【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-11】

Elisha728

老是第一题错……
能力还要继续提高！！

lyrsilvia

E DABD
1. 35'
BG: Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water
P: hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases.
C: the proposal to reroute sewage many kilometer offshore is pointless
Weaken: themselves be harmed≠harm people who eat them
答案：
(A) Contaminants in the harbor other than sewage are equally harmful to lobsters.--------other contaminants is irrelevant
(B) Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer in the open ocean than in industrial harbors.------where lobsters live longer does not matter. this just not state whether the proposal is pointless
(C) Lobsters breed as readily in sewage contaminated water as in unpolluted water.--------bread means live OK, but nothing about the proposal
(D) Gill diseases cannot be detected by examining the surface of the lobster.-----------whether disease is detected or not, if the disease does not render the lobster to die, the proposal is pointless
(E) Humans often become ill as a result of eating lobsters with gill diseases.---------CORRECT. means even the disease will not render the lobster to die, it will make people ill, thus the proposal is meaningful.

2. 25'
P: numbers of cars and the total distance traveled both increased about 40%
C: the number of resident killed by car accidents increase by 300%
Explain：the increased drivers are really bad drivers
答案： D
(A) The average number of passengers per car was higher in the years before unification than it was in the two years after.-----------means passengers per can decline, cannot explain the huge increase. if the passengers per car increase, this may be a good explaination for the increase. TIME IS WRONG.
(B) After unification, many people who had been living in East Germany relocated to West Germany.------means fewer East German, should be fewer be killed.
(C) After unification, a smaller proportion of the cars being purchased by East German residents were used vehicles.-----------whether the cars are second-handed does not explain higher accident rates
(D) Drivers who had driven little or not at all before 1989 accounted for much of the increase in the total distance traveled by cars.---------CORRECT. drivers are bad in skills
(E) Over the same two-year period in East Germany, other road users, such as motorcyclists, bicyclists, and pedestrians, experienced only small increases in traffic fatalities.------------evidence about traffic fatalities, but no explaination for the car fatalities.

3. 28'
P: environment regulation cause company to use costly control equipment, thus result in increased price and export markets loss
C: annual exports of Risemian manufactured goods will in the future occur at diminished levels
Weaken: sth. reduce, if sth increase the export, this situation will be offset
答案：A
(A) The need to comply with the new regulations will stimulate the development within Risemia of new pollution control equipment for which a strong worldwide demand is likely to emerge.----------CORRECT. means the export for control equipment will emerge. thus the overall export level will be maintain
(B) The proposed regulations include a schedule of fines for noncompliance that escalate steeply in cases of repeated noncompliance.--------------------state the strict rule of this regulation. strengthen the increased price and less competitiveness.
(C) Savings from utilizing the chemicals captured by the pollution control equipment will remain far below the cost of maintaining the equipment.--------------------- strengthen the increased price and less competitiveness.
(D) By international standards, the levels of pollutants currently emitted by some of Risemia's manufacturing plants are not considered excessive.--------------what international considerate does not influence the regulation inside R.
(E) The stockholders of most of Risemia's manufacturing corporations exert substantial pressure on the corporations to comply with environmental laws.--------------comply means increased price

4. 45'
P: new process increase the price of new aircraft
C: still use for long-term economic interest
Explain: maybe it will save money lately
答案：B
(A) Although most new airliners are still painted using the old process, aircraft manufacturers now offer a purchaser of any new airliner the option of having it painted using the new process instead.----------means available but does not state the cost whether can be cover by other profits
(B) A layer of primer on an airliner weighs more than a layer of the new coating would by an amount large enough to make a difference to that airliner's load-bearing capacity.------------CORRECT. means even it is expensive but it has some advantage to offset the cost.
(C) A single layer of the new coating provides the aluminum skin of the airliner with less protection against corrosion than does a layer of primer of the usual thickness.----------means new is worse.
(D) Unlike the old process, the new process was originally invented for use on spacecraft, which are subject to extremes of temperature to which airliners are never exposed.-----------means it is unnecessary to use new, because it is designed for special use.
(E) Because the new coating has a viscosity similar to that of a traditional top coat, aircraft manufacturers can apply it using the same equipment as is used for a traditional top coat.-----------but the truth is that the new one still cost more

5. 48'
P: cannot be patented-->affordable
    can be patented--> premium price
C: if patented be abolished, access to new life-sustaining drugs can be improved
Weaken: low price will hurt the new research
答案：D
(A) In countries in which life-sustaining drugs cannot be patented, their manufacture is nevertheless a profitable enterprise.----------whether the manufacture is profitable or not is not concerned
(B) Countries that do not currently grant patents on life-sustaining drugs are, for the most part, countries with large populations.---------what condition the country is does not affect the main logic
(C) In some countries specific processes for the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs can be patented even in cases in which the drugs themselves cannot be patented.------------means there are some ways to patented, but it does not say about whether the new drugs can be improved
(D) Pharmaceutical companies can afford the research that goes into the development of new drugs only if patents allow them to earn high profits.-----------CORRECT. means without patenting, companies cannot afford the cost, thus there will not be new drugs.
(E) Countries that grant patents on life-sustaining drugs almost always ban their importation from countries that do not grant such patents.-------------importation is not the main topic.

meckyona

1 31s
Weaken
A irrelevant
B
C
D true, if it cannot be examine, than no one knows whether there’s a disease or not

E irrelevant
这题

41 D----- drivers that drives little or not at all may cause lots of accidents

42        B: Risemia government imposed regulations about reducing the amount of pollutants that manufactures are allowed to discharge into the government
P: require more expensive maintenance, the price will rise and wil lose in the export market
C: annual exports will diminished

A new equipment is irrelevant
B irrelevant 没太懂
C makes sense, if saving is far more than cost to maintain the equipments, the manufactuers are still earning money ,right
D irrelevant
E irrelevant

我去这题看错了！！C是below！
43
A irrelevant
B load-bearing capacity, right
C can’t explain why
D irrelevant
E irrelevant

44
d

览物之情

10月12号
1 32S
Premise: Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water.
Plan:Under a recent proposal,millions of gallons of local sewage each day would be rerouted many kilometers offshore.
(Counter premise: Although this would substantially reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor where lobsters are caught, )可以不看
Conclusion :the proposal is pointless
Premise: because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
P the point is human could be hurt by the disease.关键是plan的目的。在第一个premise那
(A)        Contaminants in the harbor other than sewage
are equally harmful to lobsters.
(B) Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer in
the open ocean than in industrial harbors.
(C) Lobsters breed as readily in sewag econtaminated
water as in unpolluted water.
(D) Gill diseases cannot be detected by examining
the surface of the lobster.
(E) Humans often become ill as a result of eating
lobsters with gill diseases.-------correct

2 20s
Premise: In the two years following the unification of Germany in 1989, the number of cars owned by residents of East Germany and the total distance traveled by cars in East Germany both increased by about 40 percent.  
Outcome: In those two years, however, the number of East German residents killed each year as car occupants in traffic accidents increased by about 300 percent.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the disproportionate increase in traffic fatalities?
P different traffic rules
A)        The average number of passengers per car was higher in the years before unification than it was in the two years after.-----更矛盾了
(B) After unification, many people who had been living in East Germany relocated to West Germany.-----irrelevant
(C) After unification, a smaller proportion of the cars being purchased by East German residents were used vehicles.-----might be the answer
(D) Drivers who had driven little or not at all before 1989 accounted for much of the increase in the total distance traveled by cars.------correct这个跟车祸更直接联系感觉
(E) Over the same two-year period in East Germany, other road users, such as motorcyclists, bicyclists, and pedestrians, experienced only small increases in traffic fatalities.------irrelevant

3 28s
Premise: Resultant price increases for Risemian manufactured goods will lead to the l oss of some export markets.
Conclusion: annual exports of Risemian manufactured goods will in the future occur at diminished levels.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the editorial?
p 因果没有必然联系 price is not the only factor influence the amount.一因多果
A) The need to comply with the new regulations will stimulate the development within Risemia of new pollution control equipment for which a strong worldwide demand is likely to emerge.------correct
(B) The proposed regulations include a schedule of fines for noncompliance that escalate steeply in cases of repeated noncompliance.------irrelvant
(C) Savings from utilizing the chemicals captured by the pollution control equipment will remain far below the cost of maintaining the equipment.-------support
(D) By international standards, the levels of pollutants currently emitted by some of Risemia's manufacturing plants are not considered excessive.------irrelevant
(E) The stockholders of most of Risemia's manufacturing corporations exert substantial pressure on the corporations to comply with environmental laws.----irrlevant

4 33s
Paint on a new airliner is usually applied in two stages:  first, a coat of primer, and then a top coat.  A new process requires no primer, but instead uses two layers of the same newly developed coating, with each layer of the new coating having the same thickness and weight as a traditional top coat.具体的步骤不用看
Premise: Using the new process instead of the old process increases the price of a new aircraft considerably.
conclusion是要证明的结论
Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that it is in an airline's long-term economic interest to purchase new airliners painted using the new process rather than the old process.  P it is lighter so save oil costs every time it fly(A) Although most new airliners
A) Although most new airliners are still painted using the old process, aircraft manufacturers now offer a purchaser of any new airliner the option of having it painted using the new process instead.-------irrelevant
(B) A layer of primer on an airliner weighs more than a layer of the new coating would by an amount large enough to make a difference to that airliner's load-bearing capacity.----correct.性质影响结果。
(C) A single layer of the new coating provides the aluminum skin of the airliner with less protection against corrosion than does a layer of primer of the usual thickness.----weaken
(D) Unlike the old process, the new process was originally invented for use on spacecraft, which are subject to extremes of temperature to which airliners are never exposed.----weaken
(E) Because the new coating has a viscosity similar to that of a traditional top coat, aircraft manufacturers can apply it using the same equipment as is used for a traditional top coat.-----irrelevant, it is not about manufacturers.

5 24s
Background: In countries in which new life-sustaining drugs cannot be patented, such drugs are sold at widely affordable prices; those same drugs, where patented, command premium prices because the patents shield patent-holding manufacturers from competitors.  
Conclusion: future access to new life-sustaining drugs can be improved
Premise: if the practice of granting patents on newly developed life-sustaining drugs were to be abolished everywhere.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
因果推理。P :Side effect company will stop develop new drugs.
(A) In countries in which life-sustaining drugs cannot be patented, their manufacture is nevertheless a profitable enterprise.-----might be true
(B) Countries that do not currently grant patents on life-sustaining drugs are, for the most part, countries with large populations.------irrelevant
(C) In some countries specific processes for the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs can be patented even in cases in which the drugs themselves cannot be patented.----irrelevant
(D) Pharmaceutical companies can afford the research that goes into the development of new drugs only if patents allow them to earn high profits.-------correct感觉比A更好
(E) Countries that grant patents on life-sustaining drugs almost always ban their importation from countries that do not grant such patents.------irrelevant

w.melhere

1. 33' 没有仔细读题，题目中第一句是B & C 容易生病，刚看以为是人吃了会生病呢。所以好纠结怎么答案问题都在说一件事...汗颜！
2.25‘
3.37
4. 忘记了...
5.55’ 最后一句稍稍有点绕，读了两遍才懂。

cecidefok

精练题
P:当污水污染了水域时,被人吃的龙虾容易感染疾病
   某一计划,污水会在离岸几公里处reroute
   此计划减少了海港的污水数量
   龙虾没有长命得足以因为疾病而受影响
C:计划无效
问削弱(计划有效:减少污水,对人类健康有好处)
选E

41.
P:德国统一后的两年,东德居民车辆拥有量和里程数上升40%
   东德因车祸死亡的人数上升300%
问原因
选D

42.
问削弱
选A

43.
问为什么用新的paint比旧的piant在长期经济利益上好?
选B,可以载重更多

44.
问削弱
推测:patent有好处
选D

yuehuasunday

1-11

1.

Background: Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their waiter.

Premise: sewage each day would rerouted many kilometers offshore.

Conclusion: because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those disease.

(E) Correct

2.

Background: Number of cars owned by residents of east Germany and the totla distance traveled by cars in east germany both increased by about 40 percent.

Premise: The number increased

Conclusion: The number of east german residents killed each year as car occupants in traffic accidents increased by about 300 percent .

(D) Correct

3.

Background: Editorial:Regulations recently imposed by the government of Risemia call for unprecedented reductions in the amounts of pollutants manufacturers are allowed to discharge into the environment.  

Premise: It will take costly new pollution control equipment requiring expensive maintenance to comply with these regulations.

Conclusion: The annual export will decrease in the future.

(A)

4.

Background: Paint on a new airliner is usually applied in two stages:  first, a coat of primer, and then a top coat.  

Premise: A new process requires no primer, but instead uses two layers of the same newly developed coating, with each layer of the new coating having the same thickness and weight as a traditional top coat.

Conclusion: Using the new process instead of the old process increases the price of a new aircraft considerably.

(B)

5.

Background: In countries in which new life-sustaining drugs cannot be patented, such drugs are sold at widely affordable prices;

Premise: those same drugs, where patented, command premium prices because the patents shield patent-holding manufacturers from competitors.

Conclusion: These facts show that future access to new life-sustaining drugs can be improved if the practice of granting patents on newly developed life-sustaining drugs were to be abolished everywhere.

(D)

irenetopia

【精练】1:17
6. Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans aremore likely to contract gill diseases when sewagecontaminates their water. Under a recent proposal,millions of gallons of local sewage each day wouldbe rerouted many kilometers offshore. Although thiswould substantially reduce the amount of sewage inthe harbor where lobsters are caught, the proposal ispointless, because hardly any lobsters live longenough to be harmed by those diseases.Which one of the following, if true, most seriouslyweakens the argument?
逻辑链：被人吃的L或其他海产品得了G病 因为污水污染了生活的地方
根据最近的报告，污水每天都会污染航线。
但是这个无效因为被污水污染后的龙虾一般都死了
思路：找不到结论：就是龙虾死了？(A) Contaminants in the harbor other than sewageare equally harmful to lobsters.——(B) Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer inthe open ocean than in industrial harbors.(C) Lobsters breed as readily in sewagecontaminatedwater as in unpolluted water.(D) Gill diseases cannot be detected by examiningthe surface of the lobster.(E) Humans often become ill as a result of eatinglobsters with gill diseases.


【逻辑链】41. 1:17In the two years following the unification of Germany in 1989, the number of cars owned by residents of East Germany and the total distance traveled by cars in East Germany both increased by about 40 percent.  In those two years, however, the number of East German residents killed each year as car occupants in traffic accidents increased by about 300 percent.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the disproportionate increase in traffic fatalities?
逻辑链：1989年后两年，东德买车和车行驶总公里数都增加了40%
同年，东德由于车祸死亡人数增长300%
问解释:思路：把两个stimulus串起来(A) The average number of passengers per car was higher in the years before unification than it was in the two years after.——两年前人均车多于两年后？排除(B) After unification, many people who had been living in East Germany relocated to West Germany.——很多人搬到了西德，排除(C) After unification, a smaller proportion of the cars being purchased by East German residents were used vehicles.——无关，不知道在说什么，什么叫一小部分比例的东德人购买的车被作为交通工具(D) Drivers who had driven little or not at all before 1989 accounted for much of the increase in the total distance traveled by cars——bingo！因为之前这些little或not at all都开车了，很容易出事(E) Over the same two-year period in East Germany, other road users, such as motorcyclists, bicyclists, and pedestrians, experienced only small increases in traffic fatalities.——关骑自行车什么事！排除
42. 1:47
Editorial:Regulations recently imposed by the government of Risemia call for unprecedented reductions in the amounts of pollutants manufacturers are allowed to discharge into the environment.  It will take costly new pollution control equipment requiring expensive maintenance to comply with these regulations.  Resultant price increases for Risemian manufactured goods will lead to the loss of some export markets.  Clearly, therefore, annual exports of Risemian manufactured goods will in the future occur at diminished levels.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the editorial?
逻辑链：最近，政府削减了污染物制造商往环境中排放污染物的数量——这个就需要更贵的垃圾处理机来完成这个——但是这个会使合成价格提高从而失去国外市场——因此每年出口的货物会降低
问削弱：即最后导致出口不会降低(A) The need to comply with the new regulations will stimulate the development within Risemia of new pollution control equipment for which a strong worldwide demand is likely to emerge.——bingo！会刺激新的污染控制设备的发展，而这个是全球都强烈需要的！(B) The proposed regulations include a schedule of fines for noncompliance that escalate steeply in cases of repeated noncompliance.——不顺从？没看明白，好像是贬义，排除(C) Savings from utilizing the chemicals captured by the pollution control equipment will remain far below the cost of maintaining the equipment.——垃圾处理的节省的钱比维护垃圾处理机的钱少，贬义，排除(D) By international standards, the levels of pollutants currently emitted by some of Risemia's manufacturing plants are not considered excessive.——垃圾排放不过度，shellgame，跟题目无关(E) The stockholders of most of Risemia's manufacturing corporations exert substantial pressure on the corporations to comply with environmental laws.——还是无关
43. 38SPaint on a new airliner is usually applied in two stages:  first, a coat of primer, and then a top coat.  A new process requires no primer, but instead uses two layers of the same newly developed coating, with each layer of the new coating having the same thickness and weight as a traditional top coat.  Using the new process instead of the old process increases the price of a new aircraft considerably.Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that it is in an airline's long-term economic interest to purchase new airliners painted using the new process rather than the old process?
逻辑链：刷漆两步骤，一个是primer，一个是topcoat，现在用新方法替换了primer。新方法可以为航空公司提高收入
问好在哪：就是说出新的比旧的好的地方，结合收入！(A) Although most new airliners are still painted using the old process, aircraft manufacturers now offer a purchaser of any new airliner the option of having it painted using the new process instead.——无关(B) A layer of primer on an airliner weighs more than a layer of the new coating would by an amount large enough to make a difference to that airliner's load-bearing capacity.——bingo！因为旧的比新的重，用新的可以减轻重量，乘客数增加(C) A single layer of the new coating provides the aluminum skin of the airliner with less protection against corrosion than does a layer of primer of the usual thickness.——削弱
(D) Unlike the old process, the new process was originally invented for use on spacecraft, which are subject to extremes of temperature to which airliners are never exposed.——没有影响收入，排除(E) Because the new coating has a viscosity similar to that of a traditional top coat, aircraft manufacturers can apply it using the same equipment as is used for a traditional top coat.——排除，对结论无影响
44. 2:00
In countries in which new life-sustaining drugs cannot be patented, such drugs are sold at widely affordable prices; those same drugs, where patented, command premium prices because the patents shield patent-holding manufacturers from competitors.  These facts show that future access to new life-sustaining drugs can be improved if the practice of granting patents on newly developed life-sustaining drugs were to be abolished everywhere.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
逻辑链：新的LS药没有专利，售价就可以接受
同样的药，有专利，溢价，因为专利法的保护可以不被竞争对手排挤（我翻译很差）
这表明，未来专利权如果废除，LS的药可以发展的更好？
问削弱：还是专利法好，如果废除，可能会有的负效应，或无关,总之选项包含LS药不因专利法被发展就对了
(A) In countries in which life-sustaining drugs cannot be patented, their manufacture is nevertheless a profitable enterprise.——support(B) Countries that do not currently grant patents on life-sustaining drugs are, for the most part, countries with large populations.——support(C) In some countries specific processes for the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs can be patented even in cases in which the drugs themselves cannot be patented.——无关(D) Pharmaceutical companies can afford the research that goes into the development of new drugs only if patents allow them to earn high profits.——bingo！专利法和improve无关，profit和improve有关

goodluck22

Background: lobsters are more likely to contact gill disease when sewage contaminate the water
Premise: local sewage would be rerouted many k -> reduce the amount of sewage->
Conclusion: pointless lobster will not live so long
Prephrase: will harm to human so how
A.        OTHER out of scope
B.        Out of scope
C.        Just some background
D.        But it will harm lobsters so the examination is useless
E.        Correct

Premise: numbers of cars
                 Total D travel by car     --→ increase about 40%
However  numbers residents killed each year  → 300% increase
Prephrase: the frequency happen
A.        Irrelevant
B.        Irrelevant
C.        Then why accidents will happen more
D.        Correct
E.        Out of scope

Background: regulation reduction in the amount of pollutant are allow to discharge
Premise: expensive new pollution control equipment
Lead to loss of some export markets->
Conclusion: manufactured good will at diminish level in the future
Prephrase: export will not at low level
A.        correct
B.        just a background
C.        Irrelevant
D.        Background
E.        Then no weaken

Background: usually first cost primer, second coat
Premise: new x premier but two coat same thick and weigh as traditional coat
Conclusion: increase price
Prephrase: new cost have some function better than old, paint once
A.        Irrelevant
B.        Correct
C.        Then old is good
D.        Never exposed to
E.        Just some background

Background: new life cannot patent -> affordable price
                                Patent-> premium
Conclusion: life sustaining can improved if patent were to be abolished
Prephrase: no drug will developed
A.        background
B.        background
C.        Irrelevant
D.        Correct
E.       

cyndichiang

精练题：
Time1 54‘’
BG: Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage
contaminates their water
premise:A proposal can reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor
premise: hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases
Conclusion: The proposal to reroute harbor sewage is useless
Q:weaken:
prephrase:  as long as the gill disease caught by lobster, people can catch the disease though the lobster are not harmed by those diseases.
选项：今天终于对了，
(A) Contaminants in the harbor other than sewage
are equally harmful to lobsters.----irrelevant;比较污水和清水污染的有害情况并不能说明减少污水的影响
(B) Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer in
the open ocean than in industrial harbors.-----opposite,说明污水有害，也就支持了建议，分析错了，答案是说无关；龙虾就算在海水中寿命更长，也不能说明在海港中的龙虾是因为不能活到一定年龄导致不受影响，如果是支持，那么取非，龙虾在海水和海港中寿命一样长，也与龙虾因为活不到一定年龄而不受影响无关，因为没有提具体的龙虾寿命。。。。。（也不知道这么理解对不对）
(C) Lobsters breed as readily in sewage contaminated
water as in unpolluted water.-----irrelevant;龙虾繁殖与龙虾的寿命貌似木有关系。。
(D) Gill diseases cannot be detected by examining
the surface of the lobster.------我纠结了一下的选项；但是后来觉得是无关的，因为就算在水的表面不能被detected也不能代表他没有harm，可能由于其他设备神马的原因，毕竟文章前提在与因为龙虾不能活到某个年龄而不harm
(E) Humans often become ill as a result of eating
lobsters with gill diseases.-----Correct;指出了结论没有考虑的一个因素，不实行proposal带来的副作用。

逻辑链晚上~