36套练习中的一些问题求解答4th edition（持续更新中）

JessicaB22

EX2
Q9
选项A是Why is an aroused herbivore usually fearful?原文定位“Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glrands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivors the effect is primarily aggression."对原文这句话，我的理解是虽然两种动物都有Although这半句说的过程，但他们产生的effect不同，至于why呢？就没提嘛！所以A属于未提及，不选。可否说明一下我理解得哪里不对？

Q10
这道题A、B很同意被排除掉，余下的三个选项如何定位？我清楚arousal这个机制是在第二段讲得，但专业词汇过多，如何快速准确定位到具体的句子上呢？


EX3
Q13        
这道题的B选项中后半句的细节修饰“without any need for analysis into component parts”原文可有提及？如果没有，有这种原文没有的修饰的选项怎么能算是对得呢？


EX4
Q7
通读了很多遍这篇文章，依旧认为虽然提到了turbulence，但它所说的不平衡机制，导致的是The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it及所有的transfer应是自下而上得嘛？所以一看选项就认为Ａ应该是被排除得！求解释分析！


EX6
（该文章仅用于Q1和Q2）
Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that come naturally in archetypal situations in any culture. Our frailties--emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love--may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, "in the grip" of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints. Unhappily, some of those frailties--our need for ever-increasing security among them--are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.

Q1
Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the details versus constraints distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
(A) The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people‘s inability to name any but the primary colors
(B) The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people's inability to mask their feelings completely
(C) The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people's inability to swim long distances
(D) The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people's inability to control their lives completely
(E) The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people's inability to fly without special apparatus
嗯…我想我可以通过题干中说要从human morphology的角度把前四个选项排除，可哪位大侠能科学地讲解一下这道题？

Q2
It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that
(A) evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones
(B) any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory (C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely
(D) the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
(E) changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
这道题完全不晓得如何定位！同样可以用排除法，但请帮忙分析一下正确选项E。



Q7
Select the sentence in the passage that suggests that, in evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were initially biased by previous interpretations of Malory's work.
请大家帮忙分析下面的这两句原文为什么第二句为最优答案，第一句有什么问题。
1）It was, however, disagreeable to find that what had been thought of as one book was now eight books.
2) Part of this response was natural reaction to the disturbance of set ideas.

Q9
According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an
(A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the United States.
请问A选项错在哪里？原文“the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century."这句话不就是该答案么？是因为原文未提及amount吗？可是一开始说available new lands枯竭，后又说实际一直有new lands被farming，这不就等同于underestimate他的amount了吗？求解！


Ex8
（本篇文章只试用于Q2和Q3）Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one' s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof. The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its facts not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the“deepest”explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth
Q2
Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?  
A选项的后半句even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method求在原文的定位。

Q3
The author of the passage puts the word ―deepest in quotation marks most probably in order to  (A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians' insights into traditional historical scholarship  
(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians' method
(C) emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians' method and that of psychohistorians  
(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians' claims from her opinion of their method
(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians' claims for their work


EX9
Q2 A和D，感觉文中提到的“evangelical fervor”属于subject matter而非tone，所以应该选D，求解。



EX12
第二篇文章中有句话请大家帮忙分析一下！
An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the  40 copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.

EX13
According to astronomer S.A. Phinney, kicking a rock hard enough to free it from Earth's gravity would require a meteorite capable of making a crater more than 60 miles across. Moreover, even if Earth rocks were freed by meteorite impact, Mars's orbit is much larger than Earth's, so Phinney estimates that the probability of these rocks hitting Mars is about one-tenth as great as that of Mars's rocks hitting Earth. To demonstrate this estimate, Phinney used a computer to calculate where 1,000 hypothetical particles would go if ejected from Earth in random directions. He found that 17 of the 1,000 particles would hit Mars.   
Q4
Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt on Phinney's estimate of the probability of  Earth rocks hitting Mars?
A）Rather than going in random directions, about 25 percent of all particles ejected from Earth go in the same direction into space.
B）Approximately 100 meteorites large enough to make a noticeable crater hit the Earth each year. C）No rocks of Earth origin have been detected on Mars.
D）The velocity of rocks escaping from Earth's gravity is lower than the velocity of meteorites hitting the Earth.
E）No craters more than 60 miles across have been found on Mars
最困惑的是A、B选项。

（本文适用Q11和Q12）Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, is a nineteenth-century master mechanic who mysteriously awakening in sixth-century Britain, launches what he hopes will be a peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modern democracy. The novel, written as a spoof of Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur, a popular collection of fifteenth-century legends about sixth-century Britain, has been made into three upbeat movies and two musical comedies. None of these translations to screen and stage, however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. The American public, although enjoying Twain's humor, evidently rejected his cynicism about technological advancement and change through peaceful revolution as antithetical to the United States doctrine of progress.
Q10
According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the reception of A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by the American public?
A）The public had too strong a belief in the doctrine of progress to accept the cynicism demonstrated at the conclusion of Twain's novel.
B）Twain's novel received little public recognition until the work was adapted for motion pictures and plays.
C）Although the public enjoyed Twain's humor, his use of both sixth-century and nineteenth-century characters confused many people.  
D）The public has continued to enjoy Twain's story, but the last part of the novel seems too violent to American minds.  
E）Because of the cynicism at the end of the book, the public rejected Twain's work in favor of the work of Thomas Malory.  

Q11（三选题）
It can be inferred from the passage that Mark Twain would most probably have believed in which of the following statements about societal change?  
A）Technological advancements are limited in their ability to change society and will likely bring  liabilities along with any potential benefits.
B）The belief in the unmitigated benefits of societal change is antithetical to the American  doctrine of progress.
C）Technological advances and peaceful revolutions, although sometimes accompanied by  unintended violence and resistance to societal change, eventually lead to a more progressive order



EX14
（本篇文章仅用于Q4）Calculations of the density of alloys based on  Bernal-type models of the alloy' s metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid, such as alloys of  palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One difference between real alloys and the hard spheres used in Bernal models is that the components of an alloy have different sizes, so that models based on two sizes of spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy, for example. The smaller metalloid atoms of the alloy might fit into holes in the dense, random-packed structure of the larger metal atoms.
Q4
The author's speculation about the appropriateness of models using spheres of two sizes for binary  alloys would be strongly supported if models using spheres of two sizes yielded
A) values for density identical to values yielded by one-sphere models using the smaller spheres  only
B) values for density agreeing nearly perfectly with experimentally determined values
C) values for density agreeing nearly perfectly with values yielded by models using spheres of three sizes
D) significantly different values for density depending on the size ratio between the two kinds of spheres used
E) the same values for density as the values for appropriately chosen models that use only medium-sized spheres

EX15
Q7
主要是不明白B选项introduce the issue of fluoride's toxicity哪里错了？


In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris—July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871----there exists at least a sketch of participants' backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprisings. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.  
Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. First, the insurrection of February has been overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other "successful" insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities' efforts to search out and punish the rebels.  
Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or in rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
Q11
Which of the following can be inferred about the "detailed judicial dossiers"?  
A) Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a revolution's  participants.
B) The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the revolution's leaders in their personal memoirs.
C) The information that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a  revolution's participants.
D) Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed.
E) The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection.

Q12.
Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made (黄色字体) ?  
A) The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830.
B) The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been  identified, however cursorily.
C) Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848.
D) Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.
E) The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the  significance of the February Revolution of 1848

sirius_hp

最后一个问题：搅动机制不是自上而下的，原文意思是由wind作为能量然后将上方干燥寒冷的空气和下方近饱和较暖和的空气进行搅拌，所以这是一个相互的过程，A的叙述是对的。

竹林中人

第一题，贝多芬在继承的基础上也突破了一些局限，这才说明了他是一个incomparable strategist ，这不矛盾的。
第二题，题干的意思是：在那些比文中讨论的哺乳动物智力低一点的动物中，…………，选项是对这些动物的一个判断。

JessicaB22

sirius_hp 发表于 2013-12-12 17:51
最后一个问题：搅动机制不是自上而下的，原文意思是由wind作为能量然后将上方干燥寒冷的空气和下方近饱和较 ...

可以翻译成“搅动”，但是我们看原文哈，第一句说“The transfer of heat and water vapor FROM the ocean TO the air above it..."，以及第三句“...the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface MIXING WITH air higher up,..."，我标大写的第一组介词及第二个动名词英文中表主动，传递给我的信号均是下面的空气向上混合，而非相互运动唉。依旧不能理解，可以再帮我想想怎么解释吗？？？

JessicaB22

竹林中人 发表于 2013-12-12 20:08
第一题，贝多芬在继承的基础上也突破了一些局限，这才说明了他是一个incomparable strategist ，这不矛盾的 ...

谢谢版主！

sirius_hp

同学你意思我懂了，我当时想的也没有这么仔细，我就是想着它潜在的意思是两者相混合，打个比方，把一个正电荷和一个负电荷小球放到一起（等电荷情况下），然后两者就中和了，对外不显示电性。只是打个比方，意思是说这里不能只是从下往上传递，那么整个系统就不会平衡了~然后我就是这么想的

JessicaB22

sirius_hp 发表于 2013-12-14 18:06
同学你意思我懂了，我当时想的也没有这么仔细，我就是想着它潜在的意思是两者相混合，打个比方，把一个正电 ...

明白你的意思了，多谢！我有更新一些其他的题，有空儿多帮我看看，谢谢哦！

sirius_hp

EX3 Q13
B选项原文有提及：L10
G这个人主张的是one step的方法~~~
文章一共就有两种方法：one step 和step by step, 所以潜在的意思就G反对分解成部分的看法~~~

JessicaB22

sirius_hp 发表于 2013-12-15 15:57
EX3 Q13
B选项原文有提及：L10
G这个人主张的是one step的方法~~~