8月21日（三）
昨天休息一天，今天看阅读小分队都觉得效率高了。
阅读寂静1-10
原文考古：
(1) Covergence theory - Wiki
The idea of convergence in economics (also sometimes known as the catch-up effect) is the hypothesis that poorer economies' per capita incomes will tend to grow at faster rates than richer economies. As a result, all economies should eventually converge in terms of per capita income. Developing countries have the potential to grow at a faster rate than developed countries because diminishing returns (in particular, to capital) are not as strong as in capital-rich countries. Furthermore, poorer countries can replicate the production methods, technologies, and institutions of developed countries.In economic growth literature the term "convergence" can have two meanings. The first kind (sometimes called "sigma-convergence") refers to a reduction in the dispersion散布，离差 of levels of income across economies. "Beta-convergence" on the other hand, occurs when poor economies grow faster than rich ones. Economists say that there is "conditional beta-convergence" when economies experience "beta-convergence" but conditional on other variables being held constant. They say that "conditional beta-convergence" exists when the growth rate of an economy declines as it approaches its steady state. LimitationThe fact that a country is poor does not guarantee that catch-up growth will be achieved. Moses Abramovitz emphasised the need for 'Social Capabilities' to benefit from catch-up growth. These include an ability to absorb new technology, attract capital and participate in global markets. According to Abramovitz, these prerequisites must be in place in an economy before catch-up growth can occur, and explain why there is still divergence in the world today. The theory also assumes that technology is freely traded and available to developing countries that are attempting to catch-up. Capital that is expensive or unavailable to these economies can also prevent catch-up growth from occurring, especially given that capital is scarce in these countries. This often traps countries in a low-efficiency cycle whereby the most efficient technology is too expensive to be acquired. The differences in productivity techniques is what separates the leading developed nations from the following developed nations, but by a margin narrow enough to give the following nations an opportunity to catch-up. This process of catch-up continues as long as the following nations have something to learn from the leading nations, and will only cease when the knowledge discrepancy between the leading and following nations becomes very small and eventually exhausted. According to professor Jeffrey Sachs, convergence is not occurring everywhere because of the closed economic policy of some developing countries, which could be solved through free trade and openness. In a study of 111 countries in 1970 - 1989, Sachs and Andrew Warner concluded that the industrialized countries had a growth of 2.3%/year/capita, open economy developing countries 4.5% and closed economy developing countries only 2%. Robert Lucas stated the «Lucas Paradox» which is the observation that capital is not flowing from developed countries to developing countries despite the fact that developing countries have lower levels of capital per worker. This statement, however, has received recently serious objections ExamplesThere are many examples of countries which have converged with developed countries which validate the catch-up theory. In the 1960s and 1970s the East Asian Tigers rapidly converged with developed economies. These include Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan - all of which are today considered developed countries or cities. In the post-war period (1945–1960) examples include West Germany, France and Japan, which were able to quickly regain their prewar status by replacing capital that was lost during World War II. Some economists criticise the theory, stating that endogenous factors, such as government policy, are much more influential in economic growth than exogenous factors. For example, Alexander Gerschenkron states that governments can substitute for missing prerequisites to trigger catch-up growth. A hypothesis by economic historians Kenneth Sokoloff and Stanley Engermansuggested that factor endowments are a central determinant of structural inequality that impedes institutional development in some countries. Sokoloff and Engerman proposed that in the 19th century, countries such as Brazil and Cuba with rich factor endowments捐赠，天资 such as soil and climate are predisposed to a guarded franchise with limited institutional growth. Land that is suitable for sugar and coffee such as Cuba experienced economies of scale from the establishment of plantation that in turn created the small elite families with vested interest in guarded franchise. The exogenous外生的，外因的 suitability of land for wheat versus sugar determines the growth rate for many countries. Therefore, countries with land that is suitable for sugar converge with other countries that also have land that is suitable for growing sugar. Sokoloff and Engerman explained this convergence in their article "History Lessons: Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World." They explained that the United States and Canada started out as two of the poorest colonies in the New World but grew faster than other countries as a result of their soil qualities. They argued that the United States and Canada had land suitable for growing wheat which meant that they had small scale farming, since wheat does not benefit from economies of scale, and this led to a relatively equal distribution of wealth and political power enabling the population to vote for broad public education. This differentiated them from countries such as Cuba that had land suitable for growing sugar and coffee. Such countries did benefit from economies of scale and so had large plantation agriculture with slave labor, large income and class inequalities, and limited voting rights. This difference in political power led to little spending on the establishment of institutions such as public schools and slowed down their progress. As a result, countries with relative equality and access to public education grew faster and were able to converge on countries with inequality and limited education.
(2)黑人妇女
In many ways, Mary Jane McLeod Bethune's life was representative of the lives of many African American women of her time: she was deeply grounded in religion and family, and intensely committed to racial advancement. Yet, Bethune became one of the most important African American women in American political history. She came to occupy a prominent place among a select group of black men and women designated as “race leaders”—men and women who devoted their lives to advancing African American equality. They became the public voice of the voiceless masses, speaking of the collective identity of people of color and arguing for equal social, economic, and political rights. Bethune was certainly a pivotal member of this group as her efforts advanced equal opportunity for black Americans on all levels for nearly half a century. Yet, Bethune distinguished herself from other race leaders by steadfastly incorporating the struggle for gender equality within her efforts for black equality. By advocating and training black women for visible and increasing public leadership roles, she ensured an expanding role for African American women in the formal political realm. She believed this would automatically lead to advancement for the entire race, as black women then were more inclined than black men to use public positions for group advancement. Bethune's exposure to strong, independent female role models allowed her to develop her unwavering belief in the primary responsibility of black women for sustaining the race. Her grandmother, mother, and female teachers demonstrated how black women who embraced “a larger appreciation for good citizenship, cleanliness, beauty, thoughtfulness” could lead African Americans as “the mothers of the race, the homemakers and spiritual guides.” Bethune believed African American women had an obligation to understand these responsibilities and use their status to fight for equality. She publicly endorsed the notion of women's higher moral capacity, recognized the important contribution women could make to racial uplift, and continually worked to expand women's roles toward that end. Bethune was a truly multifaceted and multidimensional race woman. She fought on a variety of levels and used multiple outlets—education, government, and women's associations—in her quest for a more just society. Some black women leaders before her gained more recognition than she achieved in her lifetime, but none before her, and few afterwards, were more effective in developing women's leadership for the cause of racial justice.
Despite her multiple political activities, Bethune has not been recognized as a black political leader. This is attributable in large part to the traditional definition of political activity used by many historians and political scientists: political activity encompasses the actions of individually elected officials and the workings of government. It also rests upon a conventionally accepted and gender-biased idea of a leader as a “spokesman, ” and of politics as voting, electioneering, and office holding. This traditional research defines women's political participation as atypical, seeing women as inadequately socialized into the political process. It ties women's political activism to their social roles as wives and mothers. Women such as Bethune who entered the public arena and fought for substantive reform while remaining grounded in networks of kin, church, and community were left out of political history. As feminist historians have become more interested in political history, they have worked to redefine politics as any “activity [that] includes all community work which is oriented to change through multifaceted goals including service, support, public education and advocacy. Political orientation [is adapted] to changing the public agenda through planned and implemented actions.” Empowerment is an important part of women's politicization and begins when women “change their ideas about the causes of their powerlessness, when they recognize the systematic forces that oppress them, and when they act to change the conditions of their lives. Using this definition, black women who worked through voluntary associations and community organizations became political leaders because they brought particular issues to the attention of politicians and the public. They fought for equal opportunity for African American men and women at a time when America had neither the will nor the desire to make a commitment to racial or sexual equality. Bethune is one such woman who deserves recognition as a political leader based upon the depth and breadth of her political activities.
However, even the few historians who have given passing attention to Bethune's political accomplishments have misinterpreted the means, techniques, and actions she employed in pursuing equality. When examined individually, the choices she made throughout her lifetime often appear contradictory, unless we understand that Bethune had one foot in the nineteenth century and one in the twentieth. She was a transitional figure. Initially grounded in the nineteenth-century belief that advancement would come through changing individual behavior, Bethune in the twentieth century quickly recognized that inequality was deeply rooted in American institutions. She began to see that the focal point for African Americans should no longer be on changing individual attitudes and behaviors, but rather on changing social, economic, and political institutions that shaped collective opinions. She worked diligently to transform local community groups into political power bases and promoted the formation of a national coalition that would work to alter social, economic, and political institutions. In these efforts, she used two conceptually distinct levels of activism. In some instances, Bethune based her activism on informal political activities that were distinctly nonconfrontational and designed to quietly undermine racial and gender stereotypes. Yet, when dealing with egregious incidents involving institutional inequality, Bethune often engaged in overtly formal political action that publicly challenged the basic principles of the American democratic system. She astutely gauged her activism to fit the particular circumstances. And no matter which course Bethune decided to pursue, she sought a peaceful, yet political, means to achieve social, economic, and political justice.
Mary Jane McLeod Bethune was born on July 10, 1875, in Mayesville, South Carolina, the fifteenth of seventeen children born to Samuel and Patsy McLeod. She was educated at the local missionary school, then received scholarships from a Quaker dressmaker that enabled her to attend Scotia Seminary and Moody Bible Institute. Between 1895 and 1903, she taught at a number of small missionary schools throughout the South, including Haine's Institute in Augusta, Georgia. In 1898, she met and married Albertus Bethune and in 1899 gave birth to her only child, Albert McLeod Bethune. In 1904, she traveled to Daytona Beach, Florida, where she established the Daytona Educational and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls capitalized with her personal savings of $1.50. By 1912, the school offered a liberal arts high school curriculum and employed nine full-time teachers. In 1923, Daytona Institute merged with Cookman Institute, becoming the coeducational Bethune-Cookman College. Bethune-Cookman became the first fully accredited four-year college for blacks in Florida. Bethune served as its president until 1942.
In addition to establishing and operating Daytona Institute, Bethune served in a variety of roles in a diverse array of commissions and organizations. She was recognized as an expert on black education and was an active member of the National Commission for Child Welfare under Presidents Coolidge and Hoover. She was also president of state, regional, and national women's clubs including the Florida State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, the Southeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, and the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACW). In 1927, she met Eleanor Roosevelt through her position as president of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs and by 1935 their growing friendship led to her appointment as director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration, the first federal office created for a black woman. In the same year, Bethune organized the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), an umbrella organization designed to give black women political visibility and access to political power on the national level. Bethune continued to serve African Americans through a federal appointment in 1942 as special assistant to the Secretary of War for Selection of Candidates for the first Officers Candidate School for WACS. In 1945, President Harry Truman named Bethune to his Civil Rights Commission and as the only African American woman consultant to the San Francisco Conference to draw up the charter for the United Nations.
During her lifetime, Bethune received numerous awards, eight honorary degrees, and held affiliations with at least seventy-five organizations, including the General Conference of the Methodist Church, the Women's Army for National Defense, National Commission on Christian Education, American Women's Volunteer Service, Southern Conference Education Fund, American Mother's Committee, Council of Church Women, Social Service Commission of the Methodist Church, Americans for Democratic Action, National Civil Liberties Union, First Daytona Beach Housing Authority, American Council on African Education, Inc., National Committee on Atomic Information, Good Neighbor Association, Daytona Beach, Florida, the International Longfellow Society, National Council of Women of the United States, vice president of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, a director of the Afro-American Life Insurance Company, and the vice president of the Central Life Insurance Company. She founded the Mary McLeod Bethune Foundation, and Bethune Beach, Inc. Bethune received honorary degrees from Wilberforce University, South Carolina State College, Lincoln University, Tuskegee University, Howard University, Bennett College, West Virginia State College, and Rollins College. She was rewarded for her service to the race and her commitment to American democracy by receiving the Spingarn Medal, the Thomas Jefferson Award, the First Annual Youth City Award, the Haitian Medal of Honor, and the Star of Africa. In addition to her service work, Bethune made many literary contributions, including one chapter in What the Negro Wants, one chapter in Spiritual Autobiography,a weekly column in the Chicago Defender and the Pittsburgh Courier, and numerous articles in magazines and periodicals including editorials for Afraamerican Woman and Women United, the official publications of the National Council of Negro Women. Journalist Ida Tarbell named her among the fifty women regarded as having done the most for the welfare of the United States. Bethune died on May 18, 1955.
8月22日（四）
2400多个单词已经全过完一遍，开始反复温习。单词卡片继续增加。
总结代词部分语法要点，并对照千行梳理OG上的代词部分题目。
小规模开始做Prep07的题目，不纠结于上面的解释。
1. 重新读阅读小分队的一篇文史哲，有不同的体会。我的笔记：http://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=869147&page=8#pid18491257
Time 2: 2'47" 342words
resent怨恨，厌恶
The parliament started to charge duties on paper, lead and tea, and depolyed soliders in port. The conflict between soliders and citizens became severe. Finally, the "Boston Massacre" broke out.
Time 3: 2'06" 264words
American colonist capitalized on this event to gain victory.
(一开始没读懂的句子：More recent scholars, however, have found evidence of a more discerning Boston public that was appreciative of British restraint and disapproving of provocative mob actions. Evidence of the latter view was found in the relative quiet that descended on the community after the funeral.)
重新看了Time2和Time3这一篇，文章较中立的描述了士兵和市民的冲突，英国士兵遵守章程，受到袭击也没有开枪，船上的炮火由于误会而射向民众：An argument broke out between the soldier and a local merchant, who was struck with the butt of a musket步枪，毛瑟枪 during the confrontation. A crowd assembled quickly and began pelting投掷，盛怒的 the sentry哨兵 with a variety of materials — stones, oyster shells, ice, and chunks of coal. Tensions were further heightened when the bells of the city’s churches began to toll, the traditional means of summoning召唤，振作 help in fighting fires. Reinforcements under Captain Thomas Preston were rushed in to relieve the beleaguered围困的，包围的 sentry. The mob taunted奚落 the soldiers, daring them to fire, while remaining somewhat secure in the widely held knowledge that the soldiers could not discharge their weapons within the city without prior authorization from a civil magistrate地方法官，文职推事.
所以才会有上面那句一开始没有读懂的句子。美国殖民者利用这个事件煽动民众情绪，但历史学家也发现，有民众并不完全同意攻击英国士兵的行为。也有殖民者站出来维护英国士兵：Later, 35-year-old John Adams risked the disapproval of his friends and neighbors by defending the British soldiers in a highly publicized trial.
2. OG及Prep07
OG23: In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a metal center, but now it is lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.
A. In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a metal center, but now it is
B. According to a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition was concentrated in a metal center, but now it is
C. Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition is now
D. The discus used in track competition, once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, but now
E. The discus used in track competition was once designed having its weight concentrated in a metal center and now
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A中的previous和now都是时态的时间指示词，所以第一个is应用was；代词的指代问题。B中的according to，Ron也认为有问题："according to..." doesn't make sense in this context. that's a phrase you use when you name the person or source from which some information/opinion/etc. comes.
e.g.according to GMAC, the GMAT exam is designed to measure test-takers' reasoning abilities, not their knowledge of particular content.
E选项存在习语的使用错误：design的正确搭配是：be designed to do；designed doing不对
OG101：Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action,especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs ofincipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
A.Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it hasworked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble ormisinterpret them when they do appear.
B.An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially onethat worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble ormisinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
C.An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to missor misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially ifit has worked well in the past.
D.Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it hasworked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient troubleor misinterpreting them when they do appear.
E.Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has workedwell in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipienttrouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
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思路：E-GMAT的详细解释：
Lets begin the solution:
Step 1 - Read the original sentence and understand the meaning.
Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worried well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
(Note that even though you were all able to eliminate choice A, we still need to review this choice to understand the meaning that the correct choice is intended to communicate).
1. Sentence talks about an executive who is heavily committed to a course of action
2. This course of action has worked well in the past
3. Because of this heavy commitment, the executive is likely to miss the signs of trouble when they appear.
Step 2 - We will understand the errors in this sentence:
Pronoun Error - ..makes it likely to…- “IT” has no clear antecedent. The sentence must specify clearly that executive is likely to miss the signs…
Thus, choice A is eliminated
Step 3 - Process of Elimination or Choice Analysis
Choice B
An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
This choice changes the intended meaning of the sentence. Here is what this sentence communicates:
1. Executive is heavily committed to a course of action - Same as Intended Meaning
2. Executive makes missing signs of trouble likely - Different from Intended Meaning
Thus, choice B states that executives makes the missing of signs likely, whereas, the intended meaning is that the heavy commitment to the course of action makes missing signs likely.
Choice C
An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
This choice does not distort the original meaning of the sentence. However, from this sentence it is not clear as to what has worked well in the past. Thus, this sentence has pronoun reference error for “it”
Choice E
Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
This choice maintains the intended meaning:
1. Action of being heavily committed to a course of action causes the effect.
2. The effect is that the executive misses signs of trouble
Note here that the phrase “being heavily committed to a course of action” is the subject for the verb “is”.
Prep07-4: Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he predicted in the mid-1890's that electricity generated at Niagara would one day power the streetcars of London and the streetlights of Paris.
A. Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he
B. The prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power was exciting to Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, and so he
C. Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current,
D. Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for the production of electric power and
E. The inventor of alternating current, excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing of electric power, Nikola Tesla
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选C。D选项中for doing结构表示目的不及to do 有效；excited about...是形容词结构，如果要与predicted并列作谓语，需要加系动词be，否则结构不完整。
3.曼哈顿上try的固定用法
RIGHT：They WILL TRY TO BUILD a company（=intent or purpose）
SUSPECT：We TRIED BREAKING the door down.（=experiment）
WRONG：They WILL TRY AND BUILD a company.
They WILL TRY THAT THEY BUILD a company.
8月23日（五）
语法，总结修饰语部分
阅读JJ 11-20
阅读JJ原文考古
诗歌
The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zuk of sky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself .They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot,Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by19th-century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, thesecond from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes ,Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins: They found upon his belly bruises: he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.
While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ thes ame third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry. Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact—the underlying story—of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
8月24日（六）
OG上修饰语部分对应题目
新东方语法笔记，虽然有些话有点绝对，但有些点总结的还是有点帮助
小规模Prep07，前面44道题错了14道............
1.OG
OG-10：Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network which kept the brain from getting too hot.
A. which kept
B. that keeps
C. which has kept
D. that has been keeping
E. having kept
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选B，时态，限制性定从引导词都使用正确。
其中E选项having done是否能修饰名词network，看国外instructor给出的解释：
I will have to double-check, but I am nearly certain "Having + past participle" will only be a noun modifier when that noun is the subject of a clause.
论坛上补充的知识点：
1. having done 和 having been done都不是动名词结构，不能充当名词成分，所以不能做主语或宾语等名词可以充当的成分
2.having done 短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前(就像neuroscientist那题）
present perfect所表达的情况（Ron）：
the present perfect gives the impression that something has happened in the past, in a way that
* has persisted up to the present,
* still affects the present even though it's over, OR
* is over, but could happen again.
OG-30: For members of the seventeenth-century Ashamti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
A. a method to protect
B. as a method protecting
C. protecting
D. as a protection of
E. to protect
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选C。首先对于A和B，it is awkward and inaccurate to describe items themselves as a method。
关于to do的点：
Shields were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against arrows and spears.
“表达功能的话用doing更为合适” 这里是表示shields的功能
我另起炉灶的"to protect"的句子：
Members of Ashanti nation developed shields as essential items of military equipment, to protect warriors against arrows and spears.
“to do总是表示某一次具体的应用或目的” 这个句子是表示人们（members of Ashanti nation）这么做的目的
第30题，我觉得是说，这里"to protect"不能作为adverbial modifier，因此就不能用刚才说到的"comma + infinitive"这个adverbial modifier的结构。
为什么不能作adverbial modifier? 因为adverbial modifier是修饰的整个sentence/clause的意思.
这个句子主干：
Shields were essential items of military equipment.
所以"to protect"和这个句子不搭调。
如果你非要用逗号后面加"to protect"，那我造这个句子：
Members of Ashanti nation developed shields as essential items of military equipment, to protect ....
你看，这个句子的主干，是：
Members developed shields.
Question: why did they develop shields? Answer: To protect ....
Because "to protect ..." answers the "why" question, it is regarded as an adverbial modifier.
判断能否作为adverbial modifier，有个简单的办法，就是像我上面那样提问，看能否回答 the how/why/where/when 的问题.
当你这么检验的时候，你就会发现
"to protect" CANNOT answer the how/why/where/when questions for "Shields were essential items of military equipment".
综上，我的意思是，按原句的写法，"to protect"不能作为adverbial modifier，因为意思不搭调。而按我改动之后的写法才可以。
但是，"to protect"可以作为noun modifier修饰前面的noun "equipment"，因为"equipment to protect" makes perfect sense!
在这种情况下，"to protect"前面就不能有逗号。所以OG会说：
the infinitive to protect would work if it were not preceded by a comma
OG-38: In 1850, Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, arguing in a treatise for women to have equal political and legal rights and for changes in the married women's property laws.
A. arguing in a treatise for women to have equal politial and legal rights
B. arguing in a treatise for equal political and legal rights for women
C. a treatise that advocates women's equal political and legal rights
D. a treatise advocating women's equal political and legal rights
E. a treatise that argued for equal politial and legal rights for women
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选E。其中A和B除了用arguing..修饰published很奇怪外，是可以用更好的方法排除的（beat the GMAT instructor）：
In A, it is unclear whether for women and for changes are adjectives modifying a treatise (a treatise for women...and for changes) or adverbs modifying arguing (arguing...for women...and for changes). It must be clear what a modifier is modifying. Eliminate A.
In B, it is unclear whether for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes are adjectives modifying a treatise (a treatise for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes) or adverbs modifying arguing (arguing...for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes). It must be clear what a modifier is modifying. Eliminate B.
关于这题为什么同位语会比ving清晰的原因（baby姐）：
提炼一下就是这个样子：
LM published A, arguing in B for ......
然后就可以看出逻辑意思上的缺陷——并没有说清楚A和B是什么逻辑关系。尽管v-ing结构表伴随，但我们不知道是否B属于A的一部分？是否B=A？或者A和B就是两个没有交集的东东（LM同时做了这两件事）？
正确答案是absolute phrase结构，明确说明了B=A。
关于 that+verb和ing的一些细微区别（来自baby姐的canons shooting chickens）：
还有，不是说当分词和that从句修饰一个名词时，如果从句有表达分词所不能表达出的逻辑含义择选从句，否则选分词更简洁吗，那在下面这一题里为什么不选A而选E呢？
According to United States Air Force officials, a cannon shooting dead chickens at airplanes has proved helpful to demonstrate what kind of damage can result when jets fly into a flock of large birds.
(A) shooting dead chickens at airplanes has proved helpful to demonstrate
(B) shooting dead chickens at airplanes has proved itself helpful as a demonstration of
(C) shooting dead chickens at airplanes proves itself helpful as demonstrating
(D) that shoots dead chickens at airplanes proves itself helpful to demonstrate
(E) that shoots dead chickens at airplanes has proved helpful in demonstrating
baby姐：
a cannon that is shooting dead chickens at airplanes has proved helpful
时态上就不make sense! 并不是说”has proved helpful”的背景画面是 a cannon shooting dead chickens.
下次要检验 “a noun + v-ing modifier” 是否make sense，我就插入”that be”或者”who be”，注意看时态是否make sense。比如这题就变成
a cannon that is shooting dead chickens at airplanes has proved helpful
Mitch：
In the SC above, a cannon that shoots is better than a cannon shooting. The -ing in shooting suggests continuous action, implying that the cannon is continuously shooting at chickens. Do we really think that the cannon is shooting at chickens 24 hours a day? The result would be a lot of dead chickens.
niksworth：
Coming to this question, the word shooting in a cannon shooting dead chickens, is a verbal. It is a participle which modifies cannon.
However, it is important to note that the participle has been used in the form of a reduced relative clause (i.e. a relative clause not marked by the use of an overt complementizer such as that)
If we modify the statement by including the relative pronoun, we immediately see the problem inherent in using the participle form here. - a cannon that is shooting dead chickens at airplanes has proved helpful. This shows that the use of participle form is not valid. This error is corrected in option E.（左下续）
OG-48： In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking hime seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.
A. his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced
B. his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced
C. his translation of the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it as
D. translating the Iliad, a work that took seven years until completion and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it as
E. translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it
---------------------------------------------------
选B，两个that，第一个that在从句中作主语，第二个that在从句中作宾语，所以一定要补出。
另外关于这个until completion和 to complete的区别（论坛讨论）：
在manhattan上面我是没有找到关于take的习语用法，姑且认为两个都符合习语然后来分析一下
在manhattan的preferred rule里面首先有动词优于名词的rule，这里我觉得until completion不能表达出作者是complete的主语（maybe作者有翻译，然后最后是其他人代替了作者翻译最后的部分），所以明显没有complete来得好，至少在意思的传达上没有正确选项的动作主体来得清晰；这题主要考的还是逻辑和结构上的平行
CD上的观点：
正确idiom是it take sb sometime to do sth
OG-71：Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff memebers, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to "touch" each exhibit, which thereby activates the animated functions of the piece.
A. exhibit, which thereby activates
B. exhibit, in turn and activation of
C. exhibit, and it will activate
D. exhibit and thereby activate
E. exhibit which, as a result, activates
--------------------------------------------------
选D。其中B选项OG给出的解释：In turn an activation...seems to be the subject of a new clause, but it has no verb, so the sentence is incomplete.
摘自PREP08的语法笔记（关于同位语的用法）： 同位语
同位语结构的形式: (参考白勇语法)
1) 名词性同位语, 名词解释名词:
n. , n. ; n. , a/an + n.或 a/an + n. , n.
2) that引导同位语结构:
抽象名词(evidence, result, principle等等) + that从句, that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释
3) 概括性同位语结构:
用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释对象;短语/句子, a program/ an advance/ a practice that…
4) 名词重复性同位语结构:
n. , n.(重复所修饰的名词) + that…或 n. , the same n.(重复所修饰的名词) that…
参考OG12 126题对于in turn的解释：
In turn is used to clarify that a chain of events is being described.
OG-79：Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.
A. in attributing criminal or deliquent behavior to some food allergy,
B. if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food,
C. in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food,
D. if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or deliquent behavior,
E. in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior,
--------------------------------
选B。关于79题这里修饰对象的考量（stacey）：
so what is it modifying? The phrase is describing an action - someone or something is attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to a food allergy. Who or what is doing that? Logically, the defense attorneys are attributing bad behavior to a food allergy - that matches the info in the first half of the sentence. Hmm. But the second half doesn't mention the defense attorneys; it only mentions the perpetrators. Are the perpetrators attributing their own bad behavior to food allergies? I suppose that's possible, but that's not what the first part of the sentence says. The first part says that the defense attornies are doing this. So I've got a "bad" meaning here - a misplaced modifier.
关于attribute的用法：The correct idiom in the active voice is one attribute x（an effect）to y（a cause）
in the passive voice,x(the effect) is attributed to y(the cause).
Manhattan里面关于 attribute的习语用法归纳：
RIGHT：We ATTRIBUTE the uprising TO popular discontent.
WRONG：We ATTRIBUTE the uprising AS popular discontent.
OG-103：Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world's social wasps, wasps living in a highly cooperative and organized society where they consist almost entirely of females - the queen and her sterile female workers.
A. wasps living in a highly cooperative and organized society where they consist almost entirely of
B. wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of
C. which means they live in a hghly cooperative and organized society, almost all
D. which means that their society is highly cooperative, organized, and it is almost entirely
E. living in a society that is highly cooperative, organized, and it consists of almost all
--------------------------------------------------
选B。其中A选项OG给出的解释：they, reperring to wasps, is an incorrect subject for consist.
2. argue for
advocate + n.
3. Act + like：means to behave or comport oneself and describes the action of a person：He acted like a fool.
act + as： describes the function of a thing：the breakwater …act as a buffer. As an inanimate object, it must be performing some function。
manhattan关于 act 的一些知识点：
act as = function as
act like = behave in a similar manner
4. 关于with的用法：
Now let’s talk about the comma + with modifiers. So here we are talking about prepositional phrases. “with” modifiers are very versatile modifiers. They can modify either the preceding clause or the preceding nouns. What they modify actually depends on the context of the sentence and the wording of the modifier itself.
Bihar is India's poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111.
In this sentence, with modifier actually modifies the preceding noun. With modifier in this sentence has the following sense. Notice how “which has” can be understood to replace “with”.
India’s poorest state, which has an annual per capita income of $111
However, this modifier can be understood to modify the subject of the clause as well because of the nature of the verb - is. This is a linking verb, which establishes the following relationship:
Bihar = India’s poorest state.
右续：
Now lets consider a scenario in which “with” modifier modifies the preceding clause. This is a GMATPrep Question. You can find the detailed solution of this question at this link.
Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
The comma +with modifier above modifies the preceding clause. In essence this sentence can be written as two separate sentences:
1. Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches.
2. Their arms and legs are hung like socks on a clothesline.
So sentence 2 has been converted into with modifier. This modifier extends the thought of the preceding clause by providing a detail supporting it.
Now if the above sounds very complicated, then do not worry about it. As long as you know that these modifiers are versatile and hence can modify preceding clause and preceding nouns, you would be fine. Let the meaning of the sentence guide you. You should understand the meaning of the sentence and ensure that one of these roles fit well.
5. 在英文中，否定句只有两个标志：否定词no, not.
正确举例：
I have never been to US, Japan and Europe.(肯定句)
I have not been to US, Japan or Europe.(否定句)
6. 注意：任何动词都不可能跟sb.+ that 从句，比如require sb. that ……必错！ — 好像真的诶
7. 分词的省略结构
1.分词doing/done（doing 表主动，即动作的发出者；done 表被动，即动作的承受者）
2.介词+分词
3.连词+分词
考点只有一个：分词的逻辑主语必须是后面句子的主语。— 不很确定，需要再观察
8. 代词敏感！！ — 需要再观察
把原文中得一个代词换成一个名词，典型的正确答案变换方式。
出现名词的选项，要比出现代词的选项，正确概率高得多！
新名词（原文中没有出现的名词），更是正确选项的标志。
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发表于 2013-8-13 23:15:31
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