gwd 4-2

BeBrave2011

关于where和in which,从网上找到了一个解释：

For the test, you can generally think of it as: use "in which" when you want to use "where" but it's not a physical location or "when" but it's not a time. （是说只要in which不是特指具体地点和具体时间，in which可以和where 和when替换;不过我对此持保留态度，因为网上其他语法材料都有例句用ｉｎ　ｗｈｉｃｈ来指明具体地点和时间）

"in" is a preposition - you can put lots of different prepositions before which. So you use "in" when you mean either literally or metaphorically located within, or a part of.
(要注意in，是否文中有in的意思。比如the house at which I met my friends和 the house in which I met my friends是不一样的,the house where I met my friends比前面两个要模糊)
"which" is a relative pronoun, so you use it to refer to some other noun elsewhere in the sentence.

The house in which I sleep is cold. I wouldn't say "the house which I sleep is cold" - I'm literally in the house, so I need to say "in which."

There are some situations in which it is preferable to use a pencil rather than a pen. Now, here, I'm not literally within the situation - but I am metaporically.

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Instructor
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关于in which更多的讨论：
Using “In which” in your writing
   by  John Davis        Using “...in which…” in a sentence        is one of the more confusing aspects of writing. It is correctly used        in more formal writing. In certain situations not using it will be appropriate        for an informal document. To determine whether to use “in which,” you        need to consider your writing situation. Does your audience expect strict        formal grammar? Is this an informal writing situation?
     First let’s define what parts of speech the phrase “in which” consists        of. “In which” is a combination of a preposition (in) and      a relative pronoun (which).
   You can use “in which” as a precise way to introduce      a relative clause after a noun that refers to a place or to a      time.
   For example instead of saying
     In my laboratory there is a blue cabinet where old equipment is stored.
     You can say
     In my laboratory there is a blue cabinet in which old equipment is stored.
   Or instead of saying
     The man sat at the computer where his old accounting files were stored.        (place)
     It was a time when the old were revered as sages. (time)
   You can say
     The man sat at the computer in which his old accounting files were stored.
     It was a time in which the old were revered as sages. (time)
   
     Use “in which” to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition,      especially in more formal writing. Ending a sentence with a preposition      has become more accepted in some formal writing situations, but you will      need to refer to your analysis of your audience’s expectations.
   For example
     This is the computer that the virus was discovered in. (Informal)
   You can change it to
     This is the computer in which the virus was discovered. (Formal)

必须700加

为什么不把who dwelt in an upper realm in which the sky was the floor看成出插入语呢？

这样的话having就紧贴在EE后面作后置定语修饰EE，也符合逻辑意思。

这样虽然不好也不是GMAT所青睐的，但是这样也没有什么大错吧。。。。

garlicwu

1. 实在不明白这个并列中间为什么加逗号，这个并列没有问题吗？
2. 从语义上讲，“那个女神住在upper realm，那里的地是我们的天”，因此不管用 where 或 in which，the sky和the floor都是指upper realm的地和天，“那里地就是天”，晕了，语义不通吧？如果用“E.    whose floor was the sky” 不是更好吗，它的地是 the shy，专指我们的天。中间做个插入语，having 修饰Esaugetu Emissee 不是挺好吗，没觉得有啥歧义。

egoislwlv

欢迎各种邮件！地址见签名档

这道题的关键是：修饰语的限定和非限定的问题。

GWD4 - Q2 希腊女神
In Greek theology the supreme being was Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who dwelt in an upper realm in which the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and to take away the breath of life.

A.   in which the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and to take
who dwelt..., who had the power....两个并列的非限定性定语从句 明确表示EE女神是唯一，并且有这两个特征。
备选A

B.    where the sky was the floor, having the power to give and to take
having the power...可以理解为两个意思 ：(我们都假设其语法正确，而分析其语义差别)
case1 '逗号+having' 在句中作伴随状语，其施动者必须是主句中的主语，也就是 ‘the supreme being'， 但是作者想要表达的是EE女神有这样的权力，而不是‘最高的存在’有这样的权力。所以排除 case1
case2 'having' 修饰了 EE女神，作定语。
但是需要看到，'having...' 是限定性的修饰语。表示的意思是，那位生杀予夺的EE女神，而不是指其他的EE女神。这里暗示了EE女神非一。
但是作者想要表达的是：EE女神唯一，并且她有种种的特征。所以case2有歧义，排除case2
请参考：
#1, I am looking for the Muse holding a sword.
因为muse女神有 9 个，所以#1使用了holding 来限定muse，意味着，我正在寻找那个拿着剑的muse女神，而不是其他muse女神。暗示holding sword是那个muse女神的专属特征。我们通过这个特征来确指那个muse。

在这里，定语从句的限定和非限定的区别凸显。
举例：
#2 I am painting the muse who is holding a sward.
#3 I am painting a muse, who is holding a sward.
#2 包含限定性定语从句，指的是，我正在画那个拿着剑的muse女神。确指画的就是 '那个拿剑的muse女神'。所以只能使用定冠词
#3 包含非限定定语从句，指的是，我正在画一个muse女神，她拿着剑。即，不一定是那个经常拿剑从而成为其专属特征的那个muse, 而仅仅是某位muse女神，她碰巧也拿着剑。所以我们只能使用不定冠词。

原题中B中的having限定性修饰就如同下面的例子：
#4 The leader of this team is John having beard.
#5 The leader of this team is John with beard.
这个团队的领袖是那个有胡子的约翰。
#4和 #5都暗示了这个团队有若干个John, 他们的领袖是那个留着胡子的John.

回到原题，

这里作者应该想要表达的是EE女神是唯一的，她有某种某种的特征，所以对EE女神的所有修饰，应该是非限定的，而不应该是限定的。
排除case2
排除B

C.   whose floor was the sky, and who has the power of giving and of taking
whose 的先行词模糊，即可以指 EE女神，也可以指 'upper realm'。同时，‘has power of...'中动词时态和上下文不匹配。
排除C

D.   in which the sky was the floor, with the power of giving and taking
这里出现的仍然是限定性修饰的问题。'EE 女神 with the power of giving and taking...'依然是限定性修饰，表示的是，有这种权力的EE女神，隐含了EE女神非一。改变了作者意图。排除D

E.    whose floor was the sky, having the power to give and take
既有 B的失误，也有C的失误。排除E

选择A

yinxiaolin

继续问。。如果A前面有逗号，不是代表跟主语并列吗。。。我也选的B啊。。。

comean0

多谢大神  补充一下 where在GMAT中只能用在specific physical place，这个是个realm，抽象的概念，只能用in which~~~

fanofkaka

爬了五页墙，爬不动了。
看了那么多NN 的解释，个人感觉是平行的解释占优。

林浩君1110

jackylin76 发表于 2004-7-21 23:22
Q2:In Greek theology the supreme being was Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who dwelt in an uppe ...

哎，看到了很多评论，都没有说到点子上，不少是已知答案是A然后做的倒推，power of 翻译成某某的力量，power to do 翻译成做某事的力量，看例子：the power of Mike to do 300 push-ups with 30mins
D选项的硬伤不是power of的问题，这个结构有问题，但不是硬伤，关键是错误的修饰位置。with这个短语，从语义上讲，应该说明人（Esaugetu Emissee)，但违反了修饰结构最靠近修饰主体的原则，导致修饰主题模糊且揉一产生歧义。歧义如下：不清楚是with修饰E.E这个人，还是前面in which从句的主题sky，换句话说，不清楚是主句 ...being was Esaugetu Emissee的伴随结构，还是从句 the sky was the floor的伴随结构。

哎，CD中不少是有了答案强行倒推的解释。

动机很好，但不是英语专业出身，确实有局限。

本人英语专业。

（话说不知道有没有回复审核机制，有的话，如果以上回复被审核不通过，以后不再来CD了）