把刀架在脖子上，二战备考日记，求监督～

shuhe

对不起大家，前一段时间经历了元旦春节忙季都乱七八糟事，没能按时上来汇报进度。复习在缓慢的进行着目前把OG12、OG13结合千行又进行分类总结了一遍，目的是总结常见考点的出题规律。把总结的一些东西放上来和大家分享一下 ，认识还比较浅显，请大牛多指教。
首先是主动和被动的问题。
主动与被动
GMAT 的句子中能采用主动的就不用被动，尤其是从句，避免wordy和歧义。
1.The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, who so named them supposedly because their sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.
选项中“they were named supposedly because。。。”是没有必要的

2. A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.
that引导的从句是表明其实economy没有之前想得那么weak。“might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought ”结构清晰，选项中“might not be as weak as have been thought by…”wordy
但在一些特殊情况下，被动是第一选择--------强调事情本身，无关发出者。
The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world，for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of festival.
这个句子表达的是一个因果关系，Olympic Games keep peace的原因是a sacred truce was proclaimed
原文没有体现是谁发出这个动作，也不是Olympic Games发出，所以选项中 “they proclaimed…”的主动形式都是不正确的，they无所指，是凭空出现的。

shuhe

But作为连词，和“and“的规则一样，前后结构要平行

1.    Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strongelectromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of theSun but have neverbeen sighted on the Sun's poles or equator.

句子原意是sunspots在哪里能看见，但是在哪里看不见，两者是平行关系“are visible as…”和“have never been sighted…”平行


100.Like the planets, the stars are in motion, someof them at tremendous speeds, but they are so far away fromearth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for theirmovement to be observed during a single human lifetime.

句子表达的是at tremendousspeeds和notchange enough反差，用but连接前后两部分清晰简洁。

116. Mauritiuswas a British colony for almost 200 years, but expect in the domains ofadministration and teaching, the English language was never really spoken onthe island.
这题同样也是，
Britishcolony和neverreally spoken表达的是转折的意思，一定要有but

38.Bengal-born writer, philosopher, and educator Rabindranath Tagore had thegreatest admiration for Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as a politician, butTagore was also skeptical of Gandhi's form of nationalism and his conservativeopinions about India's cultural traditions.


admiration for和skeptical of两种相反的情绪，用but

even though和although
19.  TheIroquois were primarily planters, although they supplemented theircultivation of maize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting

未划线部分关键词是“primarily”，说明后面的内容是“尽管 although”尽管supplement …withfishing and hunting，但主要还是planters，强调的是前者，所以不能用but。

31.  Eventhough many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were relativelysimple and static, Brabara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideasabout how genes might operate, and in 1983,at the age of 81, was awarded aNobel Prize for her discovery that the genes in corn are capable of moving fromone chromosomal site to another.  

“complicated”和“simple”相反，推测划线的内容一定是even though或although，
Even though+完整句子，although可加短语。

98. Eventhough Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto theirfaces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the NewMexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.

Eventhough前后转折的内容是 “have been foundall over…”和 “hey are named forthe New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.”。
其他错误选项转折的内容都有错误。


48.Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake onEarth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival insize, North America's Lake Superior.

Thoughcalled a sea成分是open modifier修饰landlockedCaspian

132.Although heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year,appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins—theyare often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises—heirlooms aremore flavorful and thus in increasing demand.

这句非常狡猾，由于插入语，句子长，外加破折号，都为识破although引导的句子和另一句想表达的内容增添了不少障碍。

(A)  Althoughappearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins,heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year
从原句来看，想表达的是尽管 “heirloom tomatoes appearsg less appetizingthan常见品种”，但是他们“oftengreen and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises—heirlooms are moreflavorful and thus in increasing demand.”

shuhe

总结一下OG当中that从句的用法
首先，一大类是that引导的从句对抽象名词的解释
例如hope，expectation，confidence，evidence，hypothesis等，这些抽象名词都不会单独出现，后面一定会跟随that引导的从句阐述内容。所以上述词+of的形式基本都是错误的。

1.    Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finallyunder way,many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery mightnot last.

16. Retailsales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personalspending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.

50. Accordingto some analysts, the gain in the stock market reflect growing confidence thatthe economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the yearand instead come in for a "soft landing", followed by a gradualincrease in business activity.

55. Manyhouse builder offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for aconventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of therent to a purchase later.

68. Thefirst trenches cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, haveyielded strong evidencethat centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of theMiddle East arose simultaneously with but independently of the morecelebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.

115.Gill's hypothesis that different mentalfunctions are localized in different parts of the brain is widely acceptedtoday.


第二大类，that引导的从句限定性修饰先行词（非限定常见which）
That和which一般不作为淘汰选项的split，一般that引导的内容都是在具体描述先行词的性质和特点（我比较浅显的理解限定两个字）

10. Carnivorous mammals can endure what wouldotherwise be lethal level of body heat because they have a heat-exchangenetwork that keeps the brain from getting too hot.

24. Invirtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces theproduction of enzymes thatare the organism's attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemicalirritant.

103.Yellow jackets number among the 900 or sospecies of the world's social wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative andorganized society consisting almost entirely of females--the queen and hersterile female workers.


126.Theuse of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individualthat, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.

第三类是在此类动词后，例如：suggestbelieve indicate declare propose report contend announce等等，在将要引出的内容前+that
13.  Asurge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economymight not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.

27. Paleontologistsbelieve thatfragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along theevolutionary path that led to human beings.

35. Alongwith the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail salesfigures released today seem to indicate that the economy, although growing slowly, is notnearing a recession.


73. Combiningenormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appearto have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in theirpath, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that aninability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.

80. Areport by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that many ofthe currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comefrom the incineration of wastes.

81.  Recentlyphysicians have determinedthat stomach ulcers are caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods,but by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.


That的多项并列内容的句子中，起着至关重要的作用
83. In2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending onprescription drugs, aphenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming more expensivebut also by the fact thatdoctors are writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.
Not bythe fact that…but also the fact that，that清晰的引导了两个fact的内容

128.Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest thatthe elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved as akind of snorkel.  
Evidence tosuggest that…and that…  suggest引导的两个内容分别用that

97. Someanthropologists believethat the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the resultof a "population bottleneck"—that at some time in the past our ancestorssuffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers and thus our geneticvariation.

shuhe

过去完成时
过去发生的两个动作，有明确的时间先后，用一般过去时和过去完成时加以区分

3.    Althoughvarious eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American poets had professed an interest inNative American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native Americanforms in their own works, it was not until almost 1900 that scholars andcritics seriously beganstudying traditional Native American poetry in native languages.
在began studying之前就已经professed and pretended

6.    Inlate 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza wereclosed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled bytourists had raised thehumidity within them to such level that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing onthe walls。

Raised发生在wascrystallizing and funguswas growing之前

36.Dressed as a man and using the name RobertShurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joinedthe Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783because she had become too ill to serve.
Had become too ill，然后 was discharged

69. Oncethey had seen thereport from the medical examiner, the investigators had no doubt that the body recovered fromthe river was that of the man who had attempted to escape from the stateprison.
一旦已经看到report 就不会dout

76. Retailersreported moderategains in their November sales, as much because their sales a year earlier had been so bad asbecause shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts.

123.Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in hernative Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group ofdiscerning admires, and her photographs were eventually exhibited inprestigious galleries across the United States.

139.The company announced that its profits declined much less inthe second quarter than analysts had expected and that its business would improve in thesecond half of the year.

1.     In areview of 2,000 studies of human behavior that date back to the 1940s, twoSwiss psychologists declaredthat since most of the studies had failed to control for variables such as social class andfamily size, none could be taken seriously.


这一句比较特殊，had feared之前没有明确的过去发生的动作做参照点，为什么用过去完成时，是因为earlier in the year，表明了是在“过去”之前的时间点
50. Accordingto some analysts, the gain in the stock market reflect growing confidence thatthe economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a"soft landing", followed by a gradual increase in business activity.

再来看这道题，B选项除了and之后缺少主语之外，语法上是没有错误的，但是除了句意强调“primarily”，还有were planters和supplemented是没有必要放在一条时间线上的，因为were表示的是状态，而不是一个动作，supplement发生在什么时候都不影响他们是planters。所以不一定两个动词出现，就一定要区分先后，还有若出现“after”等明确的表先后的词，可都用一般过去时。
19.  TheIroquois were primarily planters, although they supplemented theircultivation of maize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting

【B 】 and had supplemented

shuhe

夹心修饰
1.     Althoughvarious eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American poets had professed aninterest in Native American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native Americanforms in their own works, it was not until almost 1900 that scholars andcritics seriously began studying traditional Native American poetry innative languages.
A ，until almost 1900，scholars andcritics did not begin…
夹心修饰，不是指放在两个分句中间，而是指可修饰前面，也可修饰后面，造成理解的歧义。
A选项中的untilalmost 1900就是夹心修饰，可前可后，不明确。

修饰成分的位置
5.    Diabetes,together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leadingcause of death, surpassed onlyby heart disease and cancer.
Only修饰byheart disease and cancer，而不是修饰surpassed，所以不能放在surpassed前面，不符合逻辑意思。

7.    As itssales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, thecompany has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales itwould in the pasthave conceded to rivals.
有的选项写成rivalsin the past，不知是修饰rivals还是修饰haveconceded

12.  Risinginventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales , can lead toproduction cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.

因为是risinginventories所以对应的是correspondingincreases in sales，而不是correspondingly increased sales

18.  Plantsare more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, andconverting it to energy-rich sugars.

in the formof carbon dioxide修饰carbon，所以前面只能是carbon


40. Dr. Tonegawawon the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change itsgenes to fashion a seeminglyunlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at an invadingmicrobe or foreign substance.

70. Hisstudies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range ofpresent-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of anage in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas.

Now是副词，修饰are

90. Althoughearly soap operas werefirst aired on evening radio in the 1920s, they were moved to thedaytime hours in the 1930s when the evening schedule became crowded withcomedians and variety shows.
were firstaired是首播，wereaired first是放在第一个节目播出


120.A firm that specializes in the analysis ofhandwriting claims to be able, from a one-page writing sample, to assess more than 300personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination, and ambition.


为了句子的主谓结构清晰，通常会将一部分内容以修饰的成分放在主语前面
52. Long before it was fashionable to be anexpatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, andshe remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and anintelligence agent for the Resistance.

88. Jazz pianist and composerThelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted inthe stride-piano tradition of Willie Smith and Duke Elligton, yet in many wayshe stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.

100.Likethe planets, the stars are in motion, some of them attremendous speeds, but they are so far away fromearth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for theirmovement to be observed during a single human lifetime.

123.Lesssuccessful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in her native Germany, photographerLotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admires, and herphotographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across theUnited States.

shuhe

Doing的集中常见用法





第一类是出现在句首，表明主语（动作的发出者）做了什么，就是open modifier



15.Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, and create a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning.



25.Using accounts of various ancient writers,scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess".



28.Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of other wild and domestic resources.



36.Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.





79. Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their client's misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their action.



原句“in attributing criminal…”在but 引导的句子中，显然是open modifier “the perpetrators”不和逻辑





第二类，表前面句子产生的结果



21.Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.



37.Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886,outnumber her letters to anyone else.



原句“were written over…”是主句，“outnumberingher letters to anyone else”表结果，是不正确的，两者没有automatic and essentially unavoidable consequence





47.Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.



“Five fledgling sea eagles left…”导致了number的上升



59.The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world，for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of festival.



选项B“proclaiming a sacred…”不符合逻辑意思，因为主句是说奥利匹克helped to keep peace，后面的内容显然是解释怎么help，是因果关系，用doing是本末倒置。



65.In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Crops of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.



“absorbing …and protecting…”是前面“would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer ”产生的结果，也可以理解为对buffer作用的补充。



78.Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands.



“making”表示前面的事实带来的结果，其他选项中“made”不符合逻辑，fossiles不能made sloth known



94.The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fear among some officials that safety is being compromised.



111. A mutual fund having billions of dollars in assets will typically invest that money in hundreds of companies, rarely holding more than one percent of the shares of any particular corporation



1.The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, who so named them supposedly because their sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.

选项C“naming them supposedly…”是修饰前面整个句子的，不合逻辑，不能明确动作的发出者，也不能体现出是在过去时间点发出的动作。




第三类补充说明/表状态或伴随





19.The Iroquois were primarily planters, although they supplemented their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting



选项A“but supplementing”，supplementing是补充说明were primarily planters，和but表达的意思本来是矛盾的



124.Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.

Hang sleep 和move三个动词显然不是并列关系，sleeping和moving是表示hang时候的状态。



134.Recently implemented "shift-work equations" based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, and fatigue among shift workers while raisingproduction efficiency in various industries.

While引导的状语从句



48. Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America's Lake Superior.



87. According to scientists who monitored its path, an expanding cloud of energized particles ejected from the Sun recently triggered a large storm in the magnetic field that surrounds Earth, brightening the Northern Lights and possibly knocking out a communications satellite.



第四类，修饰名词

21.Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.



句子强调的是Neuroscientists过去已经做了什么，而现在又做了什么，重点是现在做了什么，且前后有轻微的对比关系。Having引导的成分修饰Neuroscientists。

再看选项D和E“ have amassed”变成了句子的谓语，“are now drawing”变成了“drawing”若理解为伴随，从逻辑意思和时态上都是不正确的因为主句是have引导的完成时。

而且Neuroscientists,现在做的“drawing solid conclusions”和之前的“having amassed a wealth of knowledge”没有automatic and essentially unavoidable consequence，所以也是不正确的。



30.For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protectingwarriors against enemy arrows and spears.

Protecting前面的句子是系动词，所以既可以认为是修饰主语也可以认为是修饰宾语，因为两者相等的，这里用Protecting准确的补充说明了animal-hide shields的功用，“to protect”用在逗号后表目的，与前面“A is B”多表达的内容不符。



42.Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

“an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles”的核心词是filigree，“spawned… and extending…”都是修饰filigree，doing表示extend持续到现在。



66.The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.

B选项“growing as big as”错误的修饰了The 32 species。





95.The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them；the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as "standing waves".

“acting like rocks in a streambed”修饰The peaks of a mountain range



103.Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world's social wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females--the queen and her sterile female workers.



“consisting almost entirely of females”修饰society。“highly cooperative”，“organized”和“consisting”并列



133.Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rate Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.

表示法律法规的具体内容用doing


7. The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.



原句中“The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, having hundreds of miniature”产生歧义，不知是structure having 还是 eye having



65. Digging in sediments in northern China, scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life-forms emerged much earlier than previously thought



Digging是open modifier，决定了主语一定是scientists；suggesting修饰evidence

wangwxiu

楼主好好人！

ohmeiying

看一下！               

闵喽喽

楼主应该考过了吧?