talitha

Thank you

2:
1970s: show love by writing letters
1980s: simple wedding.
1990s: divorce was getting common as people got rich.

3:
-1980s marriage law was changed. It caused more social problems
-with more freedom in marriage, people born in 1980S are more open to marriage.
-nearly 50 % of people think that honesty is the most important factor in marriage.

4:
-during 1970-1980, it was competitive to enter college. many students would stay in agricultural business.
-as the market open and less restriction, people in rural areas flush to urban to look for jobs.

5: after china open to the world for 30 years, Chinese movie was getting more popular.Zhang yimou's movie had won a top-class movie award and it was widely recognized as evidence of the rise of Chinese cinema in the international arena.

6:movie market in China in earlier days was weak. Chinese government restricted 2/3 movies have to be produced by local. as market opens more, it brings more success to Chinese movie such as Ann Lee's Crouching Tiger, hidden dragon.

ieveline

谢谢楼主！！！

Speaker
India students work harder so get high score than the speaker.
It changes speaker.
1858 is a watershade not only for US and UK, but also for India, China and Japan
Review the histroy of life expectancy and average person income from 1885 to 2007.
Review the history of average income change rate
Author epect in 2048 the average income of India and China will catch up those of UK and US.
Speed
1--02:43
Use two persons as examples to show the way people show love, to celerate wedding and the view of marriage.
2--02:12
Law amend,free internet and free thinking make people born after 1980 value true love more than marriage.
But still more than 50% female college students in Shanghai view marriage as the mnost important things.
And people prefer healthy marriage and strengthened social ethics and morality
3--02:52
Job huntering changes in China.
The change in job hunting of chinese youth is not only follow the change of state rules, but also follow the changes in people's prospects.
4--03:00
the changes in China moive field.
Chinese like moive.
Chinese director were working one the thought-provking films at first and one of them won a world-class prize.
After rule changes, Chinese move need to work one the balance.
In 1993, more kinds of moive are avaible in China.
5--02:38
Open policy bring personal capital to film industry
Success of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon over sea makes chinese film maker think more money and more star bring more success...
Obstacle--05:58
Take too long time in speed...
Have less time to read obstacle, or I will be late for work...
Too much policy names...

云游

占坑！！！！！
When I am over my 50s, China and India will surpass U.S. and Europe to be the biggest economy in the globle.
Time 2: 45'' Marriage and courtship convention changed after the reform and openning up.
Time 3: 1'34'' With the unveiling of the new marriage law, more post-martial problems occured;More confusion is brought to Chinese society as the new generation's minds towards marritial relationship have been liberalized; Honesty has been highlighted in the new generation.  
Time 4:1'43'' As the job market become more liberalized, the Chinese young graduates became more independent, practial and diversified in seeking their jobs.
Time 5: 1'50'' After the reform and openning-up, China's film industry is boosting as the thriving bamboo, with less censorship and more focus on individuality.
Time 6: 1'40'' After parting in WTO, the mainland China's movie industry keeps growing, with more captial invested and more star participated.
Obstacle: 6'17''

MAGGIEHE1993

占~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~谢谢楼主~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Speaker: The speaker used a moving chart show his opinion that China and India will catch up the United States of America and
         the United Kingdom at exactly 27 July 2048.

time2: 2min 06"
       The Chinese's value on love and marriage has been changing from 1970s to 1990s.

time3: 1min 58"
       The first marriage law was established in 1950s and was revised in 1980s.
       People born after 1980 has different value on love and marriage. They have more thinking of liberation than elder people.
       Also there are many changes and problems on love and marriage issues.
       A social investigation has showed that 50% of the investigated college female students regard a happy marriage the most
       important thing in life.

time4: 2min 53"
       The changes of professional idea and job hunting considerations since the reform and opening-up.

time5: 3min
       The developmenp of movie industry since the reform and opening-up.

time6: 2min 33"
       In order to strengthen the film market, the movie authorities of China made a rule to import 10 foreign
       movies annually and the first imported movie made a great hit in the mainland China.
       Also some Chinese directors have made some great movies and gained huge box office.

Obstacle: 8min 02"
          The social and economic development of China after the reform and opening-up.
          China's achievements have captured world attention.
          China becomes the "engine" of world economic development.
          The living standard of Chinese people has raised greatly after the reform and opening-up.
          China has focused on enhancing the capability for sustainable development steadily.
          China's development has made great contributions to the world's sustainable development.

歌颂我大天朝啊灭哈哈哈哈