七月 阅读机经 巴西科学城市 求确认

unid79

http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-772899-1-1.html

3、science city
V1：by 寻玉700

说neuroscientist 叫什么什么 N。要在他的家乡巴西建 science city。城市的中间建institution，然后通过搞科研什么的，进行一些social program。同时还能通过科技外溢，吸引一些企业来城市周边。

第二段，其他的一些科学家也回本地建设科技城，但是影响科技城的成功有很多因素，比如政府的税收，政府的政策支持，还有当地的教育水平。

那个巴西科学就强调了他的科技城着重建设low grade education。说了这种目的有什么好处。

V2：by PhDACCYM50,V35710

P1 someone (K) wants to establish a science city in Brazil, his hometown
P2 there are many similar science cities in other countries, boosting the regional economic development. But science city is NOT sufficient, because tax incentives, government, and XX are also critical 这里说道gov，tax之类可能摧毁science city的目的。
P3 K's proposal focuses on education. Provide training to grade-education schools and give children better future.

问题
1. K的plan有啥不同选得他侧重education
2. 第三段的目的我选得是为第二段提出的问题提供一solution 现在又觉得不太对
3. 主旨：选得contrast K的sc和other sc
V3：by freddyshen227 750(8.26 22:00)

讲的是巴西一个教授新创了个概念叫做scientific city,并要在贫穷地区应用。然后第二段讲了，一个城市的发展和许多因素有关，这种概念城市并不一定能为城市经济发展作贡献。第三段讲了，这个教授的概念与其他同类概念不一样，具体是讲这个教授的概念更加怎么怎么好。

V4： by helio5 V28 (8.2713:45)

科学家建科学城那题。P1是某neuro****科学家准备建科学城。怎么怎么前景看好 P2说了其他也有科学家，巴西的，建科学城，但也有很多不利因数，税收，政府效率低等等，还有就是workforce的素质低，教育质量低，等等。 P3说因为P1里面的那个科学家是啥neuro*****之类的，LZ认为应该是和神经认知相关的一个学科，他准备建的科学城里面的学校将直接用他的研究理论来弄教学法，很先进，然后对教育质量大有提高的意思。

V5：by vivian2011 700 (8.3022:30)

science city，虽然有狗狗，但是做得很纠结。第一题问这人建的science city可以怎么样，有选项关于engage the community across the poor regions of the country，但是文中写的是engage the surrounding community所以没有选；还有一个说是teach the children science classes, 但文中说的是do research in teaching methods,没有说要亲自去教学生，所以没有选，有一个选项是start commercial 什么的，我选了这个，因为文中有提到spark the commercial…
还有一篇不大记得了，但是觉得怎么阅读都挺长的阿，不认识的单词都挺多的阿, tricks都挺多的阿.



相关阅读资料

Building a Future On Science: Scientific American

Signaled by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang on 24 January 2008.
Affiliation: Nonprofit/NGO
Country: United States

A profile of Brazilian-born neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis discusses his plans to build a network of scientific practice in Brazil:

Convinced that science is a key capable of unlocking human potential well beyond the rigid hierarchies of academia—and outside the traditional scientific bastions of North America and Europe—his other big project has been nothing less than a quest to transform the way research is carried out in his native Brazil. In the process, he believes, science can also leverage economic and social transformation throughout the country.



The heart of Nicolelis’s vision is a string of “science cities” built across Brazil’s poorest regions, each centered on a world-class research institute specializing in a different area of science or technology. A web of education and social programs would intimately involve surrounding communities with each institution while improving local infrastructure and quality of life. And the presence of these knowledge-based oases would spark a Silicon Valley–style clustering of commercial scientific enterprise around them, jump-starting regional development.

One of the most notable aspects of his vision is that it reaches down into primary education-- something that's very unusual for science city projects that tend to focus on attracting major multinationals or luring in world-class researchers.


In Nicolelis’s view, reaching children well before college age is crucial. He believes that science education strengthens critical thinking skills in general, and he plans to use improvements in the children’s regular school performance as a benchmark for the effectiveness of the supplementary classes at institute science schools. If some of the kids become interested in pursuing science and technology careers, they will find plenty of opportunities in the knowledge economy. “Ninety-nine percent of scientific work doesn’t require a Ph.D.,” he insists.

Scientific American Magazine - January 17, 2008
Building a Future On Science


Brazilian neuroscientist Miguel A. L. Nicolelis taps into the chatter of neural populations to drive robotic prosthetics. Now he hopes to tap the potential of his country's population by building them a network of science cities

By Christine Soares

In a tiny, darkened room on the Duke
University campus, Miguel Nicolelis looks on approvingly while a pair of students monitors data streaming across computer screens. The brightly colored dashes and spikes reflect the real-time brain activity of a rhesus macaque named Clementine, who is walking at a leisurely pace on a little treadmill in the next room. Staticky pops coming from a speaker on a back wall are the amplified sound of one of her neurons firing.


“This is the most beautiful music you can hear from the brain,” Nicolelis declares with a smile.

The run-through is preparation for the next big demonstration of work toward mind-controlled human prosthetics that first garnered worldwide headlines for Nicolelis and his team in 2003. Back then, the group showed that they could listen in on brain signals generated by a monkey using a joystick to play a video game and translate that biological code into commands for a mechanical arm to perform the same motions. Now the group intends to make robotic legs walk under commands from the motor cortex of a monkey strolling along like Clementine. This time the scientists also want to feed sensor data from the robot feet into the monkey’s brain, so she can “feel” the mechanical legs’ strides as though they were her own. To raise the stakes still further, the monkey will be at Duke in North Carolina, but the robotic legs will be half a world away at the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International in Kyoto, Japan.


The complexity of the experiment presents potential obstacles, Nicolelis admits, but satellite transmission delay of the signals traveling to and from Japan is no longer among them. One of the young men in the room, Ian Peikon, found a way to reduce the delay to a negligible 120 milliseconds. “And he’s an undergraduate,” Nicolelis adds, delighting in the opportunity to illustrate a favorite point—that you don’t need a Ph.D. to participate meaningfully in science. The allusion is to a larger personal philosophy that has been driving the 46-year-old neuroscientist’s pursuit over the past five years of a very different kind of ambition, perhaps on a par with uploading sensations to the human brain.

Convinced that science is a key capable of unlocking human potential well beyond the rigid hierarchies of academia—and outside the traditional scientific bastions of North America and Europe—his other big project has been nothing less than a quest to transform the way research is carried out in his native Brazil. In the process, he believes, science can also leverage economic and social transformation throughout the country.


The heart of Nicolelis’s vision is a string of “science cities” built across Brazil’s poorest regions, each centered on a world-class research institute specializing in a different area of science or technology. A web of education and social programs would intimately involve surrounding communities with each institution while improving local infrastructure and quality of life. And the presence of these knowledge-based oases would spark a Silicon Valley–style clustering of commercial scientific enterprise around them, jump-starting regional development.

Nicolelis is used to initial skepticism, even from peers, elicited by the grandeur of the scenario. “Up until a few months ago Brazilian scientists were the biggest doubters of all,” he says. Now many observers in Brazil and abroad acknowledge that the momentum his plan has attained in a short time suggests Nicolelis may be on to something.


An Idea Becomes Concrete

By last August the nonprofit foundation that Nicolelis and his partners formed in 2003 to build a proof-of-concept neuroscience institute in northeastern Brazil had raised $25 million, much of it in a large endowment from the widow of billionaire Edmond Safra. On a hilly 100-hectare site in the coastal farming town of Macaíba, three core elements of a “campus of the brain” were also complete. The bright white structures include a 25-lab research building, a free clinic specializing in maternal and child health, and a school that will offer twice-weekly science and art classes to 400 local children, aged 11 to 15, in the first quarter of 2008.

In the larger port city of Natal, 20 kilometers away, another science school has been up and running since last February with about 600 students, along with a suite of labs equipped for Nico lelis’s Parkinson’s disease research using transgenic mice. A third neuroscience lab run by Nicolelis’s group, established at the Sírio-Libanês Hospital in the southern city of São Paulo in exchange for the hospital’s sponsorship of the Macaíba clinic, is focused on clinical application of the prosthetics research.

The Macaíba site itself was donated by the state government of Rio Grande do Norte and still lacks a paved access road, but the foundation already has plans for a 5,000-student school, additional lab space, a larger health center, a sports facility and an ecological park to complete what will be the main campus of the International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal (IINN). The Brazilian federal government pledged $25 million toward finishing the complex after President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva visited the campus in August with his chief of staff and minister of education in tow. Nicolelis had given what he calls “the most important PowerPoint talk of my career” to the president, who is universally known as “Lula,” a few weeks earlier.

Back in his spacious office overlooking the leafy Duke campus, Nicolelis recalls that first encounter as feeling slightly surreal. “You know I give lectures all over, but all of a sudden you’re talking to the guy who can actually change a lot of stuff. And the cool thing is we were talking about science—not talking about building a bridge or a road, we were talking about how to massively educate kids in a country like ours using science as a driving force.” After Lula’s visit, Nicolelis’s group began discussions with Brazil’s minister of education about creating a science curriculum for 354 new national technical high schools. “If this works, we’ll be up to one million students in two years,” Nicolelis says excitedly.




The social components of Nicolelis’s plans that are taking shape alongside the scientific facilities are absolutely integral to the institute’s purpose in his view. “What we took [to Natal] is not only the idea of doing science at an international level, as we do here [at Duke], but the idea that we let that become part of a school, of a women’s clinic, that we merge a scientific enterprise with society.” He is keen for scientific research at the IINN to focus on how the brain learns, for example, so that new insights can be incorporated into teaching methods in the schools. Given the importance of early brain development, the clinic will also offer a human milk bank for new mothers who cannot produce their own and will fill an unmet need in the region for neuropediatric treatment. “So it’s a huge experiment that links neuroscience with education and health services,” he explains.

The plan has continued to evolve ever since it was conceived with two other Brazilian scientists at Duke as a way of raising the caliber of science in Brazil. “It was about repatriating people and reversing the brain drain,” Nicolelis says of the idea that he and his postdoctoral fellows Cláudio Mello* and Sidarta Ribeiro had in 2002 to establish a world-class neuroscience institute in Brazil.



“But we also knew that it had to be a driving force for social change, to demonstrate that, with opportunity, talent anywhere will have a shot.” They named the nonprofit they founded to execute their plan the Alberto Santos-Dumont Association for the Support of Research (AASDAP), after the Brazilian who went to Paris in the 1890s to pursue his dream of flying and succeeded.

Meeting Global Standards
In 1989, when Nicolelis and his wife, Laura de Oliveira, left Brazil so that Nicolelis could pursue a neuroscience career, both had medical degrees from the University of São Paulo in Brazil’s largest city, and Nicolelis had completed his Ph.D. at the same institution under the guidance of a prominent Lou Gehrig’s disease researcher, César Timo-Iaria. But the country had just emerged from two decades of rule by a bureaucratic military regime, research funding was minuscule, and young scientists had few prospects for work. Once in the U.S., Nicolelis also encountered doubts that a Brazilian-trained scientist could amount to much. “What or who of any significance has ever come out of the University of São Paulo?” he says he was asked repeatedly in job interviews.


Starting out at Philadelphia’s Hahnemann
University, Nicolelis soon became a pioneer in techniques for eavesdropping on hundreds of neurons at once in attempts to decode the fundamental language of the brain. Widely recognized today as one of the world’s leading neuroscientists, he credits his own professional success with fueling his conviction that promising young scientists should not have to leave Brazil to realize their full potential.



In the time that he has been away, conditions for Brazilian scientists have improved, although the nation’s 2006 public and industry spending on research and development of $14.5 billion is still considerably less than the amount invested by many of the other emerging economies with which Brazil is often compared [see sidebar on next page]. Lula has endorsed science and technology as avenues for Brazil’s development and recently announced a $23-billion boost to the research budget over the next three years.



The president’s embrace of science is undoubtedly encouraged by some recent high-profile demonstrations of the fruits of research spending, notes physicist Sergio Mascarenhas de Oliveira, director of the Institute for Advanced Studies of São Carlos, part of the University of São Paulo. Mascarenhas praises the national agricultural research corporation, Embrapa, in particular for its leadership in developing ethanol and other biofuels as well as staking out tropical agricultural biotechnology as an area where the country can establish expertise. In 2000 a consortium of some 30 Brazilian laboratories produced a genome sequence of Xylella fastidiosa, an important citrus crop parasite, and several other projects to sequence crop plants, such as sugarcane, are under way. “Embrapa is in the process of changing our [nation’s] export commodity from raw materials to applied science,” Mascarenhas says. “What Brazil still doesn’t know how to do is to transform research from the university into products and venture capital,” he adds, blaming the weakness in part on an ivory-tower culture in Brazil’s largely university-based research community.



Not surprisingly, some of those scientists were dubious (doubtful) of the Natal project, Mascarenhas recalls. Nicolelis’s concept of a network of independent research centers, inspired by Germany’s prestigious Max Planck institutes, is unusual for Brazil. The AASDAP motto, “The Future of Science in Brazil Starts Here,” definitely did not help, Mascarenhas notes. And if the approach alienated some Brazilian scientists, the decision to locate the first institute in the impoverished hinterland of Natal also mystified many of them. Nicolelis thinks that the institute’s social and economic influence will be most visible in the communities around Natal and Macaíba, and that the region is exactly where such transformation is most needed.

Moreover, the seaport and an airport that receives nonstop flights from Europe should make the location a promising one for commercial science, he says. The federal government has declared the area a free-enterprise zone, and AASDAP staff is now negotiating the creation of a 1,000- to 2,000-hectare biotech park, which Nicolelis hopes will attract businesses focused on products for export, such as pharmaceuticals and biofuels. Meanwhile he is in talks with several other states interested in hosting the next three institutes, whose specialty areas will likely be bioenergy, microelectronics and environmental science.



The New

Science
City
As a means to promote regional economic development, the strategy of clustering high-tech businesses around major research institutions in the hope of spurring innovation has never been more popular. Local and national governments, especially across Asia, are spending billions to build such science parks and “cities” as they peg their development goals to science.



In 2006 China declared its plan to construct 30 new science cities and to raise its annual research spending to more than $100 billion by 2020. At that point, the government expects 60 percent of the country’s economic growth to be based on science and technology. India, where a small number of elite universities have become hubs for technology clusters, as in Bangalore, is also betting on a continued tech boom. Although their approaches differ, what many of these nations have in common is an overt goal of luring a diaspora of scientists trained in the West to bring their expertise back home, notes Marina Gorbis, executive director of the Institute for the Future (IFTF), a think tank in Palo Alto, Calif. “The example most often cited is Tai wan,” she says, “where the whole semiconductor industry is based on expats who stayed here in the Silicon Valley for 20 years, then went back. We’re seeing it happen in China, too: professors going back and establishing their labs, and they’re bringing their students and contacts and becoming magnets.” Nicolelis is probably one of a handful of Brazilian scientists with the stature to play the same role in his country, Gorbis adds.


She and IFTF research director Alex Soojung-Kim Pang led a yearlong project to produce the “Delta Scan,” a broad analysis and forecast of science and technology trends commissioned by the British government. In it, they flagged Brazil as a possible world scientific leader by 2025 and the Natal initiative as an example of the direction the country will need to take to get there. The potential for transdisciplinary research within and among AASDAP institutes is an important advantage in Gorbis’s view. And Nicolelis’s own emphasis on collaboration between his Duke lab, the IINN sites and international partners embodies a globally networked style of working that Delta Scan authors considered essential to Brazil’s ability to produce world-class research. Pang also sees the IINN’s launch, enabled primarily by international donations at first, as the shape of things to come elsewhere. “The other interesting story,” he notes, “is the rise of private capital in supporting these kinds of centers and supporting what we would normally think of as big science projects.” The next evolution in science-based development, Pang observes, is a less structured and less government-driven “innovation zone” arising from the joint efforts of entrepreneurs, philanthropists and researchers.



Harvesting Human Potential

Whether the Natal model can help Brazil catch up to the countries pouring many times more resources into science and technology remains to be seen. As the world’s fifth largest nation in land area and one exceptionally rich in diverse natural resources, Brazil has long been described as “the country of the future,” possessing nearly all the ingredients needed to become an economic powerhouse.
Most analysts cite the country’s own legal system as being one of the biggest obstacles to Brazil’s reaching its full potential.



Bureaucracy, burdensome taxes, and weak enforcement of antitrust and intellectual-property laws are blamed for stifling the population’s natural entrepreneurial dynamism. A poor school system and high illiteracy rates are the other major barriers to progress most often named.



In that light, the most unorthodox aspect of the Natal project could be its greatest strength. Nothing like the educational effort on the scale envisioned by Nicolelis has ever been tied to a science-city initiative. “A few give it lip service,” Pang says, “but even then they’re mainly talking about university-level education.”



In Nicolelis’s view, reaching children well before college age is crucial. He believes that science education strengthens critical thinking skills in general, and he plans to use improvements in the children’s regular school performance as a benchmark for the effectiveness of the supplementary classes at institute science schools. If some of the kids become interested in pursuing science and technology careers, they will find plenty of opportunities in the knowledge economy. “Ninety-nine percent of scientific work doesn’t require a Ph.D.,” he insists.



But he is careful to clarify that he is not trying to create a nation of scientists. “We are trying to create a generation of citizens capable of leading Brazil,” Nicolelis explains. “These kids already have the hopes—now what they need is the tools.” Whether they want to be doctors, architects, pilots or president, he is confident that the experience of hands-on scientific inquiry can instill a feeling of empowerment that the children will carry into adulthood and use to carry their country into its long-awaited future.



*Erratum: Cláudio Mello was an associate professor of neuroscience at Oregon
Health & Science
University, not a postdoctoral fellow at Duke as stated in the article, when he, Ribeiro and Nicolelis launched their initiative to build a neuroscience institute in Natal. We regret the error. —The Editors

相关同学确认！！

Byflutemama

is a string of “science cities” built across Brazil’s poorest regions, each centered on a world-class research institute specializing in a different area of science or technology. A web of education and social programs would intimately involve surrounding communities with each institution while improving local infrastructure and quality of life. And the presence of these knowledge-based oases would spark a Silicon Valley–style clustering of commercial scientific enterprise around them, jump-starting regional development.

这段就是第一段！！我考得时候记得的~~~

但是一眼扫过去没有第二段第三段的内容~~~头大



By acacia_hong

The heart of Nicolelis’s vision is a string of “science cities” built across Brazil’s poorest regions, each centered on a world-class research institute specializing in a different area of science or technology. A web of education and social programs would intimately involve surrounding communities with each institution while improving local infrastructure and quality of life. And the presence of these knowledge-based oases would spark a Silicon Valley–style clustering of commercial scientific enterprise around them, jump-starting regional development.



Bureaucracy, burdensome taxes, and weak enforcement of antitrust and intellectual-property laws are blamed for stifling the population’s natural entrepreneurial dynamism. A poor school system and high illiteracy rates are the other major barriers to progress most often named.



这两段碰到过，但不是完全一模一样，第三段原文没找到……可能是现编的- -……

第一题作者most likely to agree 就是选communities那个选项，好像是B，反正不在后面。

还有一题是问第三段（参阅JJ版本一）的作用

“第三段说，其实这个巴西的神经专家主张建立的“science city”和其他国家的不一样，他主要是要发展学校的。通过对学生的神经学方面的研究来改进教育方法，间接来提高这个国家的发展。”

选那个和第三段大意一致的，好像后面两项，很好选。

“第三段说，其实这个巴西的神经专家主张建立的“science city”和其他国家的不一样，他主要是要发展学校的。通过对学生的神经学方面的研究来改进教育方法，间接来提高这个国家的发展。”

选那个和第三段大意一致的，好像后面两项，很好选。



考古：byjiaozhy(8.3122:30)

1.1.16巴西的ScientificSite.V1两或者三段, 不长, 说得是巴西的Scientific Site(感觉类似苏州工业园区这样的东西). 就是说这个Site的建设可以吸引很多在外学有所成的巴西国人回报祖国. 然后该Site给了很多的优惠政策, 具体记不清楚, 应该类似减税之类的东东.
最后一段说得是文中的某某人搞这个Site主要是为了教育的目的. 说是给当地学生带来更好的教育. 文章不难, 但题目又选的很迷糊
最后一题应该是说这个某某人的这个Site会带来什么

V2(V37) 补充一下巴西科技园的那题月度，问题问了文章主要讲什么，选项大概是讲巴西科技园以及其它的科技园，还有的选项是某人，也就是提出要建科技园的那个人，的某种想法怎么怎么。。。

V3(v38) 第二篇我看到的文章应该就是月度狗里的1.1.16
文章是说有一个巴西人A（记不住名字），打算回国以后建scientific cities. 第二段说大部分的scientific cities 是怎么怎么样，大致是对国家税收什么的有贡献，但是其实scientificcities 应该还要有教育下一代的功能。第三段就说这个A 打算怎么样建这种cities以使得它们对下一代教育起到作用。
问题1最后一段的作用，我选的是描述A怎么样Address上一段中的主张
2 A 跟其他建scientific的人的区别
V4(750) 2. 巴西的science sites。
第一段说是有个巴西人在poorestcommunities建了sciencesite(这里有一题判定题问你sciencesite都干啥了，我觉得答案是这句，读的时候注意science sites这个关键词)。可以吸收海龟什吗的。
第二关讲了传统别的developing country的science sites，这段蛮长的，而且没考到太多题目。大概看看就行了，不难。最后提到science sites不是唯一develop的办法，有一个办法提高教育素质。（有一题问你第三段干嘛的，我说是对第二段提出的这个教育concern的补充。）
第三段讲回来，继续说巴西这个人建的不一样，这个science site主要是关注教育的，workforce素质高，还有从小培养小孩儿critical thinking，这样以后才走的长远。
有一题问你作者主要讲啥，我选的是和别的郭嘉的science sites作比较（这个问题记不清了）。

V5(V27)最后一题问你第三段目的
第三段说了什么巴西这个isdifferent from blablabla…
我选的貌似就是说明巴西这个不同还是特点什么的，E



V5：by BIGAppler690 (9.2更新)

1题问：第三段作用

sweetyecho

感谢亲帮忙考古~~~