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[逻辑小分队] 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-20】

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发表于 2012-8-28 15:32:49 | 显示全部楼层
27
Premise: The diamond sell in a higher value by a people who sell it.
Premise: The diamond is certified in wirting.
Conclusion: The diamond is in a fair price.
Inference:
The author commits a gratuitous assumption that the certification assures a fair price.
However, no evidence is stated in the argumentto support this assumption.
In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that the certification is written by the person who sells the diamond,
and then no fair price will be guaranteed. Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
To strengthen this argument, author could provide a evidence that the certification is released from a authority which has no interest relations.

37
Premise: Algae rests on light to grow.
Premise: Algae grows faster in the place where moderate snow cover the algae than in the place without snow.
Inference: A
A

40
Premise: Garnet pays for two testing.
Premise: Renco does not have the same finaicial incentives.
Inference:E
E
1:08
I spent long time and repeat many times on this sentence: wood chips occupy less than half of the volume of the branches from which they are made.
Premise: The cost of convertion would be the same at the logging site, or at the factory.
Premise: the cost of the branches are less at the logging site than at the factory.
Inference:E
D: I misinterpretated the meaning of the sentence that wood chips occupy less than half of the volume of the branches from which they are made.

37
Premise: Because of the depletion of oil field and restrictive regulation, oil exports dropped steadily.
Premise: Loosing the regulation and developing the new field.
Conclusion: those measures may not result in higher oil exports.
Inference: B this is the only reason that impact the exports of oil.
B
发表于 2012-9-4 16:11:47 | 显示全部楼层
Time: 45”
Background Information: Algae grow inside the top layer of sea ice with enough sunlight and nutrient sea water
Premise: Snow cover the top layer
Conclusion: More algae in the top layer
Prephase: Snow cover has same nutrient which sunlight can offer.
A-----right support
B-----irrelevant
C-----irrelevant
D-----irrelevant
E-----irrelevant
=============================================
Time: 21”
Background Information: G and R provide health for employee. G pays for both testing and treatment for high cholesterol. G saves money for high cholesterol left untreated will require more money.
Premise: ?
Conclusion: R has the no such financial incentive to adopt such a policy.
Prephase: Employees work in R in a short time.
A-----irrelevant
B-----irrelevant
C-----irrelevant
D-----irrelevant
E-----right
===============================================
Time: 27”
Background Information: Trees can be used for lumber and branches converted into wood chips. The cost of conversion would be same whether done in logging site or at factory.
Premise: Wood chips occupy less space than branches.
Conclusion: ?
Prephase: Transporting wood chips  will cost less.
A-----irrelevant
B-----irrelevant
C-----irrelevant
D-----right
E-----irrelevant
==============================================
Time: 45”
Background Information: Utrania was a petroleum exporter; economic stagnation and regulations inhibit investment in new oil fields. Old fields became depleted, therefore oil experts dropped. U’s improving economic situation and less restrictive regulations will result in development of new fields.
Premise: ?
Conclusion: It would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports.
Prephase: Needs for oil at home are increasing.
A-----irrelevant
B-----right
C-----irrelevant
D-----irrelevant
E-----irrelevant
发表于 2012-10-15 18:42:33 | 显示全部楼层
我做了超过20天了都,可是没粘上来楼主
发表于 2012-10-21 09:36:37 | 显示全部楼层
精练(32.1s)
bg:the person assessing the diamond is the person selling it
pre:all diamonds sold at Gem World are certified in writing
con:be assured of a fair price when purchasing a diamond from Gem
World.
(strengthen)
PRE:The certification is not from the same company.(解析中说The certification may have no impact on the
actual price of the diamond, or perhaps it could even be used to raise the price
unjustly.这是我忽略掉的一点)
Ans:E
A--no impact
B--no impact
C--not the issue
D--no impact
逻辑链5(32.2s)
再看了一遍题目
Bg:Microscopic plants called algae grow inside the top layer of sea ice in the Antarctic if enough sunlight reaches that layer of ice and enough seawater
pre: Even though moderate snow cover reduces the sunlight that filters into the top layer
con:sea ice with moderate snow cover typically contains even more algae in the top layer than does sea ice with less snow cover.
(strengthen)
Ans:B--correct A
这个题想问问大家,读了好久遍都没有懂~~~
6(29.5's)
Bg:Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees
pre1:high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment
con:This policy saves Garnet money
pre2:未知
con:R does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy
Ans:E
A--not the issue
B--irrelevant
C--irrelevant
D--irrelevant
发表于 2012-10-21 14:37:31 | 显示全部楼层
精炼
1. strenghten 30s
jewlery store tend to exaggerate the diamonds' value.
while in gem world you are assured of the fair price
my attempt:the writing is valued by all the gem sellers.
choice:E
A weaken
B irrelevant
C irrelevant
D weaken
E correct
---------------------------------------------------------
逻辑链
1.explaination 23s
premise:algea need to live with light and nutrients reachable ice layer.
conclusion:ice layer with less light because of moderate snow will increase the number of algea.
my attempt:the snow melts it will contain more nutrients in it.
choice:A
A correct
B irrelevant
C irrelevant
D irrelevant
E weaken
2.fill 35s
garnet benefits from the policy,but renco cannot copy with the same finacial incentives
because of the economy of scale
answer
A specific sample,so not convincing
B irrelevant
C so what
D correct
E so what
3.strenghten 25s
cost of making chips is the same no matter where it is,but the chips will occupy less space.
so my conclusion is: make the chips right there where the branches are found.
answer
A irrelevant
B incorrect
C incorrect
D correct
E irrelevant
4.fill 41s
premise: investment in new oil fields is limited.so exports dropped
        recently the economic and the regulations are all good
conclusion:exports will not be developped
answer:B
A irrelevant
B correct
C strenghten
D strenghten
E strenghten
发表于 2012-10-21 14:42:58 | 显示全部楼层
6.    (24353-!-item-!-188;#058&001207)

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __________.

(A) early treatment of high cholesterol does not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life
(B) the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol
(C) RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has
(D) RenCo's employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet's employees
(E) the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet

这是一题解释矛盾题。两个公司的做法有矛盾,G公司的做法给出了理由,但是题目要求我们去解释R公司的做法合理性(主要强调的是R公司有没有financial incentive)。错误选项D,只是再说R公司的员工的C水平不会高于G公司的员工,即小于等于;并没有充分的理由说明为什么R公司不学G公司的做法是由financial incentive的。正确选项应为E,改选项说明了R公司不需要这耗费额外费用的检查,能够省钱,因为G公司员工长期工作后的医疗费用节省的理由在R公司不成立,因为R公司不需要老员工。
发表于 2012-10-21 14:43:46 | 显示全部楼层
哎呀,终于有一次只错一道题了。
发表于 2012-10-22 17:03:21 | 显示全部楼层
1-20
Time: 35s
Premise: the person assessing the diamond is the person selling it, so diamond quality might be exaggerated.
Premise: diamonds sold at GW are certified in writing
Conclusion: You are assured of a fair price when purchasing in GW

Prephrase: Lack of some premises which bridge the premise and conclusion
Answer: E
A. irrelevant
B. people with years of experience in appraising gem might be GW sales themselves.
C. higher quality will not assure fair price and might also be exaggerated.
D.irrelevant
E. right answer.

5
Time: 52s
Premise: Algae grow in side the top layer of sea ice if sunlight and seawater reach that layer of ice
Premise: Moderrate snow cover reduces the sunlight that filters into the top layer
Conclusion: Sea ice with moderate snow cover typically contains more algae than with less snow cover
Premise: Lack of premise to bridge
Answer: E

6
Time: 50s
Premise: G pays for both test and treatment..
Premise: This policy saves G money because long untreated leads to expensive treatment.
Conclusion: R does not have same policy

Answer: E

7
Time: 42s
Premise: Two products are made. Tree trunks for lumber and branches for wood chips.
Premise: Cost are the same whether convert branches into chips at logging site or at factory.
Premise: chips occupy less than branches
Answer: D


8
Time: 63s
Premise: U exports petroleum but in recent decades economic stagnation and regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields.
Premise: U oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted.
Premise: new fields will be developed
Conclusion: it would be premature to conclude that rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports.

Answer: B
发表于 2013-1-17 09:56:02 | 显示全部楼层

1.

Advertisement: At most jewelry stores, the person
assessing the diamond is the person selling it so
you can see why an assessor might say that a
diamond is of higher quality than it really is.
But because all diamonds sold at Gem World
are certified in writing, you’re assured of a fair
price when purchasing a diamond from Gem
World.

There is a contradiction in the argument, a contradiction that at most jewelry stores, the person assessing the diamond is the person selling it so that the price may be unfair, while Gem World declares that the prices of its diamonds are fair. How to explain it? If the price in Gem World is not assessed or selling by the same person, then it would be much reasonable to understand the declaration of Gem World.
The reasoning in the advertisement would be most
strengthened if which one of the following were true?

(A) Many jewelry stores other than Gem World also
provide written certification of the quality of
their diamonds.

Actually, this answer choice cannot strengthen the argument, since the prices of diamonds in Gem World may be the same unfair as those of other jewelry stores that provide written certification of the quality of their diamonds.
(B) The certifications of diamonds at Gem World
are written by people with years of
experience in appraising gems.

This answer choice does not make sure that these assessing people are not the people who sell diamonds. Perhaps, these persons are hired by Gem World, thus making the argument much less valid.
(C) The diamonds sold at Gem World are generally
of higher quality than those sold at other
jewelry stores.

The quality of diamonds has no effect on the argument.
(D) The diamond market is so volatile that prices of
the most expensive diamonds can change by
hundreds of dollars from one day to the next.

In fact, this answer choice may weaken the argument, since the volatile prices of the diamonds. Besides, the prices of the most expensive diamonds narrow down the scope of the topic, thus making the argument much less valid.
(E) The written certifications of diamonds at Gem
World are provided by an independent
company of gem specialists.

In this case, we can find that these certifications of diamonds are provided by an independent company of gem specialists, different from the information provided in the first sentence. BA

As mentioned above, this answer addresses the separation of the certification writer from the seller and thereby strengthens the reasoning.



5. (24305-!-item-!-188;#058&001204)
Microscopic plants called algae grow inside the top layer of sea ice in the Antarctic if enough sunlight reaches that layer of ice and enough seawater, which contains nutrients, reaches that layer after splashing onto the surface. Even though moderate snow cover reduces the sunlight that filters into the top layer, sea ice with moderate snow cover typically contains even more algae in the top layer than does sea ice with less snow cover.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the apparent discrepancy?
(A) As the weight of accumulated snow forces ice lower in the water, more seawater splashes onto the surface and seeps through the snow.

Yes. In this case, it points out an advantage of the snow, so compared with less snow cover, moderate snow cover is better for algae to grow. BA
(B) Seawater in the Antarctic often contains higher concentrations of nutrients than does seawater in more temperate regions.

Temperate regions are outside the scope of the argument.
(C) As the air temperature around sea ice decreases during the winter, the likelihood decreases that snow will fall and thus add to any existing snow cover.

Actually, this answer choice makes the argument more contradictory, since there will be more snow cover during the winter.
(D) The nutrients on which algae rely are common in seawater throughout the Antarctic.

In fact, this answer choice has no effect on the argument.
(E) More sunlight filters through a layer of ice than through an equally thick layer of snow.
The comparison between a layer of ice and a layer of snow is irrelevant, since the topic is the comparison between a moderate snow cover and a less snow cover.



6. (24353-!-item-!-188;#058&001207)
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __________.
(A) early treatment of high cholesterol does not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life


Actually, this answer choice seems to weaken the action of Garnet. However, the treatment for stroke may be very expensive for the patients and the company, considering the huge costs and the possibility that health care may eliminate the possibility of a stroke in some degree, so companies still need to provide for health care.
(B) the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol

In fact, this answer choice is irrelevant.
(C) RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has

So RenCo need do more with health care than Garnet need.
(D) RenCo's employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet's employees

At first glance, it seems to be a contender, but a more thorough analysis reveals that the evidence is misleading. Perhaps, RenCo’s employees have the same cholesterol levels as Garnet’s employees do, thus making the argument much less valid.
(E) the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet
Yes. In this case, since a stroke is more likely to happen in a person’s later life, RenCo has less incentive to provide health care just as Garnet do. BA





7. (24401-!-item-!-188;#058&001291)
United Lumber will use trees from its forests for two products. The tree trunks will be used for lumber and the branches converted into wood chips to make fiberboard. The cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site, where the trees are debranched, or at United's factory. However, wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made.
The information given, if accurate, most strongly supports which of the following?
(A) Converting the branches into wood chips at the logging site would require transporting a fully assembled wood-chipping machine to and from the site.

Nothing about a fully assembled wood-chipping machine has been provided in the argument.
(B) It would be more economical to debranch the trees at the factory where the fiberboard is manufactured.

Actually, it is the opposite answer, since wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made. If wood chips are made at the logging site and the cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site or at United’s factory, more transportation fees can be reduced.

(C) The debranching of trees and the conversion of the branches into chips are the only stages in the processing of branches that it would be in United's economic advantage to perform at the logging site.

This is not relevant.
(D) Transportation costs from the logging site to the factory that are determined by volume of cargo would be lower if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory.

Yes, since much volume of cargo can be reduced if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory, the transportation costs will be reduced, thus making the argument much reasonable. BA
(E) In the wood-processing industry, branches are used only for the production of wood chips for fiberboard.

Shell Game: the argument talks about United Lumber, rather than the wood-processing industry.



8. (24449-!-item-!-188;#058&001338)
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania's currently improving economic situation, together with less-restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because __________.
(A) the price of oil is expected to remain relatively stable over the next several years

Actually, this answer choice strengthens the argument, rather than weakens.
(B) the improvement in the economic situation in Utrania is expected to result in a dramatic increase in the proportion of Utranians who own automobiles

The increase in the proportion of Utranians who own automobiles would depress the oil export, even with the rapid development of new fields. This way to weaken is to introduce another factor, which would influence the result. BA
(C) most of the investment in new oil fields in Utrania is expected to come from foreign sources

Actually, this answer choice has no effect on the argument.
(D) new technology is available to recover oil from old oil fields formerly regarded as depleted

It seems to strengthen the argument. Besides, it is irrelevant to the topic of the development of new fields.
(E) many of the new oil fields in Utrania are likely to be as productive as those that were developed during the period when Utrania was a major oil exporter

In fact, this answer choice seems to strengthen the argument, rather than weaken.
发表于 2013-2-27 22:23:27 | 显示全部楼层
1:29s strengthen
E
background: daimond assessment is not reliable,if it is said
premise:the gem world is written
conclusion:the diamond in gem world is reliable
rephrase: the written is different from said in nature

(A) Many jewelry stores other than Gem World also
provide written certification of the quality of
their diamonds.-----weaken
(B) The certifications of diamonds at Gem World
are written by people with years of
experience in appraising gems.-----kind of support
(C) The diamonds sold at Gem World are generally
of higher quality than those sold at other
jewelry stores.-------irrelevant
(D) The diamond market is so volatile that prices of
the most expensive diamonds can change by
hundreds of dollars from one day to the next.-------irrelevant
(E) The written certifications of diamonds at Gem
World are provided by an independent
company of gem specialists.--------correct
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