【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障5系列】【5-07】经管

Rena张

抱歉来晚了哇~~~这是周五的作业哈~~

【speed】

A home from home: Five planets that could host life
【free】
It's one of the big questions: Are we alone on this blue marble or is there life elsewhere in the cosmos? To shed light on this, astronomers are searching for habitable worlds circling far-off stars.
A team has now published updated evidence for a planet that could be the most Earth-like yet. According to a project based at the US Arecibo Observatory, it would be the fifth potentially habitable world known outside our Solar System.
So what do we know about these five Earth-like planets, and how likely is it that they could support life?
【98 words】

【time 1】
Earth "twin"

Gliese 581g

? Similarity to Earth (ESI): 0.92
? Minimum mass: 2.2 times that of Earth
? Distance: 20.3 light-years

The discovery of Gliese 581g was announced in September 2010 by a US-led team. But as soon as they made the announcement, doubts began to surface. The team at the Geneva observatory which had discovered all four other planets around the star Gliese 581 failed to detect it in their own data. But the original discoverers of 581g have now published an analysis using more data to provide more promising evidence for its existence.

This would be significant because the Earth Similarity Index (ESI), devised by a team including Dirk Schulze-Makuch from Washington State University and Abel Mendez from the Arecibo Observatory, shows that Gliese 581g is the most Earth-like planet discovered to date. The ESI measures characteristics of exoplanets on a scale from zero to one, with one being identical to Earth. Accordingly, the online Habitable Exoplanets Catalog has decided to include it in their list of the most promising worlds to support life.

Like the other worlds in the catalogue, Gliese 581g orbits in a "sweet spot" around its star - the habitable zone, or Goldilocks zone - that is neither too hot nor too cold to allow for liquid water. It is just over twice the mass of Earth and, although the planet is closer to its parent star than is Earth, it receives about the same light flux (a measure of the star's apparent brightness) as our planet because Gliese 581 is a red dwarf star and therefore dimmer than our own Sun. Steven Vogt, from University of Santa Cruz, US, one of original discoverers, said Gliese 581g orbits "squarely in the star's Habitable Zone at 0.13 AU, where liquid water on planetary surfaces is a distinct possibility". Nevertheless, the planet's existence remains controversial.
【288 words】

【time 2】
New kid on the block

Gliese 667Cc

? Similarity to Earth (ESI): 0.85
? Minimum mass: 4.5 times that of Earth
? Distance: 22 light-years

Announced in February 2012 by a team from the US Carnegie Insitution and Germany's Goettingen University, Gliese 667Cc belongs to a class of planets known as Super Earths - a class of planet with a size in between that of rocky worlds like Earth and Mars and the gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn.

Roughly 4.5 times the mass of Earth, Gliese 667Cc takes 28 days to complete a single orbit of its star, which is located just 22 light-years away.

The exoplanet absorbs about as much energy from its star as Earth does from the Sun, which means surface temperatures could be similar to Earth's. This would allow for the presence on the planet's surface of liquid water - one of the pre-requisites for life.
However, astronomers say this cannot be confirmed without further information on the planet's atmosphere. Nevertheless, co-discoverer Guillem Anglada-Escude has said of 667Cc: "This planet is the new best candidate to support liquid water and, perhaps, life as we know it."
【184 words】

【time 3】
Big beast

Kepler 22b

? Similarity to Earth (ESI): 0.81
? Minimum mass: 40 times that of Earth
? Distance: 620 light-years

Since it was launched in March 2009, Nasa's Kepler Space Telescope has detected more than 2,300 candidate exoplanets. Of these, Kepler 22b is the only confirmed world in the habitable zone around its parent star, which is the same class - a G-type - as our Sun (though slightly cooler and smaller).

With a radius 2.4 times that of Earth, Kepler 22b is the most massive of the five habitable planets. But its orbit of 290 days around a Sun-like star resembles that of our own planet.
Astronomers do not yet know for sure whether it has a predominantly gaseous, rocky or liquid composition. But to some, its size suggests a composition closer to the gaseous Neptune than to Earth. At the time of its discovery, exoplanet hunter Geoff Marcy, from the University of California, Berkeley, told the AP news agency that he would "bet my telescope that there is no hard, rocky surface to walk on".

But this is not necessarily bad for its prospects for hosting biology: mission scientist Natalie Batalha said that if Kepler 22b were mostly ocean with a small rocky core, "it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean".
【219 words】

【time 4】
Steam bath

HD85512b

? Similarity to Earth (ESI): 0.77
? Minimum mass: 3.6 times that of Earth
? Distance: 35 light-years

Another Super-Earth, with a mass 3.6 times that of our planet, HD85512b orbits on the inner margins of its habitable zone. This means it is closer to Venus than Earth in the amount of energy it absorbs from its star. However, that would not necessarily preclude the possibility of life.

How hospitable the planet is may depend on how much cloud cover it has, since clouds reflect solar radiation. Its discoverers calculate that if HD85512b were to have more than 50% cloud cover (on the same order as Earth), it could offset the planet's proximity to its star enough for water to stay liquid at the surface.

However, any life forms on HD85512b will have to be suited to very balmy conditions, "It's going to be really muggy, just think about the muggiest day you can think of," co-discoverer Lisa Kaltenegger, from the Max Planck Institute in Germany, said at the time of its discovery. "We're not saying it's habitable for you and me."
【182 words】

【time 5】
Water world?

Gliese 581d

? Similarity to Earth (ESI): 0.72
? Minimum mass: 5.6 times that of Earth
? Distance: 20.3 light-years

Discovered in 2007 by a team at the Geneva Observatory using the HARPS planet-finding instrument in Chile, Gliese 581d is probably too large to be formed entirely of rocky material. Instead, it is a serious candidate for an ocean planet, according to one of its discoverers, Stephane Udry.

One of a system of five planets, it is the immediate neighbour of Gliese 581g. However, Gliese 581d orbits at a greater distance from its parent star, on the colder, outer fringe of the habitable zone. As a result, sunlight on Gliese 581d has about 35% the intensity that is does on Mars.

But computer simulations of the exoplanet's atmosphere suggest that under some scenarios, greenhouse gases would allow surface temperatures to remain above 0C, allowing water to stay liquid. Indeed, says Dr Udry, the planet "could even be covered by a large and deep ocean".

Since it is located only 20.3 light-years away - in the Constellation Libra - astronomers should be able to resolve some of these questions in the future, with direct spectroscopic observations of the planet's atmosphere.
【197 words】



【obstacle】

Spain and the markets
The Spanish patient
A full bail-out of the euro area’s fourth-largest economy is looming


IF SPAIN were a patient, the mood in the hospital ward would be tense. Every attempt by local specialists advised by renowned European consultants to treat the sickness brings no more than temporary relief. Even more worrying, the relapses after each dose are happening sooner and sooner. Spain’s chances of avoiding intensive care—a full bail-out—are receding to near vanishing-point.

The symptoms of Spanish sickness are manifest in ten-year government bond yields touching 7.75% on July 25th; previous bail-outs of Greece, Ireland and Portugal occurred not long after rates had surpassed 7%. Even more perturbing, two-year yields also briefly went above 7%, in effect foreclosing the government’s ability to borrow at anything but short maturities.

No isolation ward is possible in the financially integrated euro area and Spain’s sickness quickly infected other countries. The Italian ten-year bond yield went above 6.5%, its highest since January. European stockmarkets retreated and Italy’s fell to a euro-era low. Sentiment was further soured by a report from Moody’s, a ratings agency, saying that Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands might lose their cherished triple-A status. The prognosis was based in part on fears about the public-debt burden that northern countries might have to assume if bail-outs spread.

The market funk was the more troubling since a Spanish government with a lot going for it had appeared to be getting a grip. Public debt is rising fast, but at 69% of GDP last year was far lower than Italy’s 120%—and less even than Germany’s 81%. The budget deficit is high (8.9% of GDP in 2011), but only a week before the market panic Mariano Rajoy, the prime minister, announced more tough austerity measures. And on July 20th European finance ministers sanctioned the first tranche of a partial bail-out worth up to ?00 billion ($121 billion) for Spanish banks.

So why are investors in such a cold sweat about Spain? One reason is that Mr Rajoy flunked hard choices at the outset, notably the cleansing of the banks. Despite a low starting-point for public debt, deficit overshoots have revealed insufficient central control over the 17 regions that are responsible for a big chunk of spending. Investors fret that more regions may follow Valencia, which applied for aid on July 20th. They are in any case sceptical that Spain can meet its targets for cutting the deficit in the teeth of a recession that is harsher than expected.

The biggest worry is Spain’s external debt. Spain ran hefty current-account deficits in the first decade of the euro. As a result, its liabilities to foreign investors exceeded the assets that its residents own abroad by 92% of GDP last year, among the highest in the euro area. The problem for Spain is that foreign capital has been fleeing over the past year. That has weakened the banks and the economy and left the Spanish government shunned by foreign investors for its own financing needs.

The European summit in late June offered a flicker of hope but it is guttering. Euro-area leaders agreed that the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), their new permanent rescue fund, would be able to inject funds directly into banks rather than via loans to the government. That perked markets up since it promised to sever the link between weak banks and weak sovereigns. But before long the deal looked less solid: the ESM cannot come into force until September, when Germany’s constitutional court will rule on its legality. Assuming it passes that test, the ESM cannot be used for direct bank recapitalisation until a European supervisor is put in charge.

Spain may yet be able to fend off a bail-out for some time. It has some cash reserves and can still borrow at short maturities. The euro area also has its temporary rescue fund, which will lend the Spanish government the initial sum of money for the banks. But even if Spain survives a hot summer, the markets are signalling that it will need a full bail-out later this year.

That would be a nightmare, and not just for Spain. The Spanish government must borrow ?85 billion until the end of 2014 to cover its budget deficit and other needs such as bond redemptions, according to economists at Credit Suisse. Even if the IMF chips in a third as in previous bail-outs, European lenders would have to find ?50 billion or so. They have already committed ?00 billion to rescuing Spanish banks, so for other emergencies they would have only ?50 billion of the ?00 billion now in their rescue kitties.

The course of events is eerily similar to what happened a year ago. Then European leaders appeared to have secured their summer holidays with a “breakthrough” summit. But things soon fell apart. Nerves about Italy and Spain were calmed only when the European Central Bank (ECB) started buying their bonds. The central bank was never keen on this and it has not been buying bonds for several months. Even if the ECB were to resume purchases they might be less effective than before, because its refusal to share in the pain of the Greek debt restructuring in March frightened bondholders elsewhere.

The awkward truth is that the Spanish government is not alone in flunking hard choices. The plight of Spain and the danger of its sickness spreading to Italy call for a decisive countermove by Germany and the ECB. One being discussed would be to give the ESM a banking licence, which would magnify its resources by allowing it to borrow from the central bank. The graver the euro crisis gets, the bigger the response has to be—and the harder it is to sell to sceptical northern electorates.

【965 words】

cleotina

7-30
38'
1'30
Whether we are the sole life in the cosmic and whethter our earth is the
only plant with life living? it is a huge question. and scientists keep
digging this myth.
a discovery announced several years ago claims that a earth like plant live
in space, ans that the plant is several million light year away from us
earth. it can predict from the dates the scientists collected  that the
situation is proper for life, the distance is much nearer to its star than
that of the earth to sun, however, the star of the plant are a red dwarf,  
so the heat is not high, on the contrary, it may just as high as earth.
55'
a new found new star with a size between rocky plants such as plant and gas
plants such as Jupiter.
as the more dates collected, it is believe that the plant is not a suitable
place that contain the water, which is the prerequistion of water.
1'15
K22 is one of the five planets with the high possibility to have life. which is in a space system similar the the sun system. it suspect to be a planet with a small part of rockey core and large part of ocean. however, this cannot be the convincing evidence of no life style.
55'
HD8 is another super earth with a mass 3.8 times of earth.
it is a planet with muggy, since the cloud can reflect the light back to space, so it is not possible life can live there. However, since it is as the muggiest day in earth, it is not a place for us living.
1'50
G 581D is a planet with is too large to support life, and it is the nearest panet from the earth, more date can gains though direct rearch in the future.
8'20
after the debt crisis of Greek, Span the fourth wealth country in Euro fall sick, and it seems that it cannot easily avoid deep therapy.
the reason of this sickness is the hedge fund issued by goverment during the past several yaer. It with a situation better than Greek, that why it just following the Greek.Span obtained large mount of investement from outside, and then the outer capital withdraw from Span, exacerbating the financal problem.
the way to help Span out of this crisis is to direct injecting fund in the banks of Span. there is a comussion found to rescure the Euro crisis, however, the help cannot fulfill until september.  
the economy of Span may can insist the whold summer, since some money has infused into the country, however, a crisis ending is suppose to come in fall. Since only 150B out of 500B rescure fund left.
what is awful is that the CEB and German seem do not want to help Span.

teddybearj4

板凳~呼呼~~~~
————
速度：
1'33   49"   1'   45"    58"
(这次rena的speed倒是让我明白了，原来我的阅读速度一直维持在200w/min = =!)
越障：7'18
Main idea:
Spain is now facing a difficult time of its economy. The economic crisis of Spain will be just like disease spreading among the European countries and have a great influence.
Situation:
*Bond yields in ten-year government have already above 7%, a sympton that some European countries suffering crisis that suffer a lot.
*In the integreting world, none of the surrounding countries in Europe can avoid being influenced, liying in the abnormal rise of public debts.
……后面怎么都记不住了~

暮已央

占~地板呵呵
速度：
free-00:30；
1:35；
00:45；
1:09；
00:50；
1:00；
越障：
8:40；
今天记了笔记，感觉还是不简洁,慢
Spain is in tense mood, its economic condition is getting worse,goverment policies is temporary relief
S's sickness is 7.75%bond rates,surpasses Greek and other three.gov's ability to borrow at anything but short maturities
S infected others like Italy,which data is above 6.5%, bail-out spreading raises fears about other countries' burden.
public debt is growing fast, GDP is low,and burden deficit is high
one reason that makes investors worry about S:flunked hard choices at the outset, notably the cleansing of the banks
There are some sceptical voices about whether S could meet its target
The biggest worry is external debt
ESM inject funds into banks other than lend loans to govnment,but not until September
rescue fund exists,but gov. borrow too much money,the economic condition of S may be a nightmare for others
breakthrough summit in Europe a year ago, I&S were calmed by ECB, ECB refused G,making else where bondholders frightened
awkwark truth:S is not alone in flunking hard choices,Italy have a danger，and Germany&ECB may have a revenge
the crisis is caused  too big response&harder to sell to northern regions.

草莓葡萄

占第一页~
1:36
0:57
1:19
1:03
1:03
6:13
Main idea： spain的长短期利率高，负债高，解决方法以及问题。 细节没把握住~
attitude：前景不乐观
purpose：
structure：spain的现状--比别的国家严重的原因--解决方法--遇到的问题。

spencerX

谢谢rena的文章！喜欢越障~
1’30
42’’
52’’
50’’
58’’

7’

eliane小小爱

pace
57''
45''
48''
45''
38''

obstacle:8'07''
structure
-spanish needs bail-out
-data
-spanish affect outer countries, italy, europe.
-market fuck,deficit , first bail-out
-others cold sweat about spain. Because of the government's iability to clean bank.
-issue:depend on external debt,on foreign investors. but foreign capital is fleeing.
-method:ESM inject investment directly to banks instead of to government, but ESM now lack of authority unless there is an European council member
-S has researve funds can handle temporary bail-put, but need a full bail0put
-nightmaire, not just S but other countries. S needs $385 to cover budget dificit.
-the similar stuation happens a year ago. Only when ECB buy S's bonds ,can it calms.but ECB did not buy their bonds for several months. less effective.
-Italy is influenced
问题：
开头段读完后还是不清楚讲什么，还是没给予足够重视。
笔记记得七零八落，没有条理，从而看不出前后上下文联系。注意NN的方法，重视每段开头和结尾。

因此读完了，抓不出MI。

需要好好练习。

另外，我喜欢Economist的文章之前有过一段时间学习上面的文章，嘿嘿。

4231Emma

Free: 31"
Time1: 1'59"
Time2: 56"
Time3: 1'09"
Time4: 59"
Time5: 1'08"
越障：5’37“
我第一次进行速度越障训练，速度训练感觉只是匆匆读过，记得住里面的一些小细节，但也很容易忘记。
越障训练只是匆匆扫过，文章的结构逻辑并没有看清，并且文章的意思，看扫过一遍之后，具体不太清楚，只知道大概在讲西班牙的金融危机，以及其他欧洲国家的反应。
另外我读文章有在心里默读，老改不了，而且有时候会走神，明明看着文章，但一遍读下来却不知道哦讲些什么，阅读能力差，请问我该从哪个方面去努力，用什么样的方法提高阅读效率？

Olina加油

1‘39 US found G581 which the is most earth-like. This planet is dimmer than our earth and suitable for water to exist. But there are some doubts about it existing.

'46 G667 was found recently by US and its volume is between rocky planets and gas planets. It has water to support life but no evidence that it has astompher.

1'10 Scientists don't know the environment on K22b, but it maybe have the ocean surface to support ocean life.

'44 HD88512b is muggy and if it could has more cloud as earth, it may keep water liquid.

'54 G581b is too big to comprise entirely by rocky. On it surface has water and its temperature can keep water unfrozen.

7'03 Spain economic now has bad situation and it influences other Euro coutries' economic. The causal is that the spain leader cleaned the bank and the bail out. They need to borrow lots of many to cover its deficit. And similar thing happened one year ago on Italy.

klllun

37''
1'45''
56'
1'06''
1'02''
1'04''
6'28''越障真心没有怎么清楚 经济类的术语hold不住啊~