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发表于 2012-8-20 19:43:55
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SC : OG + Manhattan + GWD
OG SC Golden Rules A)基本语法: 单复数一致,指代一致。 可数vs.不可数。 关联词连接主谓对称(not only...but also...| between ... and ... ) 平行结构主谓对称A do, do and do | A did, did and did | etc.。 修饰:修饰语指代清楚(靠近修饰对象)。修饰语逻辑主语合理。 B)基本原则:简洁清楚,句子结构完整(主句主谓宾,从句主谓宾), 时态合理。 GMC 原则:grammar>meaning>concision, including:主谓一致,平行,代词,修饰,动词时态、语态和主被动,比较和习惯用法 C)题号-笔记: 1.such X like Y -> such X as Y 2.the higher... the longer.(TBC:代词指代不清楚,不能用单复数判断代词指代是语法上清楚的) 3.there is|being多余|冗长 5.more as -> x be more adj. than y; maybe和perhaps可互换,perhaps较为正式。 6.逗号隔开中间修饰成分可省略,only紧跟被限制对象。 7.having从句修饰句子主语,with修饰左边紧跟对象。sb's doing错(所有格无根据) 13.Which紧跟被修饰对象 14.not accompanied>unaccompanied(非错,只是不如前者清晰) 15.not as ... but as(不可少) ... can > in one's ability| is capable of 18.to do, do and do 21.not v. A, B, or C(用and曲解原意),do not & nothing双重否定。 24.in contrast with/to x, y; unlike x, y。其中x与y逻辑和语法上对称。 25.主,修饰,谓。现在进行时不能修饰现在完成时的主句。 30.estimate at->estimate to be. 32.the same as to x as to y; phenomenon->pl.-> phenomena 33.depend on if -> depend on whether; ability for doing-> ability to do. 35.the time in which -> the time when 37.sb. injure -> sb. be injured 38.have admiration of sb. -> have admiration for sb. 40.x will do sth. only if y do sth. else; but only if->only if 44.the rivalry between x and y | the rivals x and y 45.expand on sth. | and also -> and 47.pronounce sth. sth.;do x,同位语,同位语修饰紧接的x,而非do sth.这一件事情. 49.time required of doing/for doing -> time required to do 50.the ability for doing -> the ability to do 54.recommend sb. do sth.(should is redudant) 56.an account of; an authority on 57.either from ... or from ...; from either...or...; sb. do x, +done prep. y. -> done修饰前面紧接的x 59.x is to y what a is to b 60.in that <=> insomuch as由于,就此程度而言;in that过时呆板,过于正式. 63.restriction for sth. -> restriction on sth. 64.aggrevate vt. make worse | aggrevating adj. annoying 65.act like - to behave or comport oneself and describe actions of a person;act as - describe the function of a thing. 69.it指代前面出现过的名词, it放在句子尾部,注意指代不明。 72.the age in which <-> the age when 74.neither...nor...but rather... >(clearer than) not...or...rather...;despite+n. | although+clause. 75.as a means to ... 76.sth. equiped for doing -> sth. equiped to do 77.phosphate amount -> the amount of phosphate 84.not by a,b,or c.不是a,b,c中的任何一个,not by a, b and c,不是a+b+c的组合。 86.not just because of x, but because of y.x与y结构一致。 95.distinction x have from y错;distinction of x to y错;distinction between x and y对. 97.Scientists believe that X — [in other words,] that Y. 后一个that与前一个that平行。 99.有although不用yet或but. 105.conceive of x to be y -> conceive of x as y; v. > n. => A conveive of x as y > A's conception of x as 106.Clause x, A, clause Y,谓语宾语.(正确)| Clause x, clause y, A(错误),awkward, clause y is modifying clause x. Subject... ,called-> subject called...(去逗号,紧跟修饰对象) 107.it is X that does Y should be used only when X should be emphasized. 109.aid to do -> aid in doing 110.A modifying phrase must be placed near the word it modifies. A and B, who ->who指代不明 111.rare稀有的;rarely很少地 114.if X, (then) Y,X与Y为平行从句,X主动则Y主动,X被动则Y被动。 116.take turns doing sth. 轮流做某事 119.consider sth./sb. adj认为某人/物怎么样 122.claim that + a subordinate clause对 | claim to do对 124.less (when/as) compared to -> less than; independent clause,independent clause-> independent clause, conjuncion + independent clause 127.persuade that clause错 -> persuade sb. to do sth. 128.with + independent clause错 135.apprenticeship as 140.date at
曼哈顿笔记:解题思路:题意,分段,选择排除,代回原句 考点:主谓,平行,指代,修饰,时态,比较,习语,零散知识点 语法:语法,语义,词汇选择、位置、搭配,冗余,简洁 1)词汇选择:注意形似意义不同的词汇。除非句意逻辑错误,否则不改变情态动词原意。 2)词汇位置:注意only,all, 副词和形容词位置,主谓位置。 3)词汇搭配:主谓一致,指代一致,单复一致 4)冗余: Rise-increase; sum-total; regain/repeat-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try;other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;although - but;注意出现多个描述时间的词,如annual-each year-a year;previously-formerly-in the past;now-currently-presently. 5)简洁:只建议用语法和语义排除后,仍然有多个选项的时候使用。
用词: Economic-经济(上)的; economical-节约的;有效的 Aggravate-加重,恶化; aggravating-令人愤怒的 Known as n.–被认为是,以…而著称;known to be adj.知道是…的;known for因…而闻名 loss of(no longer in possession of); lose in(decline in value) Mandate-命令;have a mandate-拥有选举权 Native of- 一个人出生在某地(person from) ;native to 某人来自某地/某物产自某地(species that originated in) Rise –vi.上升(跟介词); raise-vt.举起;建立;唤起(跟名词) Such as举例;like+n.好像'A do x as B do y.As表达像后跟完整从句。as+n表示作为n. Try to do –努力去完成; try doing –尝试做 unqualifying没达到某个标准的; unqualified无资格的,完全的,不受限制的 lie lay lain(vt.)谎骗(vt.)位于[lie in];lay laid laid(vt.)躺下,搁放(vi.)下蛋 Farther距离;Further程度 must必须;should应该(moral obligation)
A)主谓(主谓同在,逻辑合理,单复一致,拨开插入语介宾短语找主谓) 单复数: 1)A and B +pl.| A,additive Phrase +sing.) 2)either or, neither nor(临近原则,以靠近谓语的词为准, 若只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor,则谓语动词用单数 ). 3)集合性名词:GMAT中一般跟单数谓语(People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team; Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture) 4)Indefinite pronouns + sing.(Anyone,each, everyone, not one,etc.) SANAM单复数视情况而定:Some, All, None, Any, More/Most Notes:Every dog and cats has paws. They each are great tennis players.In the Senate, the majority has coalesced into a unified voting block. 5) 一些表示学科的词(physics, mathematics)、一些活动(aerobics)和一些疾病(diabetes),谓语动词用单数。 6)倒装:主语的单复数向后看: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.
平行: 考察结构平行前,需要判断逻辑是否平行. 主要平行标志: 1)常用:A,B,and C, both...and...;or;either...or...;not..but...;not only...but also...;rather than; from...to...; 2)短语:x acts as y;distinguish x from y; x is the same as y; as x, so y;estimate x to be y; x is good, and so too is y; between x and y, x instead of y; x, such as y; compared to x, y; x is known to be y, think of x as y; consider x y; x is less than y; x is thought to be y; in contrast to x, y; make x y; view x as y; declare x y; mistake x for y; whether x or y; x develops into y; 3)连接动词 Be动词各种形式;连接宾语解释主语是什么的连接动词:appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn.
代词 必须有先行词(必须是名词,而非形容词或所有格),先行词和代词必须合理(A term refers to sth rather than is sth),单复数一致;注意指代模糊。 Notes: that, those可以指代new copy,而it, they或其它人称代词只能指代完全相同的事物。若new copy的单复数与先行词不同,则必须重复先行词。 (eg. Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors)。Don’t use this,these,that ,those in place of nouns(this, these后面必须跟名词)
修饰语形容词修饰名词代词, 副词修饰名词代词以外的词. adj+adj+noun, adj修饰名词; adv+adj+noun,adv修饰adj,adj修饰noun.名词和名词修饰语应该位置相连. 修饰语,修饰语,修饰对象=>修饰语,修饰对象,主语(Better) 关系代词:who/whom指人,which指物,GMAT认为that指物,whose可指人/物。Which和whom可以跟在介词后面。Where指具体地址,in which指metaphorical place(condition, situation, case, circumstances, arrangement). Use comma with non-essential modifiers, but not with essential modifiers. The mansion, which… (non-essential); The mansion that…(essential); Which只能指代物,不能指代整个从句。
修饰 只在必要的时候使用完成时态:动作过去开始持续至今的用现在完成时;动作在另一动作之前,且必须强调吃顺序的时候使用过去完成时。 虚拟语气(Hypothetical & Command) A) Hypothetical (if, as if, as though) 1) General Rule with no uncertainty: If present, then present. 2) General Rule with some uncertainty: If present, then can or may 3) Particular Case (in the future) with no uncertainty: If present, then future. 4) Unlikely case (in the future): If hypothetical, then conditional. E.g. If S ate pizza tmr, then she would become ill. 5) Case that never happened (in the past): If past perfect, then conditional perfect. E.g. If S had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have been ill. 6)用WERE表示TO BE: If I were a boy; 7)GMAT中,if should/would… , …错 B) Command subjunctive Bossy Verb + THAT + subject + Command Subjunctive We propose that the school board disband. 1) Only + Command Subjunctive: demand, dictate, insist, mandate, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, and propose (Note: propose to do is right if there’s no second subject). 2) Only + to do: advise, allow, forbid, persuade, and want 3) Prohibit sb from doing sth 4) I like ice cream, whether it be a, b, or c错,用法太旧,改为whether it is a, b, or c. 5) Suggest表“建议”用虚拟,表“暗示”不用虚拟。
比较 比较内容逻辑上可比,结构上平行。 A do B than C:B和C需要是对等名词。如果C可以发出do B的动作,容易产生歧义。
固定用法-Page145: Idioms ListAGREE:The electrons are particles THE physicists AGREE EXIST. AIDS:She AIDS her neighbor.She provides AID TO victims. AID FOR victims is available.Her AID IN WALKING the dog is appreciated. AIM:If you aim for something or aim to do something, you plan or hope to achieve it.aim to do以...为目标; aim at针对;瞄准;If an action or plan is aimed at achieving something, it is intended or planned to achieve it. 旨在 ALLOW FOR:考虑到,顾及;Allow Time for Acceptance 预留时间来取得别人同意;allow room for 让出地位 APPEAR:appear as 扮演;appear adj.显得adj;appear to be 好像是;仿佛 BORDER:There were more conflicts taking place within the borders of states CHANCE:one chance in ten 十分之一的机会 Credit认为或相信(某人)有(某种性质或成就等):Hugo CREDITS Sally WITH good taste.Sally IS CREDITED WITH good taste. Develop into发展成为 DISINCLINED TO DO不情愿做 AT Fault有责任: The criminals ARE AT FAULT FOR BREAKING the law. HELP:The Secretary-General thanks the Government of South Africa for its HELP IN securing their safe release. ORDER:order somebody to do something命令某人去做某事;Order sth 点菜 OWE:He OWES money TO the government FOR back taxes. Recognize as/to be:承认。。。是 Resemble (vt.)类似,像A neighbor of mine RESEMBLES my father.
GWD GWD2 - Q10: be so adj…be so adj平行were it to do so是虚拟语气的倒装结构,相当于if it were to do so GWD2 - Q19: possible & may语义重复 GWD5 - Q15: at a cost doing错,无此用法,at a cost of doing对 GWD5 - Q19: a group of...作the overbird family 同位语,of是所有格介词,所以用单数谓语 GWD6 - Q29: A synchronize with B AB同步,同时发生; one swimmer or more->one or more swimmers GWD6 - Q32: include / among语义重复; the declining sale是不精确的表达,通常被the decline in sale取代 GWD6 - Q41: Less number错(thenumber is less than one-quarter the amount-〉there are fewer than one-quarter of thatamount) GWD7 - Q1 : ——和including重复 GWD7 - Q27: were to strike,could用于虚拟 GWD8 - Q37 Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow.倒装句,rate为单数,谓语动词为单数。 GWD9 - Q14: In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929 almost twice that number of trucks alone came off the assembly lines. GWD10-Q28: Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company’s severance package is available to workers even if they find a new job before they are terminated. GWD13-Q13: IF ONLY(表示“如果…的话,仅仅是因为”,because优于in that) GWD13-Q27: process不搭配by GWD15-Q20: provide support for sth/doing sth |
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