还有20天考试，阅读太差，求指导~求监督~求同行~

nissanhappy

本打算一天10篇，无奈非牛人，看不下去啊，还是一天两篇吧~ 希望这样坚持下去，能有个成果，阅读啊，一定要攻下~Passage 1 (1/63)
小企业没单接，当地机构要求公司和中小企业合作，有三个risk:
P2: 中小企业没钱，摊子铺大了，容易金融危机
P3：中小企业容易被大企业利用，傀儡
P4：竞争不过大企业
Word:
Unprecedented 空前的，史无前例的  principal 首要的，重要的，委托人  complacency 自满，沾沾自喜
(This passage was written in 1978.)
Recentyears have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedentedopportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long arguedthat one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minoritygroups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizableorders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress,in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federalcontracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractorsand record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeedworks, some federal andlocal agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals forapportioning parts of public contracts to minority enterprises.
Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According tofigures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from$77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total ofcorporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimatedto be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage posesdangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast andoverextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, theyoften need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, andthe like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, theirsubcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can befrustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formalestimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a smallcompany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and thefinancial health of the business will suffer.
Asecond risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasingapportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-ownedconcerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for jointventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can teamup (team up: v.(使)结成一队, 合作, 协作) to acquire business that neither couldacquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners havecomplained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person,group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of theactual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than beingaccepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
Third, a minority enterprise thatsecures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger ofbecoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances,fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficultfor small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearlyguaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have tostruggle against complacencyarising from their current success.
1.    The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present acommonplace idea and its inaccuracies
(B) describe a situation and itspotential drawbacks
(C) propose atemporary solution to a problem
(D) analyze afrequent source of disagreement（B）
(E) explore theimplications of a finding
2.    The passage supplies information that wouldanswer which of the following questions?
(A) What federal agencies haveset percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public workscontracts?
(B) To which governmentagencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts to findminority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread is the use ofminority-owned concerns as “fronts” by White backers seeking to obtainsubcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesseswere there in 1977 than in 1972?（E）
(E) What is one set of conditionsunder which a small business might find itself financially overextended?
3.    According to the passage, civil rightsactivists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesseshave traditionally had to labor (to suffer from some disadvantage or distress “labor under adelusion”) is that they have
(A) been especiallyvulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy
(B) been denied bankloans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors
(C) not had sufficient opportunityto secure business created by large corporations
(D) not been able toadvertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers（C）
(E) not had adequaterepresentation in the centers of government power
4.    The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to haveits bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to 取非
(A) experience frustration but notserious financial harm
(B) face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses
(C) have to recordits efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase itsspending with minority subcontractors（A）
(E) revise itsprocedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
5.    The author implies that a minority-ownedconcern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporatecustomer should
(A) avoidcompetition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding
(B) concentrate onsecuring even more business from that corporation
(C) try to expand its customerbase to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation
(D) pass on some ofthe work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns（C）
(E) use itsinfluence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minorityconcerns
6.    It can be inferred from the passage that,compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “somefederal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are
(A) more popularwith large corporations
(B) more specific
(C) lesscontroversial
(D) less expensiveto enforce（B）
(E) easier to comply with
7.    Which of the following, if true, would mostweaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response tofederal requirements (lines 18-19)was substantial
(A) Corporatecontracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporatecontracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.
(C) The figurescollected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts withminority-owned businesses.
(D) The estimate ofcorporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10million too high.（E）
(E) The $1.1 billionrepresented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77million in 1972.
8.    The author would most likely agree withwhich of the following statements about corporate response to working withminority subcontractors?
(A) Annoyed by theproliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce theirefforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.
(B) Althoughcorporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businessesin the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant topursue many government contracts.
(C) The significantresponse of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained andconceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.
(D) Although corporations are eagerto cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the1970’s made substantial response impossible.（C）
(E) The enormouscorporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion thatused to plague small minority-owned businesses.
Passage 2 (2/63)特别套路
P1：通过对比“新老世界”说明theliberal idea of economic market 是怎样的一回事
P2：说这个美国的这个liberalmarket 的意义， 正面评价
Word:   defy 藐视，公然反抗   fascination 魅力，入迷  possessiveness 占有，自制力 unsettling 是人不安的，动乱不安的 retention 保留，滞留，记忆力   seizure 夺取，捕获  referee 调停，裁判员sterile 不育的，贫瘠的  stagger 蹒跚，犹豫  disenfranchise 剥夺。。。的公民权 underscore 强调  amorphousness 无定形态 compassionate 慈悲的，富有同情心的  windmill 风车  treadmill 跑步机gyroscope回转仪，陀螺仪  bellow 风箱  perpetuate 使不朽，保持  proclamation 公告，宣布  deem 视作，相信
WoodrowWilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he saidthat the free enterprise system is the most efficient economic system. Maximumfreedom means maximum productiveness; our “openness” is to be the measure ofour stability. Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old World”categories of settled possessivenessversus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo”defended or attacked. The UnitedStates, it was believed, had no statusquo ante. Our only “station” was the turning of a stationary wheel,spinning faster and faster. Wedid not base our system on property but opportunity—which meant we basedit not on stability but on mobility. The more things changed, that is, the morerapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. The conventional picture ofclass politics is composed of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what theyhave, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of (a touch of: 有一点) instability and change in which to scramble for(scramble for: v.争夺, 勉强拼凑) the things they havenot. But Americans imagined a condition in which speculators, self-makers, runnersare always using the new opportunities given by our land. These economicleaders (front-runners) would thus be mainly agents of change.The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strongreferee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand tocalm manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt, beginthings again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines.”
“Reform” in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change exceptthrough the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “a piece ofthe action,” as it were, for the disenfranchised. There is no attempt to call offthe race. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor thequiet work that achieves social interdependence and stability. There is, in ourlegends, no heroism of the office clerk (office clerk: n.职员), no stable industrial work force of thepeople who actually make the system work. There is no pride inbeing an employee (Wilson asked for a return to the time when everyone was anemployer). There has been no boasting about our social workers—they are merelysigns of the system’s failure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things tobe eliminated. We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the factthat our system can serve others, that we are able to help those in need; emptyboasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us tryto forget or deny them, move away from them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland(wonderland: n.仙境, 奇境)race we must all run, all trying to win, none winning in the end (forthere is no end).
1.    The primary purpose of the passage is to（关于这篇文章的态度我还是没领悟到，到底是赞扬还是批判呀）
(A) criticize the inflexibility ofAmerican economic mythology   没有criticize
(B) contrast “OldWorld” and “New World” economic ideologies 没有对比
(C) challenge theintegrity of traditional political leaders 没有challenge也没有political leaders
(D) champion those Americans whomthe author deems to be neglected（A）
(E) suggest asubstitute for the traditional metaphor of a race  未提到substitute
2.    According to the passage, “Old World” valueswere based on
(A) ability
(B) property
(C) familyconnections
(D) guildhierarchies（B）
(E) education
3.    In the context of the author’s discussion ofregulating change, which of the following could be most probably regarded as a“strong referee” (line 30) in the United States?
(A) A schoolprincipal
(B) A politicaltheorist
(C) A federal court judge
(D) A social worker（C）
(E) A governmentinspector
4.    The author setsoff (set off: to set apart: makedistinct or outstanding) the word “Reform” (line 35)with quotation marks in order to
(A) emphasize itsdeparture from the concept of settled possessiveness
(B) show his supportfor a systematic program of change
(C) underscore theflexibility and even amorphousnessof United States society
(D) indicate thatthe term was one of Wilson’s favorites（E）
(E) assert thatreform in the United States has not been fundamental
5.   It can be inferred from the passage that theauthor most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised “a piece of theaction” (line 38) is
(A) a compassionate, ifmisdirected, legislative measure
(B) an example ofAmericans’ resistance to profound social change
(C) an innovative program forgenuine social reform
(D) a monument tothe efforts of industrial reformers（B）
(E) a surprisingly“Old World” remedy for social ills
6.    Which of the following metaphors could theauthor most appropriately use to summarize his own assessment of the Americaneconomic system (lines 35-60)?
(A) A windmill
(B) A waterfall
(C) A treadmill  跑步机，美国的经济社会高速高集中，不停歇啊不停歇
(D) A gyroscope（C）
(E) A bellows
7.    It can be inferred from the passage thatWoodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic market
(A) encouraged those who “make thesystem work” (lines 45-46)
(B) perpetuated traditionallegends about America
(C) revealed theprejudices of a man born wealthy
(D) foreshadowed thestock market crash of 1929（B）
(E) began atradition of presidential proclamationson economics
8.    The passage contains information that wouldanswer which of the following questions?
I.     What techniques have industrialists used tomanipulate a free market?
II.   In what ways are “New World” and “Old World”economic policies similar?
III.  Has economic policy in the United Statestended to reward independent action?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only（C）
(E) II and III only
9.    Which of the following best expresses theauthor’s main point?
(A) Americans’ pride in their jobscontinues to give them stamina today.
(B)The absence of a status quo ante has underminedUnited States economic structure.细节
(C) The freeenterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States.反
(D) The myth of theAmerican free enterprise system is seriously flawed.反（D）
(E) Fascination withthe ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive people.细节

nissanhappy

第二篇文章因为对作者太短的判断失误导致我错了4题。而且还是来回读了好几篇。1.时间太长
2.正确率太低
啊~~~ 再来个几天，看看会不会好一点吧。
6.    It can be inferred from the passage that,compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “somefederal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are

(A) more popularwith large corporations
(B) morespecific
(C) lesscontroversial
(D) less expensiveto enforce（B）
(E) easier to comply with

, has required by law that businesses awarded federalcontracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractorsand record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government.Indeed works, some federaland local agencies have gone so far as to set specificpercentage goals for apportioning parts of public contracts to minorityenterprises.

7.    Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertionthat, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial

(A) Corporatecontracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
(B) Between1970 and 1972,corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.1970-1972不能说明整个70年代的问题。
(C) The figurescollected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts withminority-owned businesses.
(D) The estimate ofcorporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10million too high.（E）
(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of totalcorporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972. 这个选项的意思是分母变大了很多，分子变大，比例不变，也就是没增长
8.    The author would most likely agree withwhich of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors? 和minority一起合作有啥反响？
(A) Annoyed by theproliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce theirefforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future. 问的是作者的意见，不是minority的，不是annoyed.
(B) Althoughcorporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businessesin the 1970’s, their aversion to governmentpaperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts. 无，大公司并没有aversion啊，选这个就是“仇富”！！
(C) The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s islikely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.  原文中给1972-1977的确在增长，和原文契合的一个答案，其实G没我想像的这么绕脑子，现在有种习惯，做改错的时候也是，明明知道那个选项是对的，总觉得这来的也太容易了，被幸福冲昏了头脑，硬是不相信，选个难点的。吃饱了么不是！！
(D) Although corporations are eagerto cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the1970’s made substantial response impossible. 我选这个选项是因为看到题目中的subcontractors在第二段中出现，就跟第一risk联系起来了。（C）
(E) The enormouscorporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion thatused to plague small minority-owned businesses.

nissanhappy

defy就可以看出作者的态度是critic，对不对啊，牛牛？文章第二段说到"reform"，作者就不屑啊，代表他老人家1. criticize the inflexibility of American economicmythology  
4.The author sets off (set off:to set apart: make distinct or outstanding) the word “Reform” (line 35) with quotation marks in order to

(A) emphasize itsdeparture from the concept of settled possessiveness
(B) show his supportfor a systematic program of change
(C) underscore theflexibility and even amorphousnessof United States society
(D) indicate thatthe term was one of Wilson’s favorites（E）
(E) assert that reform in the United States has not beenfundamental
5.     It can be inferred from the passage thatthe author most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised “a piece of theaction” (line 38) is

(A) a compassionate, ifmisdirected, legislative measure
(B) an example of Americans’ resistance to profound social change  resistance 抵抗 profound 意义深远的   a piece of action代表美国人接受的改革都是小手笔，他们是抵制意义深远的改革的。
(C) an innovative program forgenuine social reform
(D) a monument tothe efforts of industrial reformers（B）
(E) a surprisingly“Old World” remedy for social ills
7.    It can be inferred from the passage thatWoodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic market(A) encouraged those who “make thesystem work” (lines 45-46)
(B) perpetuatedtraditional legends about America  题干是说economicmarket的态度，不就是推行传统的方式么。
(C) revealed theprejudices of a man born wealthy
(D) foreshadowed thestock market crash of 1929（B）
(E) began atradition of presidential proclamationson economics
9.    Which of the following best expresses theauthor’s main point?

(A) Americans’ pride in their jobscontinues to give them stamina today.反
(B)The absence of a status quo ante has underminedUnited States economic structure.细节
(C) The freeenterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States.反
(D) The myth of the American free enterprise system isseriously flawed.（D）
(E) Fascination withthe ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive people.细节

nissanhappy

好啦，再去看看阅读小分队啦~然后姐姐要做饭了，明天继续~ god bless memememe~

nissanhappy

Passage 3 (3/63)P1: TS: NO very satisfactory….has yetbeen given.  解释海盆形成的传统理论
P2: 传统理论行不通的原因，提出另一种说法
P3：第三种说法，跟内海相关
Word：liquid 液体的，清澈的 convection 对流，传送 sinking 下沉的  coupling 连接  though 可是，虽然  slightapprehension 浅层次的理解  indifference 漠不关心，中立
No verysatisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the oceanbasins has yet been given. The traditional viewsupposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when itis subjected to small forces for long periods and thatdifferences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth withrising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents underthe continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continentalplates along as thoughthey were on a conveyor belt (conveyor belt: n. 传送带) and would provide the forces neededto produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: ithas the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences thatthemselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which theposition of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, couldproduce complicated and varying motions.
On theother hand, the theory is implausible becauseconvection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly doesnot occur along lines broken by frequent offsets (an abrupt bend in an object by which onepart is turned aside out of line) or changes in direction, as theridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge inthe Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on bothsides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must bemoving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pacewith them. An alternative theory is that thesinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle,pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how thisapplies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor theAmerican plate has a sinking part.
Another possibility isthat the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convectioncurrents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it givessome hope of explaining the enclosed seas, suchas the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanicfloor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Theirfloors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that asinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate mightbe the cause of such deep basins. The enclosedseas are an important feature of the earth’s surface, and seriously requireexplanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing atpresent behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possiblysimilar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps theNorth Sea.
1.    According to thetraditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of thefollowing is sufficient to move the continental plates?
(A) Increases insedimentation on ocean floors
(B) Spreading ofocean trenches
(C) Movement ofmid-ocean ridges
(D) Sinking of oceanbasins（E）
(E)Differences in temperature under oceans and continents
2.    It can be inferred from the passage that, ofthe following, the deepest sediments would befound in the
(A) Indian Ocean
(B) Black Sea
(C) Mid-Atlantic
(D) South Atlantic（B）
(E) Pacific
3.    The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in line 13 in order to
(A) illustrate theeffects of convection in the mantle
(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions ofthe continents
(C) demonstrate thelinear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D) describe thecomplicated motions made possible by back-coupling（A）
(E) account for therising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
3.    The author regards thetraditional view of the origin of the oceanswith
(A) slight apprehension
(B) absolute indifference
(C) indignant anger
(D) complete disbelief（E）
(E)guarded skepticism
4.    According to the passage, which of thefollowing are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides?
(A) The PacificOcean and the Sea of Japan
(B) The SouthAtlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge
(C) The Gulf ofMexico and the South Atlantic Ridge
(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（D）
(E) The Black Seaand the Sea of Japan
5.    Which of the following, if it could bedemonstrated, would most support the traditional view of ocean formation?
(A) Convection usually occurs along lines.
(B) The upper mantlebehaves as a dense solid.
(C) Sedimentationoccurs at a constant rate.
(D) Sinking platescool the mantle.（A）
(E) Island arcssurround enclosed seas.
6.    According to the passage, the floor of theBlack Sea can best be compared to a
(A) rapidly movingconveyor belt
(B) slowly settlingfoundation
(C) rapidlyexpanding balloon
(D) violently erupting volcano（B）
(E) slowly erodingmountain
7.    Which of the following titles would bestdescribe the content of the passage?
(A) A Description ofthe Oceans of the World
(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation
(C) The TraditionalView of the Oceans
(D) Convection andOcean Currents（B）
(E) TemperatureDifferences among the Oceans of the World

nissanhappy

6.    According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea can best be compared to a    B
(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt
(B) slowly settling foundation   缓慢的沉淀物基础  原文：    3：the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment.错在没理解settling 的意思。
(C) rapidly expanding balloon
(D) violently erupting volcano
(E) slowly eroding mountain
3.    The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in line 13 in order to    A
(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle  
原文“this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt ” 没能理解原文每句话的用意啊~~
(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling
(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges

倩猫记

我还少两天呢~今天开始做阅读的总结。做了11篇。。。完全没有找到做语法和做逻辑总结时候的感觉。。

kevin405hu

给楼主顶一个，楼主还是很厉害的，加油

nissanhappy

哇塞，11篇，我一下子坚持不了那么多篇的。但是新东方的老师说一天做10几篇会提高很快的。一起加油~

nissanhappy

给楼主顶一个，楼主还是很厉害的，加油

-- by 会员 kevin405hu (2012/3/23 22:09:33)

谢谢兄弟捧场~