本人苦战GMAT，最头痛的就是ing的问题，OG的答案解析都是模棱两可，我这里收集了做题以来遇到的比较有代表性的ing的题目，以及曼哈顿牛人ron的解释，没有一个是我的主观臆测，所以客观性很高，对于解题是一个很好的参考。
本人QQ309241195，有语法题的话可以找我交流。
必须记住的概念，ing可以作状语或者定语 1. 分词优先作状语，然后作定语，同事都可以的话，注意是否有歧义。 2. Ing作状语，只有，时间，原因，结果，让步，条件，方式，和伴随，不符合这几种的就是错的。 3. having done可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰！。也就是说作后置定语要有逗号隔开！夸克的语法大全里面明确写出having done做限定性修饰是错误的 4. 分词可同时作状语或定语，作状语和做定语没有产生歧义时，就都可以，比如OG 中neuroscientist那题，having done既可以作为科学家动作的状语，也可以是科学家的后置定语，没有歧义。但假如作状语和定语时修饰对象不同的话就说明有歧义。 如果前面是主系表结构（逗号隔开），由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是V-ing结构依然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语（如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物，但是一般是系动词是be时，这个法则有用。 1. +ing 是动词修饰语，就是修饰主句动词，但是其逻辑主语应当是主句主语。 when you use a COMMA -ING modifier after a clause**, you shouldactually satisfy TWO requirements:
-- the modifier should modify the action of the preceding clause, as youhave stated;
AND
-- the subject of the preceding clause should also make sense as the agentof the -ING action.
Examples:
Joe broke the window, angering his father. -->this sentence makes sense, because it correctly implies that joe"angered his father".
the window was broken by Joe, angering his father.--> this sentence doesn't make sense, because it implies that the window(i.e., not joe himself) angered joe's father.
my brother tricked me, disappointing Dad --> implies that dad isdisappointed in my brother for tricking me (and not necessarily disappointed inme for being tricked).
i was tricked by my brother, disappointing Dad --> implies that dadis disappointed in me because i fell for my brother's trick (and not that he'sdisappointed in my brother for tricking me). 2. 以下两个条件必须满足一个
(1) the "ing" action is SIMULTANEOUS with, and SUBORDINATE to,the main action;
- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly,,,注意，主句动词是过去式，，因此，ing不代表时态，表示同时发生，且subordinateto 主动词。
(2) the "ing" action is a DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE ofthe main action.
- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91
"immediate consequence, we mean a consequence that is proximate,immediate, and produced as an essentially unavoidable result ofthe main action. 表示前一句的结果，必须是immediate， unavoidable ，不可避免的结果，意思就是，只要前面这个动作达成，后面的结果是自然跟随的。 the bullet entered Smith's brain, killinghim instantly --> this is an immediate andautomatic consequence; if the bullet does this, then smith will be killed. 3. 定语或状语， Ing是定语时修饰名词，作状语时修饰主语和动作。 Verbing + comma + main clause most of the time Verbing acts an 定语adjective for example
Riding the bike through the forest, Ron reached home in 20 mins
here Riding is used as an adjective modifying the noun " Ron "
Main clause + comma + verbing most of the time verbing is adverbialmodifier used to describe 1/ the completeaction of the previous clause 2/Should make sense with the subject of the previous clause 3/ Verbing should bea consequence of the main action of the main clause Subject + verbing +，+verb 还是定语 所以说，有ing先看主句想要表达什么意思，作定语还是状语，作定语有没有歧义，作状语符不符合格式。 例题 1. Neuroscientists, havingamassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain andits development from birth to adulthood, are nowdrawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babiesacquire language.
(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twentyyears about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are
(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain andits development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are
(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and itsdevelopment from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are
(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twentyyears about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,
(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth ofknowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood 选A，因为在DE中，将drawing作为状语放在后面，满足第一个条件：修饰前句动作，逻辑主语是前句主语，但是第二个条件中：首先不是同时发生的，另外不是unavoidable结果，因为搜集了很多的资料不一定毫无疑问地导致能得出结论，所以两点都不符合，是错误的modifier，，而如果ing作定语，则修饰adulthood，那么就有逻辑意思的错误。而且，ing作状语的话，动作应当是subordinate to主句动作，这样就改变了句子的重心。OG中的解释说错误的用ing结构修饰现在完成时态，当时以为只要主句是现在完成时，就不能用ing作状语，但是后来遇到的很多题目又颠覆了这一想法，所以说OG的解释都很操蛋。其实是ing不能作伴随状语修饰完成时，因为ing表示同时发生的动作，且处于次等地位，主句是完成时，收集了很多材料，不可能同时得出结论，而且明显的是，得出结论是主要的动词。 也就是说现在分词所能表现的三种功能在D选项中都不适用。 1. 伴随状语，伴随主句动作，have amassed, 说明神经学家已经手机了一堆资料的同时，得出了某个结论。不合理 2. 结果状语，隐蔽的错误，这个不是immediate 结果，也就是说收集了资料不一定必然导致得出结论，，所以不行。 3. 后置定语，修饰adulthood，逻辑意思不符合，所以不行。 2. The application of a new method for analyzing thechemistry of tooth enamel allows scientists to examine molars of prehumanancestors and determining that their diets were more varied than had beensupposed. (A) The application of a new method for analyzing the chemistry of toothenamel allows scientists to examine molars of prehuman ancestors anddetermining (B) Through the application of a new method for analyzing the chemistry oftooth enamel, the molars of prehuman ancestors were examined by scientists whodetermined (C) When they applied a new method for analyzing the chemistry of toothenamel, scientists examined molars of prehuman ancestors, determining (D) Applying a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, themolars of prehumen ancestors have been examined by scientists, who determined (E) (E) Applying a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel,scientists have examined molars of prehuman ancestors and determined C的错误在于引入了when格式，when 表示同时发生或者前句导致后句，但是原文并没有表现出这种时间关系，也没有因果关系。不是因为运用了某某技术，科学家才检验了，而是科学家运用某种技术检验了。。。 E没错是因为"newmethod" describes the way in which the scientists made thedeterminations described 可解释为方式状语， 表示方式状语(但不是伴随状语)。因为句中applying表明人们用什么方法，是涉及到用how或bywhat means的回答问题，所以，如果把句中改为by applying，则句意保持不变。 3. While digging in the Egyptian desert, hugefossil bones have been found by paleontologists, which appears to have been thesecond most massive dinosaur that ever lived. A. huge fossil bones have been found bypaleontologists, which appears to have been B. huge fossil bones have been found by paleontologists,which appear to be from C. it appears that paleontologists have foundhuge fossil bones that are from D. paleontologists have found huge fossil bonesfrom what appears to be (D) E. paleontologists have found huge fossilbones, which are from what appear to be while/when/although + doing，逻辑主语是主句主语， 原文google上找到的原文！
Digging at an oasis in the Egyptian desert, paleontologists havefound huge fossil bones of what they say appears to have been the second mostmassive dinosaur that ever lived. 挖掘沙漠的时候，古生物学家发现了XXXX，，是时间状语，现在分词的动作和主谓语的动作同时发生 值得一提，with + doing不一定修饰主句主语，可以修饰最接近的名词，Isaw a dog doing sth, with tail waving. 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 with短语在句子中可以作定语和状语。作状语时，它能表示动作的方式、原因，但不能表示时间、伴随和条件。 而by doing 1.放在句首或者句尾时要跟主句逻辑主语相同，注意！！放在句尾时要有逗号隔开才是修饰主句动宾，没有逗号隔开的话就是修饰前面的动宾。。 Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers'personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in returnfor a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank ofengaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise toits customers to keep records private. (A) by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep (B) by its failure of honoring its promise to its customers to keep (C) in its failing to honor its promise to its customers of keeping (D) because of its failure in honoring its promise to its customers inkeeping (E) because of its failure to honor its promise to its customers ofkeeping 选A ，没有逗号隔开，那么就是 engaging in deceptive business practices by doing,.,.,. Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely thannonunion members to be enrolled in lower-end insurance plans imposingstricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients,and spend less time with each.
(A) imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to seemore patients, and spend
(B) imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see morepatients, and spending
(C) that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to seemore patients, and spend
(D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to seemore patients, spending
(E) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to seemore patients and spending 根据平行结构剩下AD，，A中，如果spend和see是并列，那么and不能用逗号，，另外，根据意思，spend和see不能并列，因为意思不对等，spending less time明显是修饰see的是把see的细节表述出来，所以只能选D，spending作为see的伴随状语。这说明ing作伴随状语放在句尾时不一定是修饰主句动词，修饰前面一个从句。。，，所以说ing放在两个句子中间的时候很危险，可以向前修饰，也可以向后修饰。。 还有一个例句 The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that make alarge number of long-distance calls, the Federal Communications Commission's recenttelephone rate cuts will greatly reduce costs, though some consumer groupsdisagree with the government's estimates, suggesting they are too optimistic., 后面的suggesting就是伴随状语，是修饰disagree，表现disagree的具体内容，而不是修饰主句的动词。也就是说是修饰前面一个从句的动词，，though是引导一个让步状语从句 One manufacturer has announced plans toincrease the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25percent over the next five years, amounting to roughly five miles pergallon, and representing the first significant change in the fuel efficiencyof any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.
(a) amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, and representing
(b) amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, and it would represent
(c) an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and it wouldrepresent
(d) an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and wouldrepresent
(e) which is an increase amounting to roughly five miles per gallon,representing In A and B, a comma followed by a presentparticiple "...years, amounting to..." suggests one of two scenarios:either the phrase is an adverbial modifier that modifies the preceding verb"has announced" OR it's an adverbial modifier that modifies the entirepreceding clause, "One manufacturer... five years". The trouble withA and B, therefore, is that neitherpossibility makes any sense. "amounting to..." doesn't modify"has announced" and it also doesn't modify the entire clause. Ing作后置定语时不考虑时间观念。。 The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrenceby way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canalsso that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the IllinoisRiver. (A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of LakeMichigan, but having been redirected by constructing (B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of LakeMichigan, but they have been redirected by constructing (C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of LakeMichigan but have been redirected by the construction of (D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of LakeMichigan, but having been redirected by the construction of (E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of LakeMichigan, have been redirected through the construction of 选E， In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by themale for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surroundingtemperature, and they can in fact serve as an approximate thermometer. (A) for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with thesurrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve (B) for attracting females rises and falls in accordance with thesurrounding temperature, which can in fact serve (C) in attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surroundingtemperature, in fact possibly serving (D) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surroundingtemperature, and it can in fact serve (E) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surroundingtemperature, in fact possibly serving 排除ABC后，E中serving有作后置定语修饰temperature的嫌疑。。 Defying efforts by policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic atrestraining it, the United States dollar, continuing its rise, reaching itshighest level in six years against the German mark. (A) at restraining it, the United States dollar, continuing its rise,reaching (B) at restraining it, the rise of the United States dollar continued, toreach (C) at restraining it, the United States dollar continued rising, and itreached (D) to restrain it, the United States dollar continued its rise, reaching (E) to restrain it, the United States dollar is continuing its rise, andto reach 选D，reaching作伴随状语表示结果，，修饰主句全句，却没有修饰rise作后置定语的嫌疑，看来是逻辑意思优先。因为E错的太离谱，， He went into the classroom and sit onthe chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)
ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)
He scored 100 in the 1st testand scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)
ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)
Usingtechnology as new as space-age fabrics and as ordinary as commondry-cleaning chemicals, scientists and historians, in their attempt at cleaningand preserving the American flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in1814, are hoping that it will then last another 200 years.
(A) and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, scientists andhistorians, in their attempt at cleaning and preserving the American flag thatflew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814, are hoping
(B) and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, scientists and historiansare attempting to clean and preserve the American flag that flew over FortMcHenry in Baltimore in 1814, hoping
(C) and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, an attempt by scientistsand historians to clean and preserve the American flag that flew over FortMcHenry in Baltimore in 1814 is being made in the hope
(D) but also as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, scientists andhistorians who are attempting to clean and preserve the American flag that flewover Fort McHenry in Baltimore in
1814, hoping
(E) but also as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, an attempt byscientists and historians at cleaning and preserving the American flag thatflew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814 in hopes 选B，，根据using的逻辑主语可以排除C E，句子结构排除D，再看AB，A中句子的逻辑意思被改了，using technology， scientists are hoping, 科学家用技术不是希望什么什么，而是要清洗国旗，所以逻辑意思只有B，hoping作伴随状语，scientists do sth, hoping that XXX. hoping 要用人做主语，所以逻辑主语就是scientists 无误。 不能做后置定语修饰FORT XXX。 Womenare expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, atrend ultimately placing more women in leadershippositions in politics and business. (A) Women are expected to be themajority of students entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately placing (B) The majority of studentsentering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimatelyplace (C) The majority of studentsentering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will ultimatelyplace (D) It is expected that themajority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend ultimatelyplacing (E) It is expected for women to bethe majority of students entering law school this fall, which will ultimatelyplace 选B， A中同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含义。 Some patients whodo not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequatetreatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too lowto be effective orhaving been taken off a drug too soon. (A) having, forexample, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or havingbeen (B) having, forexample, a drug prescription that was ineffective because the dosage was toolow, or being (C) as, forexample, having too low of a dosage of a prescribed drug for it to beeffective, or being (D) when theyhave, for example, been prescribed too low a drug dosage to be effective, orwere (E) for example,when they have a drug prescription with a dosage too low to be effective, orbeen 选A，其他四个时态不一致等问题错得比较离谱。
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发表于 2013-5-29 23:02:27
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