In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrial workers in the southern United LineStates, who constituted 80 per- (5)cent of the unskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While the American Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans or (10) maintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy of equal (15)rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’s backbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforced by White union mem- (20)bers, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumental in maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racial discrimination that kept (25)African Americans socially and economically oppressed during this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as a central factor in African (30)Americans’ economic marginal ization, African American workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking change despite White unionists’ toleration of or (35)support for racial discrimination. The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: many became highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of (40)even racist White unionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers. African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions while (45)using them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.
现象解释 逻辑简图： 1930－1940，African American workers strongly support unionization. While AFL… CIO on the basis equal rights to all. Yet it can be argued that… However, AA saw the needs to join with… Efforts of AA eventually paid off:…. AA thus succeeded in …..
GWD-9-Q21:
The passage is primarily concerned with A. demonstrating that unions failed to address the concerns of African American workers during a particular period B. arguing that African American workers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimately beneficial to the看逻辑简图 C. contrasting the treatment of African American workers by two different labor organizations during a particular period D. giving reasons for the success of African American unionists in winning victories for both African American and White workers during a particular period以偏概全 E. questioning one explanation for the attitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particular period -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q22: According to the passage, which of the following was true of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage? A. Their attitudes toward African American union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities of these organizers were serving workers’ interests. gaining the respect ofeven racist White unionists by winningvictories for White as well asAfrican American workers. B. They were a powerful element in the southern labor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factory labor force in the southern United States. C. They persisted in opposing the CIO’s adoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.无关 D. Their primary goal was to strengthen the negotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership. 无法推出 E. Their advocacy of racial discrimination hampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.无法推出 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q23:
The author of the passage suggests which of the following about African American workers who participated in union activities in the 1930’s and 1940’s ? A. They believed that the elimination of discrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievement of economic advancement for African Americans. B. They belonged exclusively to CIO unions because they were excluded from AFL unions.无从谈起 C. They believed that the economic advancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts to empower all workers. AfricanAmerican unionists thus succeededin strengthening the unions whileusing them as instruments ofAfrican Americans’ economicempowerment. D. Some of them advocated the organization of separate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFL and the CIO. E. Many of them did not believe that White unionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination against African American workers.
不是这篇文章的呢 这个JJ里面有了 1. 年的一个supreme court的法案为了减少教育中的种族隔离，制定了一个policy，让Local gov and school decide their own detailed law to eliminate segregation in school. 但是,大牛的study发现保留一部分aggregated School更加有利。但这个政策没有得到很好的实施，主要是因为两个原因：
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发表于 2011-11-15 22:50:27
