暂时停止更新~suri的gmat之旅，加油加油~~~~

Suri在奋斗

新的一天又开始啦，要比每一天都更有效率更进步一点~~！！

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/31 7:38:25)

嗯~！！SUri加油~饭饭这边也要开始认真奋斗~~~~

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/1/31 10:36:57)

加油~~！！

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/31 10:44:11)

Suri在奋斗

Chapter 8 strengthen
1.In addition to the Primary Objective, keep these fundamental rules in mind when approaching Strengthen & Assumption questions:

(1) The stimulus will contain an argument. Since you are being asked about the author’s reasoning, and reasoning requires a conclusion, an argument will always be present. In order to maximize your chance of success, you should identify, isolate, and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument. Only by understanding the structure of the argument can you gain the perspective necessary to understand the author’s position.

(2Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion. The more you know about the specifics of the conclusion, the better armed you will be to differentiate the correct and incorrect answers.

(3)The information in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning error present, and you must read the argument very carefully in order to know how to shore up the argument.

(4)These questions often yield strong prephases. Make sure you actively consider the range of possible answers before proceeding to the answer choices.

(5The answer choices are accept as given, even if they include “new” information. Like Weaken Questions, the answer choices to the problems in this chapter can bring into consideration information outside of or tangential to the stimulus. Just because a fact or idea is not mentioned in the stimulus is not grounds for dismissing an answer choice.

2.(1)the stem uses the word"strengthen"or a synonym
      strengthen/support/helps/most justifies
  (2)the stem indicates you should accept the answer choices as true
      which of the folowing ,if true·····
 （3）each of the folowing,if true ,supports the statements above EXCEPT
         Strengthen X 是选support的logical opposite,即not support，既可能weaken or have no effects on the conclusion,有几道题都选错了，看到那些has no effects on conclusion的选项直接当无关排除了(⊙o⊙)

3.The difference between Strengthen & Assumption Questions
Strengthen Questions ask you to support the argument in any way possible. This type of answer has great range, as the additional support provided by the answer choice could be relatively minor or major. Speaking in numerical terms, any answer choice that strengthens the argument, whether by 1% or 100%, is correct.

Assumption Questions ask you to identify a statement that the argument assumes or supposes. An assumption is simply an unstated premise- what must be true in order for the argument to be true. An assumption can therefore be defined as something that is necessary for the argument to be true.

4.Strengthen Questions
The correct answer choice does not necessarily justify the argument, nor is the correct answer choice necessarily an assumption of the argument. The correct answer choice simply helps the argument in someway.
关于bible上举得例子，打高尔夫很棒，还是没看懂

5.How to strengthen an argument?
(1)Identify the conclusion: This is what you are trying to strengthen!
When evaluating an answer, ask yourself, “Would this answer choice assist the author in some way?” If so, you have the correct answer.

(2)Personalize the argument.

(3)Look for weaknesses in the argument.
     If you see a weakness or flaw in the argument, look for an answer that eliminates the weakness. In other words, close any gap or hole in the argument.
     Many Strengthen questions require students to find the missing link between a premise and the conclusion. These missing links are assumptions made by the author, and bringing an assumption to light strengthens the argument because it validates part of the author’s thinking. This idea will be discussed further in the Assumption section of the chapter.

(4Arguments contain analogies or use surveys rely upon the validity of those analogies and surveys. Answer choices that strengthen the analogy or survey, or establish their soundness, are usually correct.
答案增强题干中analogy or survey一般正确

(5)Remember that the correct answer can strengthen the argument just a little or a lot.
   This variation is what makes these questions difficult.

1、找出原文中的结论

2、锁定结论，几乎所有正确答案都对结论有影响

3、原文中有推理漏洞，需要仔细寻找加以支持

4、预先判断正确选项特征范围

**对结论有1%～100%支持作用，都可算作对结论有加强！
但还是要具体情况具体分析，og21，E选项同时也加强，但og注明 provides a little additional support for the conclusion,but not as much additional surpport as does B

6. Three Incorrect Answer Traps
 1. Opposite Answers
 2. Shell Game Answers
 3. Out of Scope Answers

7.Causality and Strengthen Questions
      In strengthen questions, supporting a cause and effect relationship almost always consists of performing one of the following tasks:
(1) Eliminate any alternate causes for the stated effect.
     Because the author believes there is only one cause (the stated cause in the argument), eliminating other possible causes strengthens the conclusion.

(2)Show that when the cause occurs, the effect occurs. (This type of answer can appear in the form of an example.)
Because the author believes that the cause always produces the effect, any scenario where the cause occurs and the effect follows lends credibility to the conclusion. This type of answer can appear in the form of a example.

(3) Show that when the cause does not occur, the effect does not occur.
Using the reasoning in the previous point, any scenario where the cause does not occur and the effect does not occur supports the conclusion. This type of answer also can appear in the form of an example.

(4)Eliminate the possibility that the stated relationship is reversed.
Because the author believes that the cause and effect relationship is correctly stated, eliminating the possibility that the relationship is backwards (the claimed effect is actually the cause of the claimed cause) strengthens the conclusion.

(5)Show that the data used to make the causal statement are accurate, or eliminate the possible problems with the data.
If the data used to make a causal statement is in error, then the validity of the causal claim is in question. Any information that eliminates error or reduces the possibility of error will support the argument.

8.Justify the Conclusion Questions    gmat cr貌似木有这类题型，但bat和daisy加了
To solve this type of question, apply the Justify Formula:
Premises + Answer choice = Conclusion

Most Justify the Conclusion question stems typically contain some of the following three features:
1. The stem uses the word “if” or another sufficient condition indicator.
2. The stem uses the phrase “allows the conclusion to be properly drawn” or “enables the conclusion to be properly drawn.”
3. The stem does not lessen the degree of justification.

Because logically proving an argument is a difficult task that requires 100% certainty, only certain types of argumentation tend to appear in Justify stimuli. In fact, most Justify stimuli either use Conditional Reasoning or contain numbers and percentages. Why? Because both forms of reasoning allow for certainty when drawing a conclusion. Consider the following example, which contains conditional reasoning:
Premise: A
Premise: A ?B
Conclusion: B
This example can quickly be turned into a Justify the Conclusion question by removing either premise. For example:      remise: A occurs.
Conclusion: B occurs.
Question: What statement can be added to the argument above to conclude that B must follow?
Answer: A? B
Or, the other premise could be removed:
Premise: A? B
Conclusion: B occurs.
Question: What statement can be added to the argument above to conclude that B must follow?
Answer: A occurs.

The mechanistic approach:
In a nutshell, the rules condense to the following: link new elements in the premises and conclusion and ignore elements common to both.

Lawyer
4．SUPPORT

看原文即找答案：同WEAKEN
TEST：问自己，选项是否在某方面帮助了作者
几种特殊类型
原文前提和结论关系不密切：正确选项直接支持结论
因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。SOPPORT该结论的方法包括：A。没有其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。结合因果：或有因有果或无果无因。C。因果不颠倒了。D显示因果关系的资料是准确。
原文是类比：SUPPORT方式为两者本质相同
调查：有效性不受怀疑（被调查的有代表性等）
假设类支持：将原文的推理中的GAP填补。消除原文的推理缺陷。因果型结论。条件型结论常以假设的形式出现

Suri在奋斗

Chapter 8 Assumptions
1.(1). An assumption is simply an unstated premise of the argument, an integral component of the argument that the author takes for granted and leaves unsaid.
  (2). Assumption answer choices cannot contain extraneous information.
  (3). Assumption 在事情之前, Must be true 在事情之后,

2.As mentioned in the previous section, separating Justify the Conclusion questions from Assumption questions can be difficult. Assumption question stems typically contain the following features:
(1) The stem uses the word “assumption,” “presupposition,” or some variation.
“Presupposition” is another word for “assumes.” These words are a direct reflection of the task at hand.
(2)The stem never uses the word “if” or any other sufficient condition indicator.
Because an assumption is a necessary part of the argument, no sufficient condition indicators can appear in the question stem. The appearance of sufficient condition indicator means that the question is either a Justify or Strengthen question. The stem of an Assumption question will likely contain a necessary condition indicator such as required or unless.


3.Supporter Assumptions & Defender Assumptions
(1)Supporter Assumptions: These assumptions link together new or rogue elements in the stimulus or fill logical gaps in the argument.
                                          supporters often connect"new"or "rogue"pieces of the information in the argument and we typically use the term new or rogue to refer to an element that appears only in the conclusion or only in the premise.
                                          should you ever see a gap or a new element in the conclusion,a supporter assumption answer will almost certainly close the gap or link the new element back to the premise
                                         链接原文当中前提与结论或前提与前提之间的新信息或gap。
                                      **结论当中出现的而前提中未出现的新信息往往会在supporter assumption的答案中出现，这是预测答案的一个诀窍。


(2Defender Assumptions: These assumptions contain statements that eliminate ideas or assertions that would undermine the conclusion. In this sense, they “defend” the argument by showing that a possible source of attack has been eliminated.
题干给的条件才是推出结论的唯一条件，所以相应的假设就是被否定了其他可能条件


 Notes:要分析题干，找出premise和conclusion，然后做判断。如果找不对premise和conclusion很容易出错
      例如 art is shocking那道题，我选的是b ，答案是d
           还有能源那道题目，前面是一个大背景，最后一句话有我们要的premise和conclusion,根据前提和结论，得出答案


4.The assumption Negation Technique  取非
 1. Logically negate the answer choices under consideration.
 2. Thenegate answer choice that attacks the argument will be the correct one.

 Note: Do not use the Assumption Negation Technique to all five answer choices. The process is too time-consuming and you can usually knock out a few answer choices without working too hard.

5.Logical Opposition
(1)Quantity
   All = 100
   Not All = 0 to 99 (everything but All)

  Some = 1 to 100 (everything but None)
  None = 0

(2)Time
    always------- not always
    sometimes-------never

(3)space
   every where----not everywhere
   somewhere-----nonewhere

(4)will----might not


6.Three Quirk of Assumption Question Answer Choice
1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase “at least one” or “at least some.”含有”at least one” 或”at least some”是正确的可能性很高用取非”none”检验

For some reason, when an Assumption answer choice starts with either of the above constructions the chances are unusually high that the answer will be correct. However, if you spot an answer with that construction, do not simply assume the answer is correct; instead, use the proper negation (“None”) and check the answer with the Assumption Negation Technique.

2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most important consideration for the author。避免选择带有”the primary purpose”, “the top priority”或”the main factor”等宣称是作者最重要观点的词的选项。
These answers typically use constructions such as “the primary purpose,” “the top priority,” or “the main factor.” In every Assumption question these answers have been wrong. And, unless, the author specifically discusses the prioritization of ideas in the stimulus, these answers will continue to be wrong because an author can always claim that the idea under discussion was very important but not necessarily the most important idea.

3. Watch for the use of “not” or negatives in assumption answer choices.注意选项中出现”not”不一定是错误答案，反而defender中经常用到not, no, never等否定词。
Because most students are conditioned to think of assumptions as positive connecting elements, the appearance of a negative in an Assumption answer choice often causes the answer to be classified a Loser. Do not rule out a negative answer choice just because you are used to seeing assumptions as a positive part of the argument. As we have seen with Defender answer choices, one role an assumption can play is to eliminate ideas that could attack the argument. To do so, Defender answer choices frequently contain negative terms such as “no,” “not,” and “never.” One benefit of this negative language is that Defender answer choices can usually be negated quite easily.

7.  Assumption& Causality
 The correct answer to an assumption question will normally fit one of the following categories:
 1. Eliminate an alternate cause for the stated effect
 2. Shows that when the cause occurs, the effect occurs
 3. Shows that when the cause does not occur, the effect does not occur
 4. Eliminate the possibility that the stated relationship is reversed
 5. Shows that the data used to make the causal statement are accurate, or eliminates possible problems with the data
因果类假设与加强做法类似，即：
1)    排除他因
2)    有因必有果
3)    无因必无果
4)    因果不颠倒
5)    使用的证据或数据真实有效或排除其无效的可能性


8.**填空题十有八九都是假设题，剩下就是MUST BE TRUE题或Main Point题  （og16判断出assumption后取非削弱比正向思维更容易做对）
具体看indicator（标志词）来判断：
空格前是since, because则是假设题；
空格前是therefore, hence, thus是MUST BE TRUE / Main Point题。


9.Assumptions and Conditionality   bible没有，daisy和bat的总结有
Problems containing conditional reasoning tend to produce two types of assumption answer choices:
1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument, the correct answer choice for an Assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain, as in the following example:
Premises: A->B-> C
Conclusion: A->D
Assumption: C->D (or the contrapositive)
Thus, if you encounter linked statements and an Assumption question, be prepared to supply the missing link or the contrapositive of that link.

2. The assumption underlying a conditional statement is that the necessary condition must occur in order for the sufficient condition to occur. Thus, the author always assumes that any statement that would challenge the truth of the relationship is false. If no conditional chains are present and only a conditional conclusion exists, the correct answer will usually deny scenarios where the sufficient condition occurs and the necessary does not. In other words, the assumption in these arguments always protects the necessary condition (that is, it works as a Defender). If you see a conditional conclusion and then are asked an Assumption question, immediately look for an answer that confirms that the necessary condition is truly necessary or that eliminates possible alternatives to the necessary condition.

10.Lawyer
ASSUMPTION
看原文：同WEAKEN。对于充分必要的，列出推理链。
找答案：答案分两类型：SUPPORT（填补推理上的概念GAP），DEFENDER（排除WEAKEN结论的可能性，即排除他因）。读原文，推理中有概念GAP（特别是答案出现新元素），则答案填补这个GAP（通常新元素必出现），否则找他因，排除推理中的WEAKNESS。最后用TEST检验或排除易混的答案。对于后一类用有关无关有时比较好，用结论的具体性和特殊性去分有关无关，排出剩下的用TEST
DENIAL TEST：将选项取非，原文结论不成立，则为正确选项。
几种特殊类型：
因果型结论：ASSUMPTION的方法包括：A。不是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。结合因果：或有因有果或无果无因。C。因果没颠倒。D显示因果关系的资料是准确。
条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。ASSUMPTION的方法排除充分条件出现，必要条件不出现的情况。或充分条件一定能推出必要条件，或排除充分条件推不出必要条件的可能
原文是类比：ASSUMPTION方式为两者本质不是不同
调查：肯定有效性（被调查的对象有代表性等

Suri在奋斗

逻辑小分队的训练模式很好，可是时间不多，我就用来做og逻辑分析



1) 计时：30s
2) 逻辑链Situation(刚开始练习先写好完整逻辑链，练习到逻辑链基本清晰的时候尝试尽量简化信息、提炼最精简的逻辑链)：
*完整模式：
Background Information:
Life expectancy is the average age at death of the whole population.
Premise:
Life expectancy in mid-nineteenth century North America was 40 years; now it is almost 80.
Conclusion:
What we think of as the prime of life must have been considered old in that earlier era.

简化模式：
Life expectancy in earlier era was 40 years, but now is almost 80.
Thus, what we consider young must have been considered old in that earlier era.
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
the average age at death is 40 years≠the usual length of life is around 40
some other reasons that lead to the outcome:
极端值大, ?rst-year infant mortality was extremely high in earlier era.
4) 选项分析：选B
*选项解释不提供固定思路，请根据自己的理解对每一错误选项给出错误原因和类型的解释(无关选项思考清楚为什么无关)，对正确选项分析其与题干逻辑链的关系。


【逻辑链题练习要求】
1. 计时看问题和题干，一般在45s内。
2. 先不看选项、不看题干按自己的理解写出逻辑链。
3. 合理推测正确选项的可能方向(请发挥你丰富的想象力和推测力)

babybearmm

suri的进度好强悍啊~~orz~~
我打算沿着你的路走

Suri在奋斗

suri的进度好强悍啊~~orz~~
我打算沿着你的路走

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/31 20:34:56)

时间不多鸟，现在逻辑的问题还是很大，多总结多分析把，baby姐姐看完一章bible可以看看lawyer，因为lawyer那个是bible 的高度浓缩，而看完每一章bible后其实脑里面小有点混乱的因为东西太多，看lawyer一百多字的小浓缩就感觉把提纲提了一下~~~

BBOY年糕

建议lz延后几天。。。你的考试日期是危险期。。。除非不用机经。。。

Suri在奋斗

建议lz延后几天。。。你的考试日期是危险期。。。除非不用机经。。。

-- by 会员 BBOY年糕 (2012/1/31 20:44:36)

谢谢ls呀，我也是感觉2.29很危险，也正有此意，到安全日期再考，而且现在逻辑也备让我担心，3月中旬应该会是安全期不

Suri在奋斗

今天八点我开始完成没有完成的og cr部分，然后开始总结bible,结合各种总结，把第八章分为两个部分一个部分就耗了2个小时，又跑去语法快看了几道语法题，发现刚刚形成的题目感貌似变弱了~~
晚上开始总结cr
现在头昏昏的，其实我一天下来，cr的收获貌似没有~~
现在得整理下语法才行~~！！

abjure

suri 好强大的复习意志。