OG12 100关于独立主格！！！标题要长！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

wyw1018

独立主格把非谓语动词还原出来可以成为一个完整的句子，而同位语就不行。

二楼往下掉

同位语只能是名词或名词性短语，后面的modifier实际上是做这个名词或名词性短语的定语。
独立主格虽然是n+modifier，但后面的modifier并不是做定语修饰这个n。

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 14:30:08)

原来概括型同位语只是用一个名词或者名词性短语概括了另一个名词性短语or名词，我一直概念混乱的以为概括型同位语是一个名词或者名词性短语概括了一件事。。。

83.  In 2000,a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending onprescription drugs, a phenomenon that isexplained not just because of more expensive drugs but by the fact that doctorsare writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.

(A)  aphenomenon that is explained not just because of more expensive drugs but bythe fact that doctors are writing

(B)  aphenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming moreexpensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing

(C)  aphenomenon occurring not just because of drugs that are becoming more expensivebut because of doctors having also written

(D)  whichoccurred not just because drugs are becoming more expensive but doctors arealso writing

(E)  whichoccurred not just because of more expensive drugs but because doctors have alsowritten

这里的a phenomenon就是独立主格了，因为a phenomenon说的是上边那件事，而不是一个名词性短语，这个对吧？

等一下。。。
100.  The stars,some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yetbeing so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky donot change enough for their movement to be observed during a single humanlifetime.
(A)  The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds,are in motion just as the planets are, yet being
(B)  Like the planets, the stars are in motion,some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(C)  Although like the planets the stars are inmotion, some of them at tremendous speeds, yet
(D)  As the planets, the stars are in motion, someof them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(E)  The stars are in motion like the planets,some of which at tremendous speeds are in motion but
B中，由于不能说一些星星有很高的速度，只能说一些星星的运动有很高的速度，所以也是个独立主格，不是定语

yakev6

[attachimg=1559,711]106962[/attachimg]。。。那个，大叔，我想问下，这个an excursion不是叫做概括性同位语么。。。我已经完全混乱了= =。。。
到底神马是同位语，神马是独立主格。。。求救！！

-- by 会员 二楼往下掉 (2012/9/25 14:23:11)

[/quote]
看看同位语的定义和独立主格的定义
同位语：
An appositive is a re-naming or amplification of a word that immediately precedes it. (An appositive, then is the opposite of an oppositive.) Frequently another kind of phrase will serve in apposition.
独立主格：
an absolute phrase (also called a nominative absolute) is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers. Absolute phrases do not directly connect to or modify any specific word in the rest of the sentence; instead, they modify the entire sentence, adding information.
两者是有本质区别的，同位语是名词修饰语，必须贴近修饰名词，通常是解释或者具体化一个不常见的名词。
而独立主格则没有明确修饰对象，往往是概括抽象一个过程，或者形成一个概念，或者是补充一些额外信息等。
所谓概括性同位语，是来自于prep解析的概念吧，个人认为实际上就是独立主格。因为从概念上说那不是名词修饰语。我们需要去概括一个名词吗？不用吧，需要概括的应该是一个process。也只有process才能概括。
你看那个excursion，修饰的是谁？是贴近修饰smith吗？显然不是，因此不可能是名词修饰语。
附下G中出现过的同位语从句和独立主格的正确句子。
同位语从句vs独立主格
l同位语从句

38.  In 1850,Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes in the married women's property laws

42.  Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

48.  In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years until complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson,Pope's contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.

103. Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world'ssocial wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females--the queen and her sterile female workers.

35.   In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.

61.   The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it had long appeared immune to human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.

A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found,fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.

Born into poverty and sent by her father into servitude at the age of seven, Martha Matilda Harper created America's first retail franchise network, a radical new business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own their own businesses and gain financial independence.

118. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fules, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.

Frederick Winslow Taylor, a machinist and engineer who worked in the early twentieth century, believed that the productivity of a job could be improved by separating the components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way to perform each motion, and then redesigning the job so that each motion could be done as efficiently as possible.

217. (GWD-8-Q11) There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.

Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.

63.  The yield of natural gas from Norway's Troll gas field is expected to increase annually until the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at least 50 years production.

164.One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.

The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final tryouts are held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them for international competition.

Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest surviving example of a "built" boat--in other words, a boat constructed out of planks fitted together--and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology, over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.

Often billed as "The Genius," American pianist, singer, composer, and bandleader Ray Charles is credited with the early development of soul music, a genre based on a melding of gospel, rhythm and blues, and jazz.

l独立主格

83.  In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending on prescription drugs,a phenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.

96.Floating in the water of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affectglobal climate.

98.   A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program,California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that in the nation as a whole.

107.The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place more women in leadership positions in politics and business.

Now that so much data travels via light--i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by electrical current--one goal of semiconductor research is to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead to smaller, faster semiconductors.

206. (GWD-21-Q29) While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.

100.Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.

二楼往下掉

106962。。。那个，大叔，我想问下，这个an excursion不是叫做概括性同位语么。。。我已经完全混乱了= =。。。
到底神马是同位语，神马是独立主格。。。求救！！

-- by 会员 二楼往下掉 (2012/9/25 14:23:11)

看看同位语的定义和独立主格的定义
同位语：
An appositive is a re-naming or amplification of a word that immediately precedes it. (An appositive, then is the opposite of an oppositive.) Frequently another kind of phrase will serve in apposition.
独立主格：
an absolute phrase (also called a nominative absolute) is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers. Absolute phrases do not directly connect to or modify any specific word in the rest of the sentence; instead, they modify the entire sentence, adding information.
两者是有本质区别的，同位语是名词修饰语，必须贴近修饰名词，通常是解释或者具体化一个不常见的名词。
而独立主格则没有明确修饰对象，往往是概括抽象一个过程，或者形成一个概念，或者是补充一些额外信息等。
所谓概括性同位语，是来自于prep解析的概念吧，个人认为实际上就是独立主格。因为从概念上说那不是名词修饰语。我们需要去概括一个名词吗？不用吧，需要概括的应该是一个process。也只有process才能概括。
你看那个excursion，修饰的是谁？是贴近修饰smith吗？显然不是，因此不可能是名词修饰语。
附下G中出现过的同位语从句和独立主格的正确句子。
同位语从句vs独立主格
l同位语从句

38.  In 1850,Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes in the married women's property laws

42.  Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

48.  In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years until complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson,Pope's contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.

103. Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world'ssocial wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females--the queen and her sterile female workers.

35.   In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.

61.   The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it had long appeared immune to human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.

A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found,fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.

Born into poverty and sent by her father into servitude at the age of seven, Martha Matilda Harper created America's first retail franchise network, a radical new business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own their own businesses and gain financial independence.

118. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fules, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.

Frederick Winslow Taylor, a machinist and engineer who worked in the early twentieth century, believed that the productivity of a job could be improved by separating the components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way to perform each motion, and then redesigning the job so that each motion could be done as efficiently as possible.

217. (GWD-8-Q11) There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.

Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.

63.  The yield of natural gas from Norway's Troll gas field is expected to increase annually until the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at least 50 years production.

164.One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.

The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final tryouts are held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them for international competition.

Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest surviving example of a "built" boat--in other words, a boat constructed out of planks fitted together--and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology, over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.

Often billed as "The Genius," American pianist, singer, composer, and bandleader Ray Charles is credited with the early development of soul music, a genre based on a melding of gospel, rhythm and blues, and jazz.

l独立主格

83.  In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending on prescription drugs,a phenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.

96.Floating in the water of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affectglobal climate.

98.   A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program,California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that in the nation as a whole.

107.The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place more women in leadership positions in politics and business.

Now that so much data travels via light--i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by electrical current--one goal of semiconductor research is to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead to smaller, faster semiconductors.

206. (GWD-21-Q29) While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.

100.Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.

-- by 会员 yakev6 (2012/9/25 16:05:26)

[/quote]

终于懂了！！！thx a lot！！！
楼上的诸位，thx a lot！！！！