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昨天就当休息了哈~今天是感恩节~嘿嘿~~每次特殊的节日老是轮到我发帖么~~所以，今天要感谢这么长时间一起坚持一起努力下来的小分队的队友们~~~~谢谢你们~~木有你们的支持，就木有小分队这个热闹的大家庭。我们在这里认识好多朋友，互相帮助互相鼓励，共同进步，we are all dreamers， we will we us dream come true！!!!!!hold on~~everybody~~ 速度是今天看大全，GMAT里提到一个作家~越障是关于turkey的~~给大家营造点节日的氛围哈~~各位身在米国的亲们~今天吃turkey么？？嘿嘿~~
速度：Thomas Paine
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Thomas "Tom" Paine (February 9, 1737 [O.S. January29, 1736[1]] June8, 1809) was an English author,pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary,and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.[2] He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession,and a propagandist by inclination."[3]
Born in Thetford,in the English county of Norfolk, Paine emigrated to the British American colonies in 1774 in time to participate in the American Revolution. His principal contributions were the powerful, widely read pamphlet Common Sense (1776), that advocated colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and The American Crisis (1776–1783), a pro revolutionary pamphlet series. "Common Sense" was so influential thatJohn Adams said, "Without the pen of the author of 'Common Sense,' the sword of Washington
would have been raised in vain.”[4]Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s,becoming deeply involved in the French Revolution.He wrote theRights of Man (1791),in part a defense of the French Revolution against its critics, His attacks onBritish writer Edmund Burke led to a trial and conviction in absentia for the crime of seditious libel.Despite not speaking French, he was elected to the French National Convention in 1792. The Girondists regarded him as an ally, so, the Montagnards,especially Robespierre, regarded him as an enemy. InDecember of 1793, he was arrested and imprisoned in Paris
, then released in 1794. He becamenotorious because of The Age of Reason (1793–94), his book that advocates deism, promotes reason and freethinking,argues against institutionalized religion and Christian doctrines. He alsowrote the pamphlet Agrarian Justice (1795), discussing the origins of property,and introduced the concept of a guaranteed minimum income.In 1802 he returned to America where he died on June 8,1809. Only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized due to hisridicule of Christianity.[5]
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Early life
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Paine was born February 9,1737 [O.S. January29, 1736] the son of Joseph Pain, or Paine, a Quaker,and Frances (née Cocke), an Anglican, in Thetford, an important market town and coach stage-post, inrural Norfolk, England.[6] Born Thomas Pain, despite claims that he changed his family name upon hisemigration to America in1774,[7] he was using Paine in 1769, whilst still in Lewes, Sussex[8]
He attended Thetford Grammar School (17441749),at a time when there was no compulsory education.[9] At age thirteen, he was apprenticed to his stay-maker father; in late adolescence, he enlisted and briefly served as aprivateer,[10][11] before returning to Britainin 1759. There, he became a master stay-maker, establishing a shop inSandwich, Kent. On September 27, 1759, Thomas Paine marriedMary Lambert. His business collapsed soon after. Mary became pregnant, and,after they moved to
Margate, she went into early labor, in which she and theirchild died.In July 1761, Painereturned to Thetford to work as a supernumerary officer. In December 1762, he became an excise officer in Grantham, Lincolnshire;in August 1764, he was transferred to Alford, at a salary of £50 per annum. OnAugust 27, 1765, he was fired as an Excise Officer for "claiming to haveinspected goods he did not inspect." On July 31, 1766, he requested hisreinstatement from the Board of Excise, which they granted the next day, uponvacancy. While awaiting that, he worked as a stay maker in Diss, Norfolk
, and later as aservant (per the records, for a Mr. Noble, of Goodman's Fields, and for a Mr.Gardiner, at Kensington). He also applied to become an ordained minister of theChurch of England and, per some accounts, he preached in Moorfields.[12]
In 1767, he was appointedto a position in Grampound, Cornwall;subsequently, he asked to leave this post to await a vacancy, thus, he became aschoolteacher in Londo
.On February 19, 1768, he was appointed to Lewes, East Sussex, living above the fifteenth-century BullHouse, the tobacco shop of Samuel Ollive and Esther Ollive.There, Paine first becameinvolved in civic matters, he appears in the Town Book as a member of the CourtLeet, the governing body for the Town. He also was in the influential vestry church group that collected taxes and tithes to distribute among the poor.On March 26, 1771, at age 34, he married Elizabeth Ollive, his landlord'sdaughter.
From 1772 to 1773, Paine joined excise officers asking Parliament for betterpay and working conditions, publishing, in summer of 1772, TheCase of the Officers of Excise, a twenty-one pagearticle, and his first political work, spending the London winter distributing the 4,000 copiesprinted to the Parliament and others. In spring of 1774, he was fired from theexcise service for being absent from his post without permission; his tobaccoshop failed, too. On April 14, to avoid debtor's prison, he sold his householdpossessions to pay debts. On June 4, he formally separated from wife Elizabethand moved to London
, where, in September, themathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Commissioner of the ExciseGeorge Lewis Scott introduced him to Benjamin Franklin,[13] who suggested emigration to British colonial America, and gave him a letter ofrecommendation. In October, Thomas Paine emigrated from Great Britain to the American colonies, arrivingin Philadelphia on November 30, 1774.
He barely survived thetransatlantic voyage. The ship's water supplies were bad, and typhoid fever killed five passengers. On arriving at Philadelphia, he was too sick to debark.Benjamin Franklin's physician, there to welcome Paine to America
, hadhim carried off ship; Paine took six weeks to recover his health. He became acitizen of Pennsylvania"by taking the oath of allegiance at a very early period."[14] In January, 1775, he became editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, aposition he conducted with considerable ability.Paine designed the Sunderland Bridge of1796 over the Wear River at Wearmouth, England.It was patterned after the model he had made for the Schuylkill River Bridge at Philadelphia in 1787, and the Sunderland arch became the prototype for many subsequent voussoir arches made in iron and steel.[15][16] He also received a British patent for a single-span iron bridge, developeda smokeless candle,[17] and worked with inventor John Fitch indeveloping steam engines.American Revolution
Common Sense (1776)Main article: Common Sense (pamphlet)
Thomas Paine has a claim to the title The Father of the AmericanRevolution because of Common Sense, the pro-independence monograph pamphlet he anonymously published onJanuary 10, 1776; signed "Writtenby an Englishman", the pamphlet became an immediate success.[18] It quickly spread among the literate,and, in three months, 100,000 copies (estimated 500,000 total including piratededitions sold during the course of the Revolution[19])sold throughout the American British colonies (with only two million freeinhabitants), making it the best-selling American book.[19][20]Paine'soriginal title for the pamphlet was PlainTruth; Paine's friend, pro-independence advocate Benjamin Rush,suggested Common Sense instead.
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The pamphlet appeared in January 1776, after the Revolutionhad started. It was passed around, and often read aloud in taverns,contributing significantly to spreading the idea of republicanism, bolsteringenthusiasm for separation from Britain,and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army. Paine provided a new andconvincing argument for independence by advocating a complete break withhistory. Common Sense is oriented to the future in a waythat compels the reader to make an immediate choice. It offers a solution forAmericans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny.[21]
Paine was not, on the whole, expressing original ideas in Common Sense, but ratheremploying rhetoric as a means to arouse resentment of the Crown. To achievethese ends, he pioneered a style of political writing suited to the democraticsociety he envisioned, with CommonSense serving as a primaryexample. Part of Paine's work was to render complex ideas intelligible toaverage readers of the day, with clear, concise writing unlike the formal,learned style favored by many of Paine's contemporaries.[22] Scholars have put forward variousexplanations to account for its success, including the historic moment, Paine'seasy-to-understand style, his democratic ethos, and his use of psychology andideology.[23]
Common Sense was immenselypopular in disseminating to a very wide audience ideas that were already incommon use among the elite who comprised Congress and the leadership cadre ofthe emerging nation. They rarely cited Paine's arguments in their public callsfor independence.[24] The pamphlet probably had littledirect influence on the Continental Congress's decision to issue a Declaration of Independence,since that body was more concerned with how declaring independence would affectthe war effort.[25] Paine's great contribution was ininitiating a public debate about independence, which had previously been rathermuted.
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自由阅读：
One distinctive idea in "Common Sense" is Paine'sbeliefs regarding the peaceful nature of republics; his views were an early andstrong conception of what scholars would come to call the democratic peace theory.[26]
Loyalists vigorously attacked Common Sense; one attack,titled Plain Truth (1776), by Marylander James Chalmers, said Paine was a politicalquack[27] and warned that without monarchy, thegovernment would "degenerate into democracy".[28] Even some American revolutionariesobjected to Common Sense;late in life John Adams called it a "crapulousmass." Adams disagreed with the type ofradical democracy promoted by Paine (that men who did not own property shouldstill be allowed to vote and hold public office), and published Thoughts on Government in 1776 to advocate a more conservativeapproach to republicanism.
越障：
In This Town, Turkey Picks Up Bill for Dinner
OZARK, Ark. — Brenda Farmer and Willie Blanscet have sat across from each other on the Butterball bagging line for 17 years, 102 cold, raw turkeys sliding by in front of them every minute.
“Me and Willie look at each other and say, ‘How in the world can anybody eat this much turkey?’ ” Mrs. Farmer said.
For $11.40 an hour, the women, both in their 60s, cull the good from the bad.
The ones that are not bruised or missing a leg move down the line to be injected with brine, stuffed with a neck and a packet of giblets, then bagged and sent out into the world, where they land on holiday tables all over America.
The odds are good that yours may be one. The women, along with workers at another Butterball plant a 90-minute drive away, help produce about a third of the 43 million turkeys the nation will eat today, according to the National Turkey Federation.
This corner of northwest Arkansas is not the land of free-running heritage birds that command $16 a pound. A leisurely morning browsing the farmers’ market is not how most people spend a Saturday.
In this community of 3,000 on the Arkansas River, where everyone is cheering on the Hillbillies, the high school football team that made it to the state playoffs, turkey is an industry. And a job at the Butterball plant is one of the most reliable in town.
The median income in Franklin County is just over $30,000 a year. Unemployment is at 7.3 percent. Every week, a dozen or so people show up at the plant looking for work. Maybe two get hired, plant managers said.
It is not easy work. Turkeys need to be stunned and dispatched and gutted. Someone has to cut the oil gland out of the tail. Necks and gizzards and livers have to be cleaned and stuffed into a cavity. During a six-week period that begins in October, the line runs seven days a week to process fresh turkey. It is a period people in town simply refer to as “fresh,” and it is grueling.
“It’s a long battle when we’re working fresh, but I at least got some bills paid and Christmas money,” Mrs. Farmer said. “I just sit there and hum and sing and talk to my friend Willie. We get through it together.”
The millionth bird of the season rolled off the line in early November. The company managers made a little ceremony of it, taking photos of the workers along the line who helped process it. They gave the bird to a local World War II veteran, who got his picture in The Spectator, the local paper.
Other than a Baptist church sign that reads, “God will welcome even the biggest turkey,” a turkey giveaway organized by local merchants and some white feathers floating near the plant, there is not much indication that this town runs on turkey. There is no bronze turkey statue in the small town square, no Little Miss Turkey parade on the main street. Still, almost everyone works at the plant or knows someone who has. People who are new to town often end up there. Some stay for 40 years or more, and some leave as fast as they can.
Marty Taylor, 41, the local barber, spent a summer bagging turkeys. He was grateful he was not on the “vis line” — where turkeys get cleaned of their viscera. Still, it was enough to send him to barber school.
“It’s a job you get if you can’t get a job anywhere else,” he said.
The concerns that come with large-scale food production — among them pathogen contamination, worker safety, antibiotic use and animal welfare — are not often part of the conversation in Ozark.
People would rather talk about hunting, which is so popular that photos of children in camouflage holding their first deer take up an entire page in The Spectator.
That is not to say the Butterball corporation, which took over the plant from Cargill in 2006, does not have to confront such issues. The recall of more than 36 million pounds of ground turkey in August and September from a nearby Cargill plant was a good reminder that one slip in sanitation standards can have monumental effects.
And every Thanksgiving, the company is pelted with calls and e-mail messages regarding animal welfare.
The company still bears the scars from a 2006 undercover operation by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which secretly recorded workers stomping and throwing turkeys so violently that it prompted an investigation by the United States Department of Agriculture.
There is also a class-action suit pending by workers who want to get paid for the time it takes them to suit up for work and sterilize equipment.
The violence was an anomaly, Butterball officials say. And they point to the benefits, solid wages and clear record of worker safety at the plant. They are proud of the quality of their birds. They even pull one off the line every day and roast it, just to make sure it tastes good.
“Just because we’re big doesn’t mean we are evil,” said Alice Johnson, a vice president in charge of food safetyand government affairs. “We realize we are feeding families here.”
Ozark’s turkey farmers are not immune to the issues that are hurting farm communities everywhere. The cost of fuel and corn — much of which is getting diverted to make ethanol — makes it hard for the people who grow the turkeys to make a living.
Butterball growers, whose 90 farms are laced throughout the countryside here, work under contracts with the company. Every two or three months, a load of baby turkeys gets dropped off.
The company provides the feed, regulates how the birds should be raised and provides veterinary care. The farmer provides the long, low turkey houses and tends to the birds. When the hens are about 14 pounds and the toms about 22, a crew from Butterball comes in at night (turkeys are calmer at night) and hauls them off to the plant.
After accounting for the costs of raising the birds and their size, the farmer gets a check.
Lately, the company cannot find enough farmers, in part because banks are not as willing to lend money to build turkey operations.
For some, a turkey contract is no longer as attractive as it once was.
Joshua Freeman, 34, recently lost a race for mayor. He is in the bar business, in part because turkey farming did not pay enough. His father got out of the business after 15 years, he said, because Butterball kept requiring improvements just as the family got close to paying everything off and realizing profits.
“It was like working for the company store,” Mr. Freeman said. “You could never get ahead.”
He and others in town talk about ways to expand the economic base beyond turkey and the local Baldor Electric Company small-engine plant.
Maybe, some say, the town can land a local bottling company to get business from the wineries and microbreweries that are popping up in the Ozarks.
The economy is still bad here, but things are looking up. A new dollar store is going to open. So is a new dental clinic. And everyone is proud of the Arkansas Tech University campus in town.
But for Mrs. Farmer and Ms. Blanscet, it has always been and will always be about work at the turkey plant.
They pass the time talking about the weather and grandchildren and the stuff of life. Ms. Blanscet’s son is coping with cancer. Mrs. Farmer celebrated her 60th birthday with a trip to a nearby casino for a buffet and a few turns at the slot machine.
Like every other Butterball employee, they will each get a free frozen turkey for Thanksgiving. It will be given to relatives.
“You look at it every day, and you get to where you don’t really care for turkey,” Mrs. Farmer said. “That’s why I get a ham.”
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攻克：
Passage 50 (50/63)(OG-32)
According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magnetic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.
The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.
The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.
These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.
1. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) advocating a return to an older methodology
(B) explaining the importance of a recent theory
(C) enumerating differences between two widely used methods
(D) describing events leading to a discovery
(E) challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based
2. According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems
(A) were formed from metamorphic fluids
(B) originated in molten granite-like bodies
(C) were formed from alluvial deposits
(D) generally have surface expression
(E) are not discoverable through chemical tests
3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?
(A) Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago
(B) Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid
(C) Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration
(D) Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area
(E) Limiting exploration to sites where alluvial gold has previously been found
4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?
(A) The number of gold discoveries made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present.
(B) New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization.
(C) It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.
(D) Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.
(E) Models based on the theory that gold originated from magnetic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?
(A) A gold-quartz vein system originating in magnetic fluids
(B) A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids
(C) A gold deposit that is mixed with granite
(D) A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold
(E) A gold deposit that exhibits chemical halos
6. The theory mentioned in line 1 relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways?
(A) It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and, hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance.
(B) It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized, thus confirming current conceptual models.
(C) It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.
(D) It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.
(E) It suggests that simple prospecting methods still have a higher success rate in the discovery of gold deposits than do more modern methods.
7. According to the passage, methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts?
(A) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.
(B) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.
(C) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression.
(D) Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reach.
(E) Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are unlikely to yield concentrated quantities of gold.
8. It can be inferred from the passage that the efficiency of model-based gold exploration depends on which of the following?
I. The closeness of the match between the geological features identified by the model as critical and the actual geological features of a given area
II. The degree to which the model chosen relies on empirical observation of known mineral deposits rather than on theories of ore-forming processes
III. The degree to which the model chosen is based on an accurate description of the events leading to mineralization
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II and III
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