神奇的语法之三；代词指代有无规律（上）？
引言；
关于代词的规律语法书上鲜有论述，论坛里也没有见到有什么总结，或者就算是有一些总结，最后也会落到 “代词用法之妙，存乎一心，可意会而不可言传” 他们说的或者是正确的，但是楼主愚笨没有办法以心印心去掌握这么微妙的用法。于是楼主一直以来有个习惯，每当我见到论坛里有人提问代词方面的问题，我就把它复制下来放到我专门建的一个贴子里，时间一长，也收集了一些题目。楼主不敢欺心要发现什么规律，只是试图把它分门别类以方便大家从结构方面研究指代的问题。
注意；我们说的代词只是指示代词---it they them……。对于关系代词that which的指代及其跳跃请见“代词指代有无规律（下）”
进入正题
首先我是把指代问题分为三种情况；
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句子内部的指代；指代主语、指代宾语、指代定语，状语
句子之间的指代；指代主语、指指宾语，指代定语，其它
特殊情况的指代；无指代，向后指代，整句指代，代词指代的一致性，所有格的指代。
一些例题的错误分析；
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例1；
指代状语中名词；
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
这是一个句中指代，后一状语中it指代前一状语中substance（这种情况下可以指代介词后的名词）
例2；
指代定语
The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how muchTHEY may have been improperly awarded.
同一句子里；they存在于状语中指代前边定语several executive（这种情况下也可以指代介词短语后边的名词）
例3；
Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will remember him as the architect of the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.
(A) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations
E) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations
答案为E
同一句子中；including作为定语修饰designs, those又回头指代design.-----允许
例4；
The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.
(A) sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems
The answer is A.
这个比较复杂，两个定语从句，其之指代另一个。归根结底还是定语指代定语
例5；
In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminal charges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than $16 million in civil damages for cars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.
A) cars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected
(D) having test-driven cars with their odometers disconnected
答案为D
for having test-driven cars with their odometers disconnected 整个作状语，with their odometers作定语修饰cars. their指代cars
句子之间的指代；一般来讲是两个句子之间的指代，这时后一句子中的成份可以指代前边句子的；主语（最常见）、宾语、整个句子……
1.主语指代
例1；
Without adequate amounts of sleep, people’s newly acquired skills and also new factual information may
not get properly encoded into their memory circuits.
C. If they do not have adequate amounts of sleep, people's newly acquired skills and even
D. If people do not get adequate amounts of sleep, newly acquired skills and even
正确答案为D
C中they指代了所有格people's中的people所以错
例2；
in the late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
c. because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
e. because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing
E; 代词 them指代前一句子主语chambers。
我们看C中because已经自起一句了，所以moisture的定语which从句句中指代tourists而没办法越过because去向前指代。
例3；
Althoughpeople in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
B.people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the
C.fatty foods are consumed by people in France at a comparable rate to the United States's, their
这题答案是B，我们只是看看A中的问题，还是指代主语
在A中their death rates 指代people in france 这时法国人的死亡率在法国是很低的，这是一个很别扭的表达，另外还有比较对像的问题，
倒不是因为their 指代不清，如果改成their death rates are far lower than American's 我认为未必存在指代不清的现像（指代清不清楚会因句子变化而变化）。
例4
Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some of these drugs caused stomach disorders severe enough to have them banned by the Food and Drug Administration.
(A) stomach disorders severe enough to have them
(D) such severe stomach disorders that they were
The answer is D.
结果从句They 指代前边主句主语drugs
2.宾语指代
例
If you say that you have yet to do something, you mean that you have never done it, especially when this is surprising or bad.
主句中代词it指代前一条件句中的宾语something.
3.句子指代
例1
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.
The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets.
(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
(B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
(C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
(D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
(E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and
一些特殊情况
无指代（一般用于those who……)
Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly becauseof the difficulty of distinguishing between a language and thesublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typicallyhave found about five thousand.
(A)and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to counttypically have found
(B)and the sublanguages or dialects within them, with those who have tried countingtypically finding
(C)and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried countingit typically find
(D) orthe sublanguages or dialects within them, but those who tried to count themtypically found
(E) orthe sublanguages or dialects within them, with those who have tried to counttypically finding
正确答案A
这个句子里those 不向前指代，在这里意为people.这个用法无论是在语法书还是在词典里都可以看到，例如柯林斯大词典中对这一条的解释是 “You use those to mean 'people。"千万不要认为它是向前有什么指代
向后指代；
Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.
(A)Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives,
(B)In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(C)In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(D)Carefully coordinated with her narratives, BeatrixPotter, in her book illustrations
(E)Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them with her narratives and
这里her 处于句首的状语中，she处于状语中illustrations 的定语从句中。它都指代后边的Beatrix Potter。我认为只所以会出现这样的情况是因为介词短语作状语它的逻辑主语是句子的主语，只是逻辑上处于前面，语法上处于后面，所以它及它的定语可以向后指代
物主代词可以指代所有格前名词
In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting East African cave paintings.
(A) Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
(B) Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and by painstakingly documenting
(C) Leakey was a contributor to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
(D) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of
(E) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
代词不同形式指代可以不一致
response to higher oil prices, window manufacturers have improved the insulating capability of their products; their windows have been built to conserve energy, and they are.
A have been built to conserve energy, and they are
B are built to conserve energy, and they have
C are built to conserve energy, and they do
D are being built to conserve energy, and they have
E had been built to conserve energy, and they are
答案C。 they 是可以和their指代不同的，they 和 they,them和them……指代要做到相同。
According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations
(E) as it was of earlier generations
这里it和its指代的并不相同
注意；我个人推测it指代应该存在指代不一致的情形。
"It's been difficult the last two years notbeing on the show as I always had a great time and the last time that I did do it, it was such a brilliant year. So at some point of course I'm going to comeback and do the show
错误例子分析；
A mutual fund having billions of dollars in assets will typically invest that money in hundreds of companies, rarely holding more than one percent of the shares of any particular corporation. a. companies, rarely holding more than one percent b. companies, and it is rarely to hold at least one percent or more c. companies and rarely do they hold more than one percent d. companies, so that they rarely hold more than one percent. e. Companies, rarely do they hold one percent or more B中可以指代多个词以致错误，但是有一个说法做主语的代词，优先指代主语
他们的例子：Because it was robbed last month, the door to the house is locked.此处it 在从句中做主语，此处它优先指代the door，把the door带入从句后，发现逻辑出现错误，因此指代错误，这个句子错误
我觉得这个例句的解释并不能让人满意
这个句子的错误并不是因为it优先指代door，而是因为it没有指代。这和介词短语在句首是不同的
The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.
A; The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
B; That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably
C; With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation
D; With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation
E; Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
C,D中it是想指代整个with结构呢?还是想去指代with中的名词呢？ 总之这显然都是错误的
InJanuary 1994 an oil barge ran aground off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, leaking its cargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of thecity’s beaches. A. leaking its cargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of B. with its cargo of750000 gallons leaking into the ocean, and it polluted C. and its cargo of 750000 gallons leaked into the ocean, polluting D. while it leaked itscargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean and caused the pollution of E. so that its cargo of750000 gallons leaked into the ocean, and they were polluting.
In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes are the organism's trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.
A 黑体
B trying that it metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant
C attempt to try to metabolize, or render harmless, such a chemical irritant
D attempt to try and metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritating it
E attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant.
这个题目看到小伙伴们讨论过，但是有一个地方很是不明白，就是在AD中的it, 看到很多牛牛说it是指代organism, 但是manhattan上明确又说it是不能指代作形容词的名词的，因此很疑惑，所以想问问战友们这里的it到底是指代什么？
先谢谢啦~
楼主以为；
A .dioxin induces the production of enzymes that (enzymes) are the organism’s trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.
把这个句子后边的定语从句稍微改写一下
enzymes are the things that are produced when the organism attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.
这时侯organism已经不再是所有格，我认为这时的单就指代来说，应该是正确的。
attempte 作名词是things的意思，动名词的话表现不出这个意思来，你要知道前边的enzymes是一个酶, 主系表结构后边不应该是一个动作，所以后边也要是一个名词。
2.it的指代
可能会有it 指代chemical的感觉，我认为指代有语法上的就近考虑也有逻辑的考虑，在这里it就是指代的organism
举个中文例子；在校园里，我度过了美好的时光，离校的时候我非常怀念它--- 它指代校园吗？就近指代似乎是这样，但其实你把前边的去掉，在校园里，我非常怀念它。绝不可能指代的是校园，逻辑上不通，所以这个指代就是错误的。
完善中……
期待大家的参与……
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发表于 2013-6-30 21:28:32
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