【每日逻辑练习第二季】【3-1】

zxppx

2.

Calories consumed in excess of those with which the
body needs to be provided to maintain its weight are
normally stored as fat and the body gains weight.
Alcoholic beverages are laden with calories.
However, those people who regularly drink two or
three alcoholic beverages a day and thereby exceed
the caloric intake necessary to maintain their weight
do not in general gain weight.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
resolve the apparent discrepancy?

(A) Some people who regularly drink two or three
alcoholic beverages a day avoid exceeding
the caloric intake necessary to maintain their
weight by decreasing caloric intake from
other sources. 原文中说的是已经超过必需摄入量的人，而这里讨论的是避免超过必需摄入量的人

First, some people are not representative. Second, the argument has revealed that the caloric intake exceeds to maintain weight, so decreasing caloric intake from other sources has no effect on the argument.
(B) Excess calories consumed by people who
regularly drink two or three alcoholic
beverages a day tend to be dissipated as heat.

As we know, when a man drinks alcoholic beverages, he will get hot and sweat. So this answer choice reconciles the discrepancy. BA
(C) Some people who do not drink alcoholic
beverages but who eat high-calorie foods do
not gain weight.

Some people who do not drink alcoholic beverages are outside the scope of the argument.
(D) Many people who regularly drink more than
three alcoholic beverages a day do not gain
weight.

This is one of the situations referred in the argument.
(E) Some people who take in fewer calories than
are normally necessary to maintain their
weight do not lose weight.

Some people who take in fewer calories are irrelevant.



93. (24269-!-item-!-188;#058&000870) (GWD-21-Q38 different type)
Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages. Last year, however, one candidate produced a half-hour-long advertisement. At the beginning of the half-hour slot a substantial portion of the viewing public had tuned in to that station. Clearly, then, many more people are interested in lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. The candidate who produced the half-hour-long advertisement did not win election at the polls.

Whether the candidate won election is irrelevant.
B. The half-hour-long advertisement was widely publicized before it was broadcast.

Actually, it still strengthens the argument, rather than weakens.
C. The half-hour-long advertisement was aired during a time slot normally taken by one of the most popular prime-time shows.

Yes, it points out another cause for the high audience rating. BA
D. Most short political advertisements are aired during a wide range of programs in order to reach a broad spectrum of viewers.

How most short political advertisements are aired is outside the scope of the argument.
E. In general a regular-length television program that features debate about current political issues depends for its appeal on the personal qualities of the program's moderator.

A regular-length television program is irrelevant to the half-hour-long advertisement. At least, it should support the argument, rather than weaken.



94. (25027-!-item-!-188;#058&001384) (GWD-17-Q39)
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
On the whole, scientists do their most creative work before age forty, a tendency that has been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. An alternative explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field. Supporting this explanation is the finding that __________.

A. the average age of recipients of scientific research grants is significantly greater than forty

Scientific research grants are not equal to creative work. What’s more, this answer choice, in fact, weakens the two explanations.
B. a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond age forty entered their field at an older age than is common

Yes, in this case, this answer choice makes the alternative explanation more valid. Please note that “an older age than is common” does not necessarily mean more 40 years old. BA
C. many scientists temper their own expectations of what they can achieve in their research work by their belief that their creativity will decline as they age

Actually, this answer choice strengthens the first explanation, rather than the second.
D. scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research

More satisfaction in other activities is outside the scope of the argument.
E. there is a similar diminution of creativity with age in nonscientific fields, such as poetry and musical composition

Actually, this answer choice strengthens the first explanation.



95. (28456-!-item-!-188;#058&003043) (GWD-9-24)
For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Yes, since insurance companies should indemnify drivers for the repairing cost, this answer choice points out the cost and strengthens the argument. BA
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Motorists are irrelevant.
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.

Since we know cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont, this answer choice cannot strengthen the argument.
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.

This answer fails to point out the difference between the two cities.
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.

This answer choice has no effect on the argument.



96. (28176-!-item-!-188;#058&002907) (GWD-28-Q17)
In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently account for 6 percent of miles driven on Partoria’s roads but are involved in 12 percent of all highway fatalities. The very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce highway deaths would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.

Some smaller roads are no sufficient to stop the proposal.
B. So far only the best, most experienced drivers for Partorian trucking companies have been driving triple-trailer trucks.

So it is the drivers who make the less accident rate, rather than the trucks. BA
C. Very few fatal collisions involving trucks in Partoria are collisions between two trucks.

This answer choice has no effect on the argument.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.

But it does not solve the problem in the argument.
E. In Partoria, the maximum legal payload of a triple-trailer truck is less than three times the maximum legal payload of the largest of the single-trailer trucks.

The maximum legal payload has nothing to do with the safety in the argument.

huazechen

peimise:Calories consumed in excess of fat and the body gains weight.
       Alcoholic beverages are laden with calories.
con:do not in general gain weight.
推测 有啥alcoho特有的分解calories
choose B

[二]cbab

小K110

95题我觉得应该是保险花费更多 insurance for collision damage costs more......而不是damage花费更多，所以我觉得应该选A吧~

angelann728

凌晨1点才开始逻辑+阅读小分队 有心无力了 先完整计时做五道
Bible 1:45 B
逻辑链
2:15 C
2:02 B
1:00 A
2:00 B

equalgirl

【精练】看题1.15分
2. Calories consumed in excess of those with which the
body needs to be provided to maintain its weight are
normally stored as fat and the body gains weight.
Alcoholic beverages are laden with calories.
However, those people who regularly drink two or
three alcoholic beverages a day and thereby exceed
the caloric intake necessary to maintain their weight
do not in general gain weight.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
resolve the apparent discrepancy?
因为C导致weight gains，且某些人一天喝2-3瓶酒超过了标准C数量
所以这些人的weight 没有gains
预测：要么是这些人很特殊，要么是这人些喝的含卡路里的饮料－－酒精，特殊。
问：解决矛盾
答案：B
(A) Some people who regularly drink two or three
alcoholic beverages a day avoid exceeding
the caloric intake necessary to maintain their
weight by decreasing caloric intake from
other sources. 题目说weight没有gains。此答案的意思是增长了但是又降下来了，而且“other sources”题目中未题。错。
(B) Excess calories consumed by people who
regularly drink two or three alcoholic
beverages a day tend to be dissipated as heat.理解dissipate as heat的意思是受热蒸发了。
(C) Some people who do not drink alcoholic
beverages but who eat high-calorie foods do
not gain weight.否定题目。无关
(D) Many people who regularly drink more than
three alcoholic beverages a day do not gain
weight.无辜牵扯其他人。其他人如何与本题无关
(E) Some people who take in fewer calories than
are normally necessary to maintain their
weight do not lose weight.
不是讨论lose weight.

【逻辑链】
看题：2分
93. (24269-!-item-!-188;#058&000870) (GWD-21-Q38 different type) 看题：2分
Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages.  Last year, however, one candidate produced a half-hour-long advertisement.  At the beginning of the half-hour slot a substantial portion of the viewing public had tuned in to that station.  Clearly, then, many more people are interested in lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
因为某人做了一个半小时的政治广告，所以人们比之前喜欢看这种广告了
问题：削弱
预测：看的不是广告，是别的。
答案：C
A. The candidate who produced the half-hour-long advertisement did not win election at the polls. 与结论无关。
B. The half-hour-long advertisement was widely publicized before it was broadcast.与广告无关。
C. The half-hour-long advertisement was aired during a time slot normally taken by one of the most popular prime-time shows.长达半小时的广告穿插在最受欢迎的节目中
D. Most short political advertisements are aired during a wide range of programs in order to reach a broad spectrum of viewers.与most political ad.无关
E. In general a regular-length television program that features debate about current political issues depends for its appeal on the personal qualities of the program's moderator.
94. (25027-!-item-!-188;#058&001384) (GWD-17-Q39)看题：45秒
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
On the whole, scientists do their most creative work before age forty, a tendency that has been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity.  An alternative explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field.  Supporting this explanation is the finding that __________.
因为，科学家一般都工作15年多，已经耗尽了创作灵感
所以，大多数科学家都是在40岁前辉煌
问题：支持
选项：D
A. the average age of recipients of scientific research grants is significantly greater than forty 平均大于40岁。削弱
B. a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond age forty entered their field at an older age than is common 超过40岁创造成就的很普遍。削弱。
C. many scientists temper their own expectations of what they can achieve in their research work by their belief that their creativity will decline as they age
D. scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research超过40岁的在其他领域比自己领域更成功。
E. there is a similar diminution of creativity with age in nonscientific fields, such as poetry and musical composition

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烟囱XXQ

精炼：p1: Calories consumed in excess of those with which the
         body needs to be provided to maintain its weight are
         normally stored as fat and the body gains weight.
        p2:Alcoholic beverages are laden with calories.
     反c:However, those people who regularly drink two or
          three alcoholic beverages a day and thereby exceed
          the caloric intake necessary to maintain their weight
         do not in general gain weight.
理论与现实的差距，说明A本身或者那些regularly drink的人们存在一些问题，肯能：1.A虽然能量大
但不被人体吸收或者只吸收一部分 2.这些经常喝的人也爱运动，所以消耗掉了。
93.44”
p：少人看长的televised political messages,所以一般都是短的
p：去年有个候选人弄了一个半小时的
p：前半小时很多转向那个节目
c：对长messages感兴趣的人数比之前想的多
weaken：前半小时有很多人转向那个节目，并不代表这半个小时人们都看完了这个节目，所以答案可能为
        人们并没有看完这个节目，只是转了台，又换到别的节目上了。
94.37“
p：大多数科学家在40岁前完成所有创造性的工作
p：在40岁前大多数科学家已经在他们的领域工作了至少15年，已经耗尽了创新的机会
c：随年龄的增长创造力下降。
support第二个p--find：与40岁以上的科学家工作时间和其创新的机会的相关发现。
95.29”
p：相同车和相同司机，撞车赔偿保险G比F高
p：G车比F车稍微不容易出车祸
c:保险公司在g赚的比在F多
assumption：保险公司赚的钱=投保数量*金额-赔偿（=撞车数量*赔偿费）
            所以，要保证在G赚的在F多，而在G赔偿费高，在F撞车数量两高，也就是要保证G的总赔偿
            费小于在F的。
96.39“
p：大卡车占6%的公里数但占了12%的高公设施
p：three trailers卡车比单的卡车少1/3的几率出车祸
c：一个可以减少死亡数的方法是把单的换成three trailers。
weaken：证明换了之后并不能减少死亡人数--虽然出车祸几率小，但死的总人数多。

Elisha728

6'53
BCBAB
All correct

shen315hu727

不知道隐藏的如何能看到噢

览物之情

10月25日
1 27s
Background: Calories consumed in excess of those with which the body needs to be provided to maintain its weight are normally stored as fat and the body gains weight.

Alcoholic beverages are laden with calories.
现象：However, those people who regularly drink two or three alcoholic beverages a day and thereby exceed the caloric intake necessary to maintain their weight do not in general gain weight.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
resolve the apparent discrepancy?现象解释。找到它因，或者说明因果因果问题。
(A)        Some people who regularly drink two or three
alcoholic beverages a day avoid exceeding
the caloric intake necessary to maintain their
weight by decreasing caloric intake from
other sources.
(B) Excess calories consumed by people who
regularly drink two or three alcoholic
beverages a day tend to be dissipated as heat.----correct 找到它因
(C) Some people who do not drink alcoholic
beverages but who eat high-calorie foods do
not gain weight.
(D) Many people who regularly drink more than
three alcoholic beverages a day do not gain
weight.
(E) Some people who take in fewer calories than
are normally necessary to maintain their
weight do not lose weight.

2 27s
Background:Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages.
Premise:  At the beginning of the half-hour slot a substantial portion of the viewing public had tuned in to that station.  
Conclusion: Clearly, then, many more people are interested in lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
因果推理cq1因果有必然联系吗。干扰因素，前提的某个特点使它没有可信度了。把选项放到前提和结论之间
The candidate who produced the half-hour-long advertisement did not win election at the polls.
B. The half-hour-long advertisement was widely publicized before it was broadcast.
C. The half-hour-long advertisement was aired during a time slot normally taken by one of the most popular prime-time shows.----correct干扰因素。
D. Most short political advertisements are aired during a wide range of programs in order to reach a broad spectrum of viewers.
E. In general a regular-length television program that features debate about current political issues depends for its appeal on the personal qualities of the program's moderator.

3 23s
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?(抓住要证明的那部分)
Conclusion: An alternative explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field.  
Premise:Supporting this explanation is the finding that __________.
A.        the average age of recipients of scientific research grants is significantly greater than forty
B. a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond age forty entered their field at an older age than is common-----correct
C. many scientists temper their own expectations of what they can achieve in their research work by their belief that their creativity will decline as they age
D. scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research
E. there is a similar diminution of creativity with age in nonscientific fields, such as poetry and musical composition

4 24s
Premise1For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Premise2: cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont.
Conclusion: insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
Assumption取非会weaken结论就对了
Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.----correct
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.

5 32s因果推理
Background：In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently account for 6 percent of miles driven on Partoria’s roads but are involved in 12 percent of all highway fatalities.  
Premise：The very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks.  
Conclusion：one way for Partoria to reduce highway deaths would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
干扰因素
A. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
B. So far only the best, most experienced drivers for Partorian trucking companies have been driving triple-trailer trucks.----correct
C. Very few fatal collisions involving trucks in Partoria are collisions between two trucks.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. In Partoria, the maximum legal payload of a triple-trailer truck is less than three times the maximum legal payload of the largest of the single-trailer trucks.

苏错

12.11

【精练】1’21

Discrepancy:  Calories are storedas fat. Body gains weight.

People who drink two or three alcoholic beverages a day and exceedthe caloric do not in general gain weight.

Reasons for both side?  

A(This answer, which discusses individuals who avoid exceeding the caloricintake necessary, therefore addresses a different group of people from that inthe stimulus. )

Remember, you must look very closely at the circumstances in thestimulus and make sure that the answer you select matches those circumstances.

A选项根本与前提条件不相符合，文中已经指出exceed the caloric

B. If the excess calories are dissipatedas heat, then there would be no weight gain.  

【逻辑链】

1.    last year  ahalf-hour-long advertisement –public turned to this station à More people areinterested in lengthy televised political messages.

Weaken—C(B选项略纠结，文中At the beginningof the half-hour slot关键点)

2.    complete—B

3.    G>F in insurance cost

G<Fin involving in a collision

SoG>F in making profits

Assumption—C(Aprofit=sale-cost)

提到profits的时候想到revenue和cost；提到sales和revenue的时候，cost不考虑。

4.    large trucks 6% on P

12% of all highway fatalities

Three trailerstruck less than a third of the accident rate à increase the useof triple-trailer trucks

  Weaken—B(排除法，可是感觉B也不对….>…<)都是那些最有经验的人在开三截的卡车，因此车祸少和车市没关系的，是和司机的技术有关，他因削弱。