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IR (Manhattan + IR50题目)+ Essay 贴
4 types of prompts: 1. Multi-Source Reasoning 1,Q2 2. Table Analysis 2 3. Graphics Interpretation 3 4. Two-Part Analysis 4
4 types of questions: Q1: Traditional Multiple Choice Q2: Either/Or Statements Q3: Drop-Down Statements Q4: Two-Part Question
IR Quant (P21) 1. Real data, include extra unnecessary information 2. Emphasize on Decimals, Percentages, Ratios and Statistics
IR Verbal (P61) 1. Understand prompt(what, why, connection) 2. Understand question Notes: Either/Or statements: you make only one choice for every statement (in each row) Two-part questions: you make only one choice in each column 3.   lan your approach Which part to re-read, combine and infer from? 4. Solve the problem
Real world communication Dialogue: Who? Purpose? Subtle nuances in the way that something is said? Email: Facts, wants, emotions.
Notes: 1. 主观推测和经验都不能作为判断依据, 只能紧抓原文的内容. 2. 陷阱:A-〉B不能得出B-〉A,注意若A与B正相关,A增可以推出B增,B减可以推出A减。 3. 注意关键词:at most, at least
Manhattan Essay CAST System: Counterexamples, assumptions, strengthen, terms (logic gaps or other problems)
Common Fallacies: 1. Alternative Causes If X and Y happen at the same time, it is not necessarily true that X causes Y. If Y happens after X, it’s not necessarily true that Y happens because of X. If X did cause Y in the past, will X always cause Y in the future? Not necessarily.
2. Unforeseen Consequences What unforeseen consequences has the author overlooked? What bad side effects of the plan could happen? If people are involved in implementing the plan, you need the people to have both the skill to succeed and the will to succeed.
3. Faulty Use of Evidence How are the mentioned cases not representative of the wider world? What differing conditions has the author ignored when making an analogy? The evidence simply may not imply what the author claims that it does. What extreme words or vague terms does the author use? Have any terms been switched?
How to structure your sentences? 1. Make compounds with and, or, and the like 2. Add modifiers to describe parts of the sentence 3. Add sentence-level subordinate clauses
Signal Words Focus attention: as for, regarding, in reference to Add to previous point: Furthermore, moreover, in addition, as well as, also, likewise, too Provide contrast: on one hand/on the other hand, while, rather, instead, in contrast, alternatively Provide conceding contrast: granted, it is true that, certainly, admittedly Provide emphatic contrast: but, however, even so, all the same, still, that said, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, otherwise, despite Dismiss previous point: in any event, in any case Point out similarity: likewise, in the same way Structure the discussion: first, second, etc. To begin with, next, finally, again Given example: For example, in particular, for instance Generalize: In general, to a great extent, broadly speaking Sum up, perhaps with exception: In conclusion, in brief, overall, except for, besides Indicate logical result: therefore, thus, as a result, so, accordingly, hence, because, since, as, resulting from Restate for clarity: in other words, that is, namely, so to speak Hedge or soften position: Apparently, at least, can, could, may, might, should, possibly, likely Strengthen position: After all, must, have to, always, never, etc. Introduce surprise: actually, in fact, indeed Reveal author’s attitude: Fortunately, Unfortunately
Substance words Good: sound, persuasive, thorough, convincing, logical, compelling, credible, effective Perfect: airtight, watertight Bad: flawed, defective, imperfect, faulty, fallacious, unpersuasive, unconvincing, ineffective, it over-generalizes, makes an extreme claim, takes a logical leap, makes an unwarranted assumption, fails to justify X or prove Y or address Z Really bad: unsound, illogical, specious, erroneous, invalid, unfounded, baseless Maliciously bad: misleading, deceptive Flaw: defect, omission, fault, error, failing, imperfection; concern, issue, area, aspect, feature to be addressed, opportunity for improvement Strengthen: support, bolster, substantiate, reinforce, improve, fortify, justify, address, concerns, fix issues, reduce or eliminate defects, prove Weaken: undermine, damage, harm, water down, impair, remove support for, disprove, destroy, demolish, annihilate, obliterate Sentence (Subject-Verb-Object) The argument…omits…concerns… The statement… describes… the system and how it operates This does not constitute…an argument, and it… does not provide… support or proof The argument… does not address… the cause…, the use.., or… The argument assumes that…the cause is that…X are A Because the argument… leaves out… issues…, it is not sound |
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