【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-13】

bananazoo

恩，发作业啦~

【精练】
2. High school students who feel that they are not
succeeding in high school often drop out before
graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the
city’s high school dropout rate was significantly
lower than the previous year’s rate. This is
encouraging evidence that the program instituted
two years ago to improve the morale of high school
students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.
Which one of the following, if true about the last
year, most seriously weakens the argument?
----------Cause and Effect Problems NO.2

(A) There was a recession that caused a high level
of unemployment in the city.
(B) The morale of students who dropped out of
high school had been low even before they
reached high school.
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school
students remained in school than dropped
out.
(D) High schools in the city established placement
offices to assist their graduates in obtaining
employment.
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed
at improving students’ morale in those high
school with the highest dropout rates.

【逻辑链】
49.
An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power.  Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Industrial production also is declining in Country X.
(B) Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.
(C) Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.
(D) The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y.
(E) Country X's new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods.
50.
Generally scientists enter their field with the goal of doing important new research and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation.  Therefore, when any scientist wins renown as an expounder of science to general audiences, most other scientists conclude that this popularizer should no longer be regarded as a true colleague.
The explanation offered above for the low esteem in which scientific popularizers are held by research scientists assumes that
(A) serious scientific research is not a solitary activity, but relies on active cooperation among a group of colleagues
(B) research scientists tend not to regard as colleagues those scientists whose renown they envy
(C) a scientist can become a famous popularizer without having completed any important research
(D) research scientists believe that those who are well known as popularizers of science are not motivated to do important new research
(E) no important new research can be accessible to or accurately assessed by those who are not themselves scientists
51.
A company's two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years:  in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.
Which of the following can properly be inferred regarding the past three years from the statement above?
(A) Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.
(B) The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals division.
(C) The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.
(D) The product mix offered by each of the company's divisions has remained unchanged.
(E) Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of those of the pharmaceuticals division.
52.
The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers is a reflection of the kinds of demand they are trying to meet.  The only cyclists seriously interested in innovation and willing to pay for it are bicycle racers.  Therefore, innovation in bicycle technology is limited by what authorities will accept as standard for purposes of competition in bicycle races.
Which of the following is an assumption made in drawing the conclusion above?
(A) The market for cheap, traditional bicycles cannot expand unless the market for high-performance competition bicycles expands.
(B) High-performance bicycles are likely to be improved more as a result of technological innovations developed in small workshops than as a result of technological innovations developed in major manufacturing concerns.
(C) Bicycle racers do not generate a strong demand for innovations that fall outside what is officially recognized as standard for purposes of competition.
(D) The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers results primarily from their desire to manufacture a product that can be sold without being altered to suit different national markets.
(E) The authorities who set standards for high-performance bicycle racing do not keep informed about innovative bicycle design.

bananazoo

答案：
逻辑链答案：DDCC（隐藏可见）
精练解析：
The argument concludes that a program instituted two years ago to increase
morale has ultimately caused the recent decrease in high school dropouts. You
must always recognize a causal conclusion when one is presented to you!
Whenever you encounter a causal conclusion, ask yourself if the relationship
must be as stated by the author or if another explanation can be found.
In simplified form, the conclusion appears as follows:
P = program to raise high school morale
RD = reduction in dropouts
CE
P -----> RD
Regardless of the question asked, this assessment is helpful. The question stem
asks you to weaken the argument, and according to the “How to Attack a
Causal Conclusion” section there are five main avenues of attack you should be
prepared to encounter. The correct answer, (A), falls into one of the most
frequently occurring of those categories—the alternate cause.
Answer choice (A): This is the correct answer. The answer attacks the
conclusion by introducing an alternate cause: it was not the morale program
that led to a decrease in high dropouts, but rather the fact that no jobs were
available for individuals contemplating dropping out of high school. The job
availability factor is important because the first sentence of the stimulus
indicates that high school students who drop out go to work. Thus, if a
recession led to a high level of unemployment, this could cause high school
students to rethink dropping out and stay in school.
Answer choice (B): At best, this answer confirms that some of the high school
students had a low morale, and in that sense, the answer strengthens the
argument. At worst, the answer choice is irrelevant.
Answer choice (C): The argument indicates that the dropout rate is lower
relative to the preceding year; there is no claim that the dropout rate ever
exceeded the retention rate. Thus, to suggest that more students stayed in school
than dropped out has no effect on the argument.
Answer choice (D): This is a Shell Game answer. The stimulus refers to high
school dropouts. This answer choice refers to high school graduates.
Answer choice (E): The argument uses information about the city’s overall
dropout rate. Therefore, the target high schools of the antidropout program are
irrelevant.

fox0923

我来啦~bana~~~
我来抢沙发~~~沙发成功！

精练-----------------25s---------------------weakenB: The high school dropout exists among high school students, and then they go to work.
P: However, the high school dropout has been decreased than the previous year.
C: The author concluded that the reason is because of the moral program taken a years ago has been effective in high school .
Prephrase: More students with higher moral minds entered high school.
                Other reasons can be brought in to weaken the conclusion, such as job market need, etc.
               
Analysis:
(A) There was a recession that caused a high level
of unemployment in the city.-----------------------------?YEAH!  If recession happened, then there wouldn't be a huge demand for the job market, then students would stay in high school.
(B) The morale of students who dropped out of
high school had been low even before they
reached high school.--------------------------------------We don't care if these students have low moral even before entered high school.
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school
students remained in school than dropped
out.-----------------------------------------------------------this basically restates the premise, so it doesn't make any sense.
(D) High schools in the city established placement
offices to assist their graduates in obtaining
employment.------------------------------------------------this is a sound approach, but this only brings alternative reason against the program stated in the argument. If the employment assistant is helpful, then there should be more dropout.
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed
at improving students’ morale in those high
school with the highest dropout rates.-----------------we don't care about the goal of this program.

bananazoo

搬个小板凳~排排坐~

bananazoo

background：High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in high school often drop out before graduating and go to work.
P：Last year, dropout rate was lower than the previous year’s rate.
C：a program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.
预测：给出它因，别的原因导致了dropout rate 的下降，比如经济不景气什么的~
(A) There was a recession that caused a high level of unemployment in the city.
right~
(B) The morale of students who dropped out of high school had been low even before they reached high school.
这些人士气低不影响整体的提高，我们还是可以说政策有效~没有削弱
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school students remained in school than droppedout.
这，加强了，虽然没有说是这个政策的作用，但还是加强作用吧
(D) High schools in the city established placement offices to assist their graduates in obtaining employment.
其实也有给出它因的感觉，不过，这个原因的影响远没有A大，而且帮助毕业生找到工作，如果你不毕业也能找到，其实也不需要这些帮助，也还是会退学，没有削弱（bible说：这叫偷换概念~）
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed at improving students’ morale in those high school with the highest dropout rates.
这个，无关吧~只是说了这个政策的主要目的，没有削弱的意思~（bible：整体与部分概念不同，注意这些细节吧~慢慢体会）

看这里与开头的work有关~所以，我们要注意题中给出的细节~

jssqzgr

great!  got all correctly!

fox0923

bana好快~~~

zz42050524

精练： Weaken 36s
Students that are feel not succeed probably dropout before graduate. While last year the number of dropout students is lower than previous,
That’s the evidence that the morale encouragement of students is taking effect.
Pre: Some other reason cause students not dropout.
(A) There was a recession that caused a high level of unemployment in the city. 这个可以
(B) The morale of students who dropped out of high school had been low even before they reached high school. 这个说明不了学生dropout的原因
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school students remained in school than dropped out.
Irrelevant 留下的多少不是论述的内容
(D) High schools in the city established placement offices to assist their graduates in obtaining employment. 乍一看，有点像，仔细想下不是，自己都能找到工作的话，学校这个行为就没有吸引力。
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed at improving students’ morale in those high school with the highest dropout rates. Irrelevant

逻辑链:
2. weaken 30s
这个逻辑链里出过， 种植的农作物不同  D
3.  assumption 50s
P: Scientists enter their field and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation.
C: Therefore, when scientists gain reputation as a expounder to general audiences, the scientists wouldn’t be their colleagues.
Pre: The colleagues must have similar motivation.
D  和推测有点出入，答案的重点放在了 research。
4. must be true
Two divisions of a company performed different in the last two years, A accounts for 20% sales and 40% profit, but B accounts for the balance.
A has a higher profit rates than B.
C
5. 这道题逻辑链也是出过  assumption  C

xeyyxzty

1.background information:.High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in high school often drop out before graduating and go to work. premise:the city’s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year’s rate.
conclusion:the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.
the program began two years ago, but it doesn't have effect until now~and is there any link between the morale and the dropouts?
(A) There was a recession that caused a high level of unemployment in the city.
--right
(B) The morale of students who dropped out of high school had been low even before they reached high school.
--irrelevant
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school students remained in school than dropped out.
--support
(D) High schools in the city established placement offices to assist their graduates in obtaining employment.
--irrelevant
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed at improving students’ morale in those high school with the highest dropout rates.
--irrelevant
思路呀~
You must always recognize a causal conclusion when one is presented to you! Whenever you encounter a causal conclusion, ask yourself if the relationship must be as stated by the author or if another explanation can be found.
The correct answer, (A), falls into one of the most frequently occurring of those categories—the alternate cause.
2.background information: Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.
premise: its new government came to power.
conclusion:An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X
maybe crops are different~the style of an economy has nothing to do with the production of agriculture.
(A) Industrial production also is declining in Country X.
--irrelevant
(B) Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.
--irrelevant
(C) Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.
--irrelevant
(D) The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y.
--right
(E) Country X's new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods.
--irrelevant
3.background information:Generally scientists enter their field with the goal of doing important new research and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation.  
premise: when any scientist wins renown as an expounder of science to general audiences
conclusion: most other scientists conclude that this popularizer should no longer be regarded as a true colleague.
the popularizers don't have the goal of doing importand new research
(A) serious scientific research is not a solitary activity, but relies on active cooperation among a group of colleagues
--irrelevant
(B) research scientists tend not to regard as colleagues those scientists whose renown they envy
--irrelevant???
(C) a scientist can become a famous popularizer without having completed any important research
--irrelevant
(D) research scientists believe that those who are well known as popularizers of science are not motivated to do important new research
--right
(E) no important new research can be accessible to or accurately assessed by those who are not themselves scientists
--irrelevant
4.premise:A company's two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years:  in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.conclusion:???
没有思路呢......
(A) Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.
--unknown
(B) The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals division.
--unknown
(C) The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.
--right
(D) The product mix offered by each of the company's divisions has remained unchanged.
--unknown
(E) Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of those of the pharmaceuticals division.
--unknown
5.background information:The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers is a reflection of the kinds of demand they are trying to meet.  
premise:The only cyclists seriously interested in innovation and willing to pay for it are bicycle racers.  
conclusion: innovation in bicycle technology is limited by what authorities will accept as standard for purposes of competition in bicycle races
bicycle racers will only use bicycles in races or in training.
(A) The market for cheap, traditional bicycles cannot expand unless the market for high-performance competition bicycles expands.
--irrelevant
(B) High-performance bicycles are likely to be improved more as a result of technological innovations developed in small workshops than as a result of technological innovations developed in major manufacturing concerns.
--irrelevant
(C) Bicycle racers do not generate a strong demand for innovations that fall outside what is officially recognized as standard for purposes of competition.
--right
(D) The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers results primarily from their desire to manufacture a product that can be sold without being altered to suit different national markets.
--irrelevant
(E) The authorities who set standards for high-performance bicycle racing do not keep informed about innovative bicycle design.
--irrelevant

187167055

新手上路~