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chapter 12 pronouns&modifiers:advanced
Other pronouns
1.There
Technically an adverb, there means "in that place." Thus, there acts a lot like a pronoun. The
antecedent place is often referred to in a prepositional phrase and should be a noun, not an
adjective.
Wrong: At current prices, Antarctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be
dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.
Right: At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can
be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.
2.Itself, themselves, One another,Each other
The Reflexive Pronouns itself and themselves are used as objects to refer directly back to the
subject
Right: After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved IT.
It must refer to the agreement, because it cannot refer to the commission. If you wish to refer
to the commission, you must use itself. Note the difference in meaning below.
Right: After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved ITSElF.
itself指代commision本身
3.one another和each other是用来指内部交换的，不能用themselves替换
Wrong: The guests at the party interacted with THEMSElVES.
Right: The guests at the party interacted with ONE ANOTHER.
4.Such and Other/Another
The words such and other/another often combine with a general noun to indicate an
antecedent. Such means "like the antecedent."
After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any
SUCH contracts to debate in the future.
In this example, the land-use agreement is a type of contract. Similarly, other and another
mean "additional of the same type," though not necessarily "exactly alike."
5.One
One indicates an indefinite copy or a single, indefinite part of a collection.
错误：After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE.
The particular chocolate was not delineated ahead of time, In contrast, the personal pronouns
it and they/them indicate definite selection of an entire object or collection.
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat THEM.
In this case, Roger ate all the chocolates!
今天看到清飞扬整理的og101道题，有关于one的用法
(1)it's true that “one” can stand for “an arbitrary person”, but “one” can also stand for “a particular instance of an aforementioned item/event/whatever”. one可以同时指代人和物，没有限定必须指代人，所以可以用that来修饰
(2)e.g. David took Mary to a flower shop and asked her to pick one.
nope -- you can't use “one” in this way unless the sentence actually mentions the thing that you are talking about.
in this context, “one” seems to mean one flower, or perhaps one bouquet of flowers -- but the sentence doesn't say either “flower(s)” or “bouquet(s) of flowers”, so it's incorrect.
if you interpret this sentence literally, then david is asking mary to pick an entire flower shop (because that's the only noun in the sentence to which “one” can refer). 这里的one没有先行词，所以不能用one来指代
6.还有清飞扬整理的ones用法
【ones的使用】
"ones" MUST be used with some sort of qualifier or modifier; it cannot be used by itself.
for instance:
the black pants cost more than the brown ones --> this is ok, because "ones" is modified/qualified by "brown"
these pants cost more than the ones that this store sold last year --> this is also ok, because "ones" is modified/qualified by "that this store sold last year"
BUT
Lisa wears pants to work, but never wears ones when she goes out --> not ok. you'd just use "them" here.（这里的ones没有任何的modifier，仅仅是自己stand alone, 用法有点像是比较结构中的that，必须要有modifier来限制）
7.Do so VS Do it
Do so：可以包括一个动词的全部，而且也可以把so省略
Do it:必须指代一个名词的先行词(antecedent)
8Placeholder 占位符it
Sometimes we need to move an awkward subject or object to the back of the sentence. In
these cases, we put an it in the sentence where the subject or object used to be. We call this
use of it " laceholder It." Do not look for a noun antecedent for a Placeholder It
有时我们需要吧awkward的主语或者宾语移到句子后面，在这种情况下我们把it放在主语或宾语的位置上
(1) Postpone Infinitive Subjects
Awkward: TO RESIST temptation is futile.
Right: IT is futile TO RESIST temptation.
It is now the grammatical subject. As a pronoun, it refers to the infinitive phrase. Under
other circumstances, it cannot normally refer to an infinitive.
(2) Postpone That-Clause Subjects
Awkward: THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.
The subject of the sentence is a That-Clause, namely That we scored at all. Again, this sentence
is grammatically correct, since some That-Clauses can function as nouns. However,
the position is awkward. Postpone a That-Clause in subject position with an Placeholder It.
Right: IT gave us encouragement THAT we scored at all.
It cannot normally refer to a clause under other circumstances.其他情况it不能指代从句！！
(3) Postpone Infinitive or That-Clause Objects
Right: She made IT possible for us TO ATTEND the movie.
You cannot say this sentence any other way, unless you change the infinitive phrase to attend
into the action noun attendance. Then you should drop the Placeholder It:
Right:She made possible our attendance at the mqvie.
Right:She made our attendance at the mqvie possible.
9.Avoiding Pronouns Altogether
避免把代词放在一起。有时候避免出现代词问题的方法就是不要用代词，可以直接重复该名词
For instance, at the end of a long sentence, a pronoun such as it or them might
inevitably have ambiguous antecedents, no matter how you try to recast the sentence.
wrong：After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then
searched for a tree to hang IT from.
(1)Repeating the antecedent noun is always an option, if not necessarily the most elegant.
Right: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then
searched for a tree to hang THE DEER from
(2)It is often smoother-and much more GMAT-like-to use a generic synonym for the
antecedent than to repeat the noun exactly.
Right: New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESEMATERIALS
strength.
The generic synonym materials refers to new "nano-papers," which are a type of materials.
(3)You do not always have to use these or such. Often, simply the article the will suffice.
Right: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then
searched for a tree to hang THE MEATfrom.
The generic synonym meat refers to the deer, which is or provides a type of meat.
（4）Remember that a correct answer can eliminate the pronoun in this manner.
9.Nuances of Pronoun Reference
(1)number
(2)gender
The remaining three principles are not absolute.
（3） Repeats
Repeated pronouns are presumed to refer to the same antecedent. That is,every it and its in the sentence should generally mean the same thing.
同样的代词被认为是指代一样的先行词
(4)Proximity
The pronoun should normally refer to the closest eligible antecedent.
Note that there is such an idea as "too dose."
Also, the antecedent normally occurs earlier in the sentence.
Rarely, the antecedent may come shortly after the pronoun (e.g., After he dried his tears, Jack made a
vow).
However, you should usually place the antecedent first.
every it and its in the sentence should generally mean the same thing.
(5)Case
The pronoun and the antecedent should agree in case if they are in parallel
structures. In particular, a subject pronoun in one clause often refers to a
noun in subject position in another parallel dause. In general, subject nouns
make strong antecedents, even for somewhat distant pronouns.
11.Modifiers: Exceptions to the Touch Rule
(1) A "mission-critical" modifier falls between. This modifier is often an Of phrase that
defines the noun. The less important modifier refers to the noun plus the first modifier
Right: He had a way OF DODGING OPPONENTS that impressed the scouts.
Wrong: He had a way that impressed the scouts OF DODGING OPPONENTS
Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.
Other examples include parts of a whole.
Right: An ice sheet covers 80 percent OF THE SURFACEOF GREENLAND. an
area roughly the size of Alaska.
The modifier an area roughly the size of Alaska modifies not the noun Greenland, but rather
the whole phrase 80 percent of the surface of Greenland The "mission-critical" modifier of the
surface of Greenland is required next to 80 percent in order to define that percentage.
2) A very short predicate falls between, shifting a very long modifier back.
Right: A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their
accountability through the use of public scorecards.
The alternative construction is confusing, because the modifier is extremely lengthy:
Awkward: A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability
through the use of public scorecards has been hired.
3) A short non-essential phrase intervenes and is set off by commas.
Right: Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware,
that by population are over-represented in the Electoral College.
4) The modifier is part of a series of parallel modifiers, one of which touches the noun.
Right: In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat
of arms and labeled with a special French word.
Do not move a noun modifier away from its noun unless you can classify the situation as one of these rare exceptions
12.Possessive Nuances
(1)You should not choose OF X's on the GMAT. Choose either the form OF X or the form X's.
this construction is considered redundant by theGMAT.
Wrong: The orca, a relative of the blue whale's, is found throughout the globe.
Right: The orca, a relative of the blue whale. is found throughout the globe.
(2)GMAT avoids the plural possessive answer choice
13.Subgroup Modifiers
(1)This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH
WERE only recently discovered.
(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OFTHEM
only recently discovered.
(3)This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME only recently
discovered.
Notice that only the which construction has a working verb were in it
In place of some, you can substitute the other SANAM pronouns （anynone, all, more/most),
as well as many, each, either, neither, half, one, and any other number or pronoun that picks
out a subgroup.
15.More on Relative Clauses vs. Participles
(1)In many cases, a relative clause (a clause headed by a relative pronoun) and a present participle
modifier are practically interchangeable.
但遇到时态明显变化的句子要根据具体情况定
Wrong:The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately
culminating in the survival of just a few languages.
Right:The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will
ultimately culminate in the survival of just a few languages.
（2）Present participles get their tense from the main verb in the sentence.
Present participles do not necessarily indicate present tense, They indicate the same tense as the main verb.
15.Absolute Phrases
Absolute phrases are composed of a noun plus a noun modifler. These phrases do not have to modify what they touch; rather, they modify the main clause in some way.
At the end of a sentence,a result of the main clause can be written with either an absolute phrase of an -Ing form.
独立主格有三种形式
1.n+n/分词/介词短语/形容词/形容词短语
2.with+n/分词、介词短语/形容词/形容词短语
这种形式与主句有紧密联系
3.名词复数，each+分词/形容词短语/形容词/介词
独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1）表示时间
Her work done ，she sat down for a cup of tea．她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）表示条件
The condition being favourable ，he may succeed．若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）表示原因
There being no taxis，we had to walk．没有出租车，我们只好步行。
4）表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all．几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体 |
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楼主
发表于 2012-4-12 18:53:34
