OG 13 阅读第九篇37-41题分析

fairypp

Manufacturers have todo more than build large manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale.点名主旨。需要肿么样才能实现规模经济
　 　
It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unitof output fall as plant size approaches “minimum efficient scale,” wherethe cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the stateof existing technology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannotbe fully realized unless a steady “throughput”(the flow of materials through a plant) is attained. The throughput needed tomaintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the productionprocess, but also of the flow of input fromsuppliers and the flow of output to wholesalersand final consumers. If throughput falls below acritical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer’sfixed costs and “sunk costs” (original capital investment in the physicalplant) do not decrease when production declinesdue to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, orinefficient sales networks. Consequently,potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineeringcharacteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but realized economies of scale are operational andorganizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—thatis, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.
开头it is true引起话题并且让步转折。就像汉语里“诚然xxx是yyy滴，但是zzz..."

规模经济建立在两个基础上：1 tangible capital 2 intangible capital
plant size工厂规模 realized实现 flow of materials物资流转 optimal最佳的 raw materials原材料 factory floor工人工作的场地，制造现场 economies of scale规模经济 sunk cost沉没成本，已支付成本
　　The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obviouswhen one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries 条件（在...情况下）可能会出题. Such industries are quickly dominated, notby the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants oftheoretically optimal size, but rather by thefirst to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achievethis, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already workedout problems with suppliers or with new production processes. Challengers must create distribution networks and marketingsystems in markets where first movers have all the contacts and know-how. Andchallengers must recruit management teams tocompete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategicactivities.

37. The passage suggests that in order fora manufacturer in a capital-intensive industry to have a decisive advantageover competitors making similar products, the manufacturer must
A . be the first in the industry to build production facilities oftheoretically optimal size见原文”Notby the first firms to …of theoretically optimal size“
B. make every effort to keep fixed and sunk costs as low as possible木提到，只是说固定成本不会下降
C. be one of the first to operate its manufacturing plants at minimumefficient scale见原文First to exploit the full potential ofsuch plants at minimum scale紫色字体部分容易干扰，是对前文plants的解释

D. produce goods of higher quality than those produced by direct competitors木
E. stockpile raw materials at production sites in order to ensure a steady flowof such materials木stockpile库存


38. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of amanufacturer's fixed and sunk costs?
A. The extent to which they are determined by market conditions for the goodsbeing manufactured is frequently underestimated.木提到underestimated
B. If they are kept as low as possible, the manufacturer is very likely to realize significant profits.木提到
C. They are the primary factor that determineswhether a manufacturer will realize economies of scale.木
D. They should be ona par with  the fixed and sunk costs of the manufacturer’s competitors.原文木，纯属YY。on a part with与…一样；同等
E . They are not affected by fluctuations in a manufacturing plant’sthroughput.见原文原文 do not decrease when production declines…后面的内容是throughput（生产量，生产能力）


39. In the context of the passage as a whole, the second paragraph servesprimarily to
A. provide an example to support the argument presented in the first paragraph
B. evaluate various strategies discussed in the first paragraph木
C. introduce evidence that undermines the argument presented in the firstparagraph木
D. anticipate possible objections to the argument presented in the firstparagraph木
E. demonstrate the potential dangers of a commonly used strategy木

40. The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughputcould be adversely affected by
A. a mistake in judgment regarding the selection of a wholesaler
B. a breakdown in the factory's machinery
C. a labor dispute on the factory floor
D. an increase in the cost per unit of output
E. a drop in the efficiency of the sales network
取非：Consequently后面的内容都不选
Cost per unit of output是文中最先提到，也是作者最不重视的
41. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. point out the importance of intangible capital for realizing economies ofscale in manufacturing
B. show that manufacturers frequently gain a competitiveadvantage from investment in large manufacturingfacilities
C. argue that large manufacturing facilities often failbecause of inadequate investment in both tangible and intangible capital
D. suggest that most new industries are likelyto be dominated by firms that build large manufacturing plants early
E. explain why large manufacturing plants usually donot help manufacturers achieve economies of scale

lunvs

最后一题我觉得有问题哎，文章分两段，前面大段是在说怎样能达到最佳规模经济，后面一段说intangible capital的重要性（主要在维持最佳规模经济）。如果把E改成explain why building large manufacturing plants is not the dominated factor to help manufacturers achieve and maintain economies of scale.
只是觉得文章包含两个观点：达到和维持，而答案只说一个方面是不是不妥

ainiAnnie

第40题表示很疑惑，求nn解答~~

yaozaizai

It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unitof output fall as plant size approaches “minimum efficient scale,” wherethe cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the stateof existing technology and size of the potential market. 这句话怎么翻译，怎么现有一个as，后来又出现as，两个伴随。

wandering_wind

ls那句有人帮忙解释一下吗 不懂啊

肥海狗

yaozaizai 发表于 2013-9-5 22:18
It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unitof output fall as  ...

诚然，当工厂的规模达到“最低有效规模”时，随着生产操作能力的提高，每单位产出的成本就会下降，且在这种大致由现有科技水平以及潜在市场规模决定的“最低有效规模”下，每单位产出的成本能够达到最低。
自己翻译的，如有不妥请指教

肥海狗

wandering_wind 发表于 2013-11-17 17:34
ls那句有人帮忙解释一下吗 不懂啊

诚然，当工厂的规模达到“最低有效规模”时，随着生产操作能力的提高，每单位产出的成本就会下降，且在这种大致由现有科技水平以及潜在市场规模决定的“最低有效规模”下，每单位产出的成本能够达到最低。
自己翻译的，如有不妥请指教

Umi海

ainiAnnie 发表于 2013-5-6 19:20
第40题表示很疑惑，求nn解答~~

同意！               

Umi海

我也对40题表示蒙蔽，其他几个正确选项定位的范围真的很大。为什么文章一开始提cost per unit了，它就成了不重要的了。“consequently后面的都不选这个条件”根本没给解题提供任何帮助啊，因为其他几个选项也都是前文给出的证据啊，真的不知道该如何选择这道题。

hongdoudou

Umi海 发表于 2016-11-10 18:56
我也对40题表示蒙蔽，其他几个正确选项定位的范围真的很大。为什么文章一开始提cost per unit了，它就成了 ...

根据og对此题的解释：the passage emphasizes that changes in throughput can cause increases or decreases in costs per unit.( 原文16行：if throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply ...) 也就是说，是throughput中的变化，导致了单位成本的变化。    但并不代表，单位成本的变化会导致throughput的变化。   个人见解～！