携隐13套第9套里的小鸟记忆阅读求讨论！

raylu1987

Q4 to Q7:

The term “episodic memory” was

introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

considered a uniquely human capacity—

Linethe ability to recollect specific past events,

(5)to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)memory in animals.According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.Clayton sought to

(15)examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)scarcity.Clayton’s experiment required

jays to remember the type, location, and

freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.Jays

(25)prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)information about the what, the where,

and the when. Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

reexperiencing the pastwhen retrieving the

information.Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

Q4:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation

B. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations

C. present similarities between human memory and animal memory

D. point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human

E. account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment

这题选B，可我没看出这篇文章点出了这个实验的什么局限(limitations)啊？相反，我倒是觉得E更加合适，解释了实验中发现的一个动物的没有预想到的行为。（就是可以有记忆）

Q5:

According to the passage, Clayton’s experiment depended on the fact that scrub jay

A. recall “when” and “where” information more distinctly than “what” information

B. are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time

C. choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time

D. choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available

E. prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period

这题答案选C，但C不就是结果吗？可题目是问这个实验depend on什么fact。
D更加合适，因为这个实验是基于当c和p都available的时候，小鸟会选C，所以当放了很长时间，小鸟选P了，这才是能够反映出实验证明的东西。如果当c和p都available的时候，小鸟会选p，那放了很长时间后，小鸟选p就不奇怪了。

求各位大N讨论，谢谢！

raylu1987

呀。没人？

1369179610

携隐13套第9套里的小鸟记忆阅读求讨论！
Q4 to Q7:


The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—


the ability to recollect specific past events,to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply


to use information acquired through past experiences.


本小层大意：事件记忆是指一个人类的独特的能力：在脑海中回到过去（类似穿越~~）以收集信息。这和简单地使用从过去经验中得来的信息的能力是不同的。




【Subsequently,】 Clayton et al developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of


individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event“bound” together.Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’




accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval




later during periods of food scarcity.Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique


learning event.Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.Clayton’s birds




switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about




the what，the where,and the when.


本小层大意：Clayton做了一个标准，看看动物有没有事件记忆。这个标准是：事件记忆不是记忆过去的某一点信息，而是一个包括各个部分的事件整体。
                       实验用的是松鸦。
                       试验中松鸦把蟋蟀储藏在A地点，坚果储藏在B地点；由于蟋蟀会烂，当长期储存时，它们选择坚果。
                       这个实验表明松鸦是可以回忆when what 和where的。








Such experiments cannot,【however,】reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.Clayton acknowledged this




by using the term “episodic-like” memory.


本小层大意：但是这个实验不能反映松鸦是否回忆起了当时的整个过程。Clayton把这个实验中松鸦展现出来的记忆能力叫“类事件记忆”。


*分层根据：【】


Q4:


The primary purpose of the passage is to


A. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation（没有介绍事件记忆如何被发现。）


B. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations（最后一小层说的就是局限。）


C. present similarities between human memory and animal memory（松鸦实验的目的不是比较相同点，而是看看动物有无事件记忆。）


D. point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human（目前来看，松鸦可能没有事件记忆，因此uniquely是没有错的。）


E. account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment.(并非是没想到，是本来就不知道，实验之前也没有预期动物有事件记忆，只是看看动物有没有。)


这题选B，可我没看出这篇文章点出了这个实验的什么局限(limitations)啊？相反，我倒是觉得E更加合适，解释了实验中发现的一个动物的没有预想到的行为。（就是可以有记忆）


Q5:


According to the passage, Clayton’s experiment depended on（基于，依赖） the fact that scrub jay


A. recall “when” and “where” information more distinctly than “what” information（未提及）


B. are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time（这个还不能确定）


C. choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time（因为这是松鸦的回忆，松鸦通过经验可以回忆起蟋蟀长时间储存会烂，而这个实验检验的东西是以回忆为研究对象的）


D. choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available（这个选项是事实，但这个对检验松鸦是否可以进行事件记忆没有帮助。）


E. prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period（本选项陈述的不是事实，事实是短时间内更喜欢蟋蟀。）


这题答案选C，但C不就是结果吗？可题目是问这个实验depend on什么fact。
D更加合适，因为这个实验是基于当c和p都available的时候，小鸟会选C，所以当放了很长时间，小鸟选P了，这才是能够反映出实验证明的东西。如果当c和p都available的时候，小鸟会选p，那放了很长时间后，小鸟选p就不奇怪了。






还有疑问吗？可以继续讨论哦~~我最近在做OG阅读，你若也在刷OG阅读，那么欢迎到我的阅读笔记，期待指点~~~


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