蚂蚁有两个状态 statary 和nomical什么什么的就说一会蚂蚁大军呆在一个地方两三个星期，一会又移动，有人说这是储存粮食不够了，但作者说这是reproductive的问题停驻的最后一个星期产卵，然后走，走的期间蚂蚁孵化怎样怎样的
讲蚂蚁的迁徙规律的，说实话没读懂-_-!!!，第一段提出一个理论，说一种蚂蚁迁徙规律如何如何，然后作者提出不同观点，说他们的迁徙规律和reproductionprocess有关，然后第二段就在讲他们的reporductionprocess,注意文章最后一句话，说到这个process到这里的时候他们开始迁徙，有highlight题在这里，我貌似选的是重新点明作者观点
关于蚂蚁，两段。一段说蚂蚁有两个时期，两个单词不认识，但猜测应该是，一个是居住地固定，另外一个是涉及的迁徙。因为时间紧张，读得很仓促。大该是居住在一个地方，大规模forage食物导致食物匮乏，于是迁徙。但还有其他的原因。二段开始就讲其他原因。一个主题题两个细节题。主题题就是primarypurpose。我文章读得太快，细节题都是原文定位做的，没印象了。
【版本1】一篇是讲ant 的nomadicpattern和什么pattern的，没看懂。
【版本2】03/11VERBAL碰上两道机经阅读，一个蚂蚁那个。
第一段说蚂蚁分两种习性，不冬眠的时候怎样怎样，冬眠的时候怎样怎样。
第二段解释说蚂蚁这种习性可能是跟它生在什么时候有关系，蚁后生很多小蚂蚁幼虫，有的在不冬眠的时候发展成大蚂蚁，就变成了类似工兵蚂蚁，可能是，有的在冬眠的时候发育，就变成什么什么蚂蚁。文章不长，但是生词很多，看着晕。题目有一道推断题，问第二段说如果工兵蚂蚁不在不冬眠的时候发育会变成什么样。
【版本3 V38, 74】03/17 ant那一道：3道题目
虽然只有两段，但还是觉得有点小tricky,也可能是我最后做这一篇时间很紧吧. ant, stetey(?) phrase 和 nomatic phrase
1.问primarypurpose JJ作者的答案：注意，第一段有提到一个earlier observation, 作者对这个是做了补充，而非反驳或什么的. 所以选项选有supplement 的那一项
2.文章最后一句话高光，问目的。JJ作者：是讲ant 完成nomaticphrase后会到达steery, 选项里有一项是evidence to support the conclusion that nomatic period islinked to reproductive cycle. JJ中没有提到的关键词：nomatic period is linked with reproductive cycle.这是作者在第一段末尾说的
3.是nomaticphase 和stetery 期间ant 行为的比较，主要在第二段定位。我做时有点晕。有pupae,好像是这词，我也不知道是什么意思
有益补充：google 出来的 有点像 里面还有说SP和NP两个阶段 大家可以搜一下
Nomadic behavior of the army ant Neivamyrmex nigrescens was studied in adesert-grassland habitat. Six colonies were followed through eight nomadicphases (94 nomadic days) while direction and distance of emigrations, growth oflarvae, number of adults and larvae per colony were determined.
In all colonies, the nomadic phase began when newly enclosed adults and smalllarvae were present, and ended when the larvae were fully grown. Averageemigration distance was positively related to number of larvae in the colony.These findings support Schneirla's theory that brood stimulation is a proximatecause of the nomadic phase.
Failures to emigrate were equally likely at all points in the nomadic phase,and there was no systematic increase in emigration distance as the phaseprogressed. These findings do not support Schneirla's version ofbrood-stimulative theory.
Number of adults per colony was positively related to the directionality of thenomadic phase; however, both the direction and distance of emigrations variedunpredictably from one nomadic day to the next, in marked contrast topredictions from optimal foraging theory.
Schneirla's theory is useful in predicting phase differences in colonybehavior, but it does not account for characteristics such as frequency,direction, or distance of emigrations within the nomadic phase. These aspectsof nomadic behavior are more closely related to characteristics of the habitatsuch as prey density and availability of nest sites. Army ant nomadism in thishabitat may depart from the optimum because of high prey density, small colonysize, or lack of nesting sites.
有益补充2：蚂蚁那篇，有解释 statary phase, 凑合着用！（感谢黄GG）
Eciton army ants have a bi-phasic lifestyle where theyalternate between a nomadic phase and a stationary stage. In the stationary orstatary phase ('statary' is an old English word meaning "to stand inplace"), which lasts about three weeks, the ants remain in the samelocation every night. They make a nest out of their own bodies, protecting thequeen and her eggs in the middle. This temporary home is known as a bivouac. Inthe nomadic phase the ants move their entire colony to a new location nearlyevery night for two weeks.
When the ants first enter the statary phase, the queen's body swells massivelyand she lays as many as 250,000 eggs in less than a week. While the eggsmature, the ants swarm with less frequency and intensity. When the eggs hatch,the excitement caused by the increased activity of the larvae causes the colonyto enter the nomadic phase. The colony swarms much more intensely and nearlyevery day, and the ants move to a new location every night. After two weeks,around the time when the larvae begin to pupate, the colony again enters thestatary phase, and the cycle begins anew (Schneirla, 1971).
还有一些Google资料，很详细，大家可以看看！
在美洲大陆大约有150种行军蚁，它们全部属于游蚁族（Ecitonini）。其中本属的Eciton burchelli和Eciton hamatum最为常见研究得也最多
游蚁的活动呈现周期性，一般一个周期可以分为两个时期。
一个是比较稳定的时期（stataryphase，“statary”是一个比较古老的英文单词，大概就是“呆在那里”的意思。）这个时期大约要持续3周，此时蚂蚁每晚在同一个地方宿营。工蚁们用自己的身体抱成团状巢，蚁后和幼虫等在中央。这样的营地被称作bivouac。
当蚁群进入这个时期时，蚁后的腹部迅速膨大，在短短不到一周的时间内产会下大约25万枚卵。在卵成熟时，蚁群活动相对较少。一旦卵孵化, 整个蚁群便立即兴奋起来，于是……蚁群进入了下一个时期，一个游猎时期（nomadic phase）。在将近两周的时间内它们不断的变换宿营地。游猎中的蚁群具有惊人的杀伤力，它们所向披靡，几乎消灭任何比它们跑得慢的动物。由于游蚁在当地生态中扫荡性的影响力，一些昆虫和鸟类演化出了和游蚁非常复杂的关系。一些拟蚁甲虫跟随蚂蚁大军进行部猎，它们捕猎由于受到蚁群攻击而受伤或逃跑的昆虫。还有一些昆虫干脆模拟蚂蚁幼虫在蚁群中骗吃骗喝了此一生。大约有10种鸟类部分或全部的依靠游蚁大军获取食物。其中一些鸟类每日清晨寻找到游蚁部队后赶到部队的先头，捕食因被游蚁趋赶而逃散虫
2、 ***蚂蚁迁徙
[版本1]关于一种蚂蚁迁徙的。文章在探究这种蚂蚁迁徙是由于生理CYCLE导致的，并给出了原因。
[版本2]关于ant's的两个phases. 假设S和D阶段。第一段开头讲了一下两个phases的定义。第二段分开描述两个phases分别做的事情。好像说S阶段是ant queenlay eggs，其他ants 运食物什么的。然后说D阶段，某种C让一些pup ants变成了young worker。最后一句，说如果没有这个C(有高亮题问C这个例子作用），那么这个过程就会停留在S阶段。不知道记得准不准确，总是读完就忘记了。
一篇是讲蚂蚁的。科学家认为因为大部分ants是sterile，只有蚁后可以生产，所以蚂蚁的团队能力应该是完全是以帮助蚁后reproduce而习得的。蚂蚁的活动周期应该是和其reproductive period，而并非有些人认为的和其觅食有关。之后科学家举例子说明在蚁后把larva产下后之前reproductive period里的蚂蚁已经从larva中出来了，可以和大部队一起搬运larva从一个洞到另一个洞。所以那段时间是蚂蚁的活跃期。如果把这些小蚂蚁移出了的话蚂蚁群就不会进入活跃期。
[版本 4] by by 清谷天740，M51，V38
P1：蚂蚁有两个阶段S phase（停在一个地方）和nomadic phase(搬迁到别处)。有解释说这和food supply有关，作者说还和reproduce cycle有关。
P2：在S阶段，最后一周蚁后会下很多卵，3星期后小蚂蚁会变成大蚂蚁，提到了larvae，pupae什么的。与此同时，N阶段也开始了，这些逐渐长大的ants会成为immature workers。每次搬家的时候蚂蚁会搬食物，larvae和pupae。最后一句话说如果这些pupae被拿掉，那么蚂蚁又回到S阶段。
Q1：关于N阶段，什么是正确的？ 我选Some of them are pupae.
Q2：最后一句话作用？ 我选证明了蚂蚁搬迁不仅和food supply有关，还和reproduce cycle有关。
一篇蜜蜂的，好像是生长阶段不光跟神马有关还跟reproduction cycle有关，讲有两个阶段,S和D之类的，D阶段有幼虫，神马的，假如移除幼虫，它将一直停留在S阶段
1.问最后一句就是移除幼虫，他讲停留在S阶段的作用
选证明这个阶段还跟reproduction有关
2.问文章主旨，我选的是补充一个关于自然想象的解释
开篇提了蚂蚁有两个阶段，一个是静止的，一个是运动的，during which the ants move at the end of the day之类的。然后提出一种传统解释说为什么会运动，然后又有一种新的观点提出对这个问题的解释，就是这其实是ants的reproductive cycle有关系
第二段开始详细解释为啥是一生孩子这些蚂蚁就想着搬家，说蚁后生出卵之后，等到最开始生的那些卵开始付出小蚂蚁（还是immature的时候），这帮蚂蚁就开始带着食物啊，没孵出来的卵啊那些乱七八糟的家伙事儿上路了。最后一句（考点）说如果路上这些immature的菜鸟蚂蚁死到数量不足的时候，这些蚂蚁就歇了，不搬家了。
考题有一道是说哪一项关于蚂蚁上路的时候（at the beginning of the 运动 phrase）的状态描述是准确的？选了some of those 卵还在larvae的阶段就上路了，不确定
还有一道说最后一句话的作用是什么？有点忘了，好像是说进一步证明第二种解释这种意思的选项
还有一题说文章的作用是什么（主旨题）？选了supplementing an explanation to a scientificphenomenon.
题目我记得考到了全文主旨（我选的似乎是对一个现象进行补充说明）问了最后一段高亮部分的作用，就是说把那个什么拿开之后就会让蚂蚁停留在S阶段。我选的是为了作者的假设，蚂蚁收CYCLE的影响是正确的。
最后一篇碰到的是《蚂蚁迁徙》，jj相对全的一个。考了主旨题，还有最后一句的作用，最后一句说的是拿走了larva，蚂蚁的reproductivecircle停止了。答案我选的是E：give evidence to。。。。这题寂静里面的两段文章仔细看看。有帮助。（幸亏最后碰到这篇，我那个时候已经pace慢了！）
4，蚂蚁的两个phase
有题问末尾句(就是把那些worker拿走，蚂蚁就呆在S phase)高亮的目的。giveevidence to support the conclusion that nomatic period is linked toreproductive cycle.跟JJ答案一致。
有题问main idea。我刚看到JJ上有说是对某理论的补充。这篇是我最后一篇，飞快的看了一眼，没有看到early observation，所以答案跟JJ不一样，可能是我错了。
第十七篇螞蟻生活習性scratte (V42) 7/1
第一段：某螞蟻有個特殊的生活習性：某段時間被稱為satary （反正就是static的意思）phase，螞蟻們都蟄伏在家；然後會集體乾坤大挪移，稱為nomadic phase。傳統的觀點認為，螞蟻們這樣做是因為食物吃光了，民以食為天，所以要搬家，forage。但是新的證據表明，螞蟻們搬家還有個原因，就是biological cycle。
第二段：具體闡述螞蟻在satary和nomadic兩個階段的過程和表現。一般是蟻后產卵，然後在靜止階段的最後一天，小螞蟻開始孵化，然後一部分長成了青年螞蟻，開始搬家，要搬很多東西，蟲卵啊，半大小子啊，等等，這就是nomadic階段。科學家發現，如果把這些最早的青年螞蟻抓走，nomadic階段就會遲遲不出現。
題目還可以，但是好像細節考得比較多。
考古感謝nowwsy！7/1
【版本2】03/11 VERBAL碰上兩道機經閱讀，一個螞蟻那個。
第一段說螞蟻分兩種習性，不冬眠的時候怎樣怎樣，冬眠的時候怎樣怎樣。
第二段解釋說螞蟻這種習性可能是跟它生在什麼時候有關係，蟻后生很多小螞蟻幼蟲，有的在不冬眠的時候發展成大螞蟻，就變成了類似工兵螞蟻，可能是，有的在冬眠的時候發育，就變成什麼什麼螞蟻。文章不長，但是生詞很多，看著暈。題目有一道推斷題，問第二段說如果工兵螞蟻不在不冬眠的時候發育會變成什麼樣。
1.問primary purpose。 JJ作者的答案：注意，第一段有提到一個earlier observation, 作者對這個是做了補充，而非反駁或什麼的.所以選項選有supplement 的那一項
2.文章最後一句話高光，問目的。JJ作者：是講ant 完成nomaticphrase後會到達steery, 選項裡有一項是evidence to support theconclusion that nomatic period is linked to reproductive cycle. JJ中沒有提到的關鍵字：nomatic period is linked with reproductive cycle.這是作者在第一段末尾說的
3.是nomatic phase 和stetery 期間ant行為的比較，主要在第二段定位。我做時有點暈。有pupae,好像是這詞，我也不知道是什麼意思
有益補充：google 出來的有點像 裡面還有說SP和NP兩個階段 大家可以搜一下
Nomadic behavior of the army ant Neivamyrmex nigrescens was studied in adesert-grassland habitat. Six colonies were followed through eight nomadicphases (94 nomadic days) while direction and distance of emigrations, growth oflarvae, number of adults and larvae per colony were determined.
In all colonies, the nomadic phase began when newly enclosed adults and smalllarvae were present, and ended when the larvae were fully grown. Averageemigration distance was positively related to number of larvae in the colony.These findings support Schneirla's theory that brood stimulation is a proximatecause of the nomadic phase.
Failures to emigrate were equally likely at all points in the nomadic phase,and there was no systematic increase in emigration distance as the phaseprogressed. These findings do not support Schneirla's version ofbrood-stimulative theory.
Number of adults per colony was positively related to the directionality of thenomadic phase; however, both the direction and distance of emigrations variedunpredictably from one nomadic day to the next, in marked contrast topredictions from optimal foraging theory.
Schneirla's theory is useful in predicting phase differences in colonybehavior, but it does not account for characteristics such as frequency,direction, or distance of emigrations within the nomadic phase. These aspectsof nomadic behavior are more closely related to characteristics of the habitatsuch as prey density and availability of nest sites. Army ant nomadism in thishabitat may depart from the optimum because of high prey density, small colonysize, or lack of nesting sites.
有益補充2：螞蟻那篇，有解釋 statary phase, 湊合著用！（感謝黃GG）
Eciton army ants have a bi-phasic lifestyle where they alternate between anomadic phase and a stationary stage. In the stationary or statary phase('statary' is an old English word meaning "to stand in place"), whichlasts about three weeks, the ants remain in the same location every night. Theymake a nest out of their own bodies, protecting the queen and her eggs in themiddle. This temporary home is known as a bivouac. In the nomadic phase theants move their entire colony to a new location nearly every night for twoweeks.
When the ants first enter the statary phase, the queen's body swells massivelyand she lays as many as 250,000 eggs in less than a week. While the eggsmature, the ants swarm with less frequency and intensity. When the eggs hatch,the excitement caused by the increased activity of the larvae causes the colonyto enter the nomadic phase. The colony swarms much more intensely and nearlyevery day, and the ants move to a new location every night. After two weeks, aroundthe time when the larvae begin to pupate, the colony again enters the stataryphase, and the cycle begins anew (Schneirla, 1971).
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发表于 2013-7-13 18:37:56
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