lsat 3 (1) questions

1stzhang

[face=Georgia]12. Leachate is a solutions, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site, If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachates escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities, A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.

Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?

(A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem.

(B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment.

(C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of handling leachate.

(D) Some landfill leachate is send to sewage treatment plants that are incapable of

handling it.

(E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill's capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded.

这个题目我选D答案选E.看了"If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachates escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities"当然E答案是没有错误的,但是D答案也没有错误啊!请指点迷津?



The question whether intelligent life(有智力的生命体) exists elsewhere in the universe is certainly imprecise, because we are not sure how different from use something might be and still count as "intelligent life" Yet we cannot just decide to define "intelligent life" in some more precise way since it is likely that we will find and recognize intelligent life elsewhere in the universe only if we leave our definitions open to new, unimagined possibilities.

18. The passage, if seen as an objection to an antecedent claim. Challenges that claim by:

(A) showing the claim to be irrelevant to the issue at hand

(B) citing examples that fail to fit proposed definition of "intelligent life"

(C) claiming that "intelligent life" cannot be adequately defined.

(D) arguing that the claim, if acted on, would be counterproductive

(E) maintaining that the claim is not supported by the available evidence.

这个题目答案选D,我选C.有些想不通请解答．这个题目根本不知道是什么意思？


20 Pamela: Business has an interest in enabling employees to care for children, because those children will be the customers, employees, and managers of the future. Therefore, businesses should adopt policies, such as day-care benefits that facilitate parenting.

Lee: No individual company, though, will be patronized, staffed, and managed only by its own employees' children, so it would not be to a company's advantage to provide such benefits to employees children, so it would not be to a company's advantage to provide such benefits to employees when other companies do not.

In which one of the following pairs consisting of argument and objection does the objection function most similarly to the way Lee's objection functions in relation to Pamela's argument?

(A) new roads will not serve to relieve this area's traffic congestion, because new roads would encourage new construction and generate additional traffic.

Objection: Failure to build new roads would mean that traffic congestion would strangle the area even earlier.

(B) Humanity needs clean air to breathe, so each person should make an effort avoid polluting the air.

Objection: The air one person breathes is affected mainly by pollution caused by others, so it makes no sense to act alone to curb air pollution.

(C) Advertised discounts on products draw customers' attention to the products. So advertised discounts benefit sales.

Objection: Customers already planning to purchase a product accelerate buying to take

advantage of advertised discounts, and those subsequent sales suffer.

(D) If people always told lies, then no one would know what the truth was, so people should always tell the truth.

Objection: If people always told lies, then everyone would know that the truth was the opposite of what was said .

(E) Human social institutions have always changed. So even if we do not know what those changes will be, we do know that the social institutions of the future will differ from those of the past.

Objection: The existence of change in the past does not ensure that there will always　be change in the future.

这个题目文章是读懂了，但是如何从原文提取信息作对题目是我现在的弱点，请指点？[/face]

wdzc

12. 我觉得D是个迷惑选项，它可能对，可能不对。在这里most,all这类的范围词语中，你好好体会一下之间的联系和区别。D说大部分的landfill leachate 直接送到sewage treatment plants，不是所有的sewage treatment plants有能力处理landfill leachate 。可能有些landfill leachate 送到没有能力处理它的sewage treatment plants，但也有可能一点也没有送到没有能力处理它的sewage treatment plants。

mzyzhu

let me try, pls dont' throw brick to me if I am wrong

18,题目问的是，如果这个passage是用来反驳前一个claim，那么它是靠什么来反驳的呢？（我理解是这个passage是一个文章的节选，他值前还有人提出过一个观点，就是所谓的新老观点对比）

"The question whether intelligent life... count as intelligent life "是作者的argument."...define... in a more precise"是老观点。后面的原因是一个必要条件给出：除非我们...definition open,才可能find and recognize intelligent life.

因此这段话的infer是，如果我们按照define...in a more precise way去找IF,我们可能永远找不到counterproductive. 极为D

C是表述author 自己的观点，不是challenge the claim by...

20, 的逻辑关系事;因为我们未来的customer, employees, and managers 就是现在的小孩，因此公司因该采取措施方便父母。

反对者说：没有任何一个公司他未来的customer, employee, manager就是本公司雇员现在的孩子，为什么我们要干别的公司没有干的事呢？

主要的逻辑关键点就在于：全体和部分的矛盾。B正好就是。

这种纯逻辑题是很吓人的，提干长，每个选象也长。但是我的感觉是，绝大多数这种题如果你能把握提干的逻辑思路，直接到选项里找跟该逻辑思路一模一样，90%是一模一样，8%，顶多把if 从句和主句颠倒一下位置。2%例外。这2%里外里就包括一个我要问的plant- tulip-tall tulip-plant are tall, 还一个就是什么white poodle.

1stzhang

谢谢两位的精彩回答！

lyricling

第一题(12)：

第二句话：if and only if A, then B (当且仅当,等价命题A <--->B, 非A<---->非B)
The landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded <----> the Leachates escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities
E项就是这个等价命题的否命题。

原文最后一句话：
Most landfill Leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.

之所以选D是因为将“not all sewage plants”理解为“不是所有的被接受L的污水处理厂”，但这里的应理解成为“不是所有的污水处理厂”。All sewage plants是全集，而不是那些有L送入的sewage plants这个子集。所以，原文里推不出有L被送到那些不能处理highly contaminated water的plants。

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-14 15:40:52编辑过]

lyricling

第二题(18)：
这个题目是一个逻辑方法评价题。意思是，如果这段话是在反驳前面的某个观点，那么这段话用了什么逻辑方法。（强烈建议Joy将其收入逻辑方法题总结中。）
原文推理如下：
第一句是结论：因为我们不确定something that might be intelligent life（可能被称为智能生命）与something that is still count as intelligent life（现在被算作智能生命）之间的区别，所以关于宇宙里是否存在其它intelligent life这个问题是不严密的。
第二句是论证过程：（only if 条件）
we will find and recognize intelligent life elsewhere in the universe(A) →we leave our definitions(about intelligent life) open to new, unimagined possibilities(B) →　 we cannot just decide to define "intelligent life" in some more precise way (C)
原文所要反驳的观点：
The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is certainly precise.
既然这个question是precise的，那么关于intelligent life的定义就应该是precise的(非C)。（如果某个概念不确定，那么关于这个概念的问题也是不确定的。常识）
原文反驳的论点要求“非C”，但按照原文的推理，发现和识别intelligent life又要求“C”,原文的反驳方法在于设置了附加条件，使所要反驳的观点陷入一个互相矛盾的两难境地。
这是我对本题的理解，我第一遍做的时候就是选的C，后来想想，C是对原文论据的抽象说明，还不能完全体现原文反驳前面论点的逻辑方法，且C项的adequately与原文的precisely还有一定区别。比起D来，C不够好。
请高手批评指教！

第三题(20)：逻辑类似题，同意mzyzhu，找推理方式相似的那一个。

joywzy

以下是引用lyricling在2003-6-14 12:05:00的发言：
原文最后一句话：
Most landfill Leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.

之所以选D是因为将“not all sewage plants”理解为“不是所有的被接受L的污水处理厂”，但这里的应理解成为“不是所有的污水处理厂”。All sewage plants是全集，而不是那些有L送入的sewage plants这个子集。所以，原文里推不出有L被送到那些不能处理highly contaminated water的plants。

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-14 12:06:03编辑过]

lyricling，这个能不能再讲讲？有点糊涂，对全集和子集？虽然我做对了，但是有一样的问题。谢谢

lyricling

以下是引用joywzy在2003-6-14 15:22:00的发言：

lyricling，这个能不能再讲讲？有点糊涂，对全集和子集？虽然我做对了，但是有一样的问题。谢谢

简单点讲就是，有大多数L被送到sewage plants，并不是所有的sewage plants都可以处理L。但原文并没有说，有L被送到不能处理L的sewage plants里去。
你觉得这样清楚吗？请指教。

joywzy

以下是引用lyricling在2003-6-14 15:46:00的发言：

简单点讲就是，有大多数L被送到sewage plants，并不是所有的sewage plants都可以处理L。但原文并没有说，有L被送到不能处理L的sewage plants里去。
你觉得这样清楚吗？请指教。

这不是一样吗？

有大多数L被送到sewage plants，并不是所有的sewage plants都可以处理L。＝＝＞有L被送到不能处理L的sewage plants里去。

一部分肯定不能处理L，有SOME，可以是一个，存在这种情况。

怎么回事呢？E肯定对，是逆否命题，我就选了。

1stzhang

我理解了，D答案如果加上一个may就是要有两个答案了。infer题目一定不可以是两可的