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Chp2.GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION
2-1 Meaning: Choose Your Words
Economical means "thrifty, efficient."
economic considerations--that is, monetary considerations.
aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating)
known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)
loss of(no longer in possession of) vs. loss in (decline in value)
mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)
native of(person from) vs. native to (species that originated in)
range of(variety of) vs. ranging (varying)
rate of(speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)
rise (general increase) vs. raise (a bet or a salary increase)
such as (for instance) vs. like (similar to)
try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try doing (experiment with)
should means "moral obligation''-something that a court cannot impose.
must indicates a “legally binding obligation”.
2-2 Meaning: Place Your Words
这两句话的意思是不一样的：
ALL the children are covered in mud.
The children are ALL covered in mud.
English normally puts subjects in front of verbs. Try to preserve that order, which is natural to the language. 尽量保持主语+动词的顺序
2-3 Meaning: Match Your Words
make sense together! 包括语法（主语和动词数量上的match）和逻辑上的match
2-4 Concision: no wordy
Generally, the GMAT frowns upon using a phrase where a single word will do. For example, the phrase have differences means the same as the word differ, so use the word rather than the phrase.
单词优于短语
Remember, however, that Concision is the LAST of the three principles tested on Sentence Correction problems (Grammar, Meaning, Concision). Do not simply pick the shortest choice and move on. Quite frequently, the GMAT will force you to pick a longer choice that is grammatically correct and clear in meaning. 在保证语法、意思正确的基础上再考虑简洁，考虑顺序即为语法→意思→简洁
2-5 Concision: Avoid Redundancy
A common redundancy trap on the GMAT is the use of words with the same meaning:
Wordy: The value of the stock ROSE by a 10% INCREASE.
Better: The value of the stock INCREASED by 10%.
Or: The value of the stock ROSE by 10%.
避免相同意思的单词、短语重复使用
In fact, the word being almost always signals redundancy on the GMAT. You should avoid it whenever possible. (Note that the GMAT has recently come up with ways to make being right ---generally, by making alternative choices grammatically wrong. So do not eliminate being purely as a knee-jerk reaction.) 注意being的正确使用
Pay attention to expressions of time. Especially if one expression is in the non-underlined part, or if the two expressions do not look like each other.
Generally, a sentence should include only one such expression. This does not mean that you can never repeat time expressions in a sentence; just be sure that you are doing so for a good reason.
注意句中时间的合理使用
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Chp3. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
3-1 Subject and Verb Must Both Exist
If a sentence is missing the subject or the verb, the sentence is a Fragment, not a complete sentence.
主语、动词必须同时存在构成句子
A sentence can be a fragment in another way: it could start with a Connecting Word and contain no Main Clause.
缺少主句→去掉连接词 or 加上主句
3-2 Subject and Verb Must Make Sense Together
3-3 Subject and Verb Must Agree In Number
To find the subject, you must ignore all the words that are not the subject.
GMAT中的主语有时不明显，删除无关单词，找主语
3-4 Eliminate the Middlemen, and Skip the Warmup
Insert words between the subject and the verb
puts a significant number of words in front of the subject you want
种类：介词短语（of mice，in Zambia，to the store等），从句，分词，逗号
3-5 Use Structure to Decide
Meaning should always guide you as you connect a subject up with its verb. As we have noted, the subject and the verb must always make sense together. At the same time, you should base your final decisions on the structure of the sentence.
3-6 And vs. Additive Phrases
The word and can unite two or more singular subjects, forming a compound plural subject.
Additive phrases function as modifiers and therefore cannot change the number of the subject.
3-7 Or, Either ???Or, &Neither ???Nor
Find the noun nearest to the verb, and make sure that the verb agrees in number with this noun.
就近原则
Note：when the words either or neither are in a sentence alone (without or or nor), they are considered singular and take only singular verbs.)
3-8 Collective Nouns: Almost Always Singular
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team
Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
集合名词，几乎总是单数
3-9 Indefinite Pronouns: Usually Singular
All the pronouns that end in -one, -body, or –thing 这些结尾的不定代词+单数
NOTE: SANAM PRONOUNS: Some, Any, None, All, More/Most
这五个不定代词根据句意+单/复数。
Look at the noun object of the Of-phrase to determine the number of the subject.
（这里和3-4"介词短语跳过不看"区别开）
Technically, none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form. But not one is always singular:
Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.
3-10 Each and Every: Singular Sensations
Right: Every dog HAS paws.
Right: Every dog and cat HAS paws.
Right: Each of these shirts IS pretty.
注：They each ARE great tennis players.
3-11 Quantity Words and Phrases
The number of + singular verb
A number of + plural verb.
SANAM pronouns：Of-介词短语中的名词决定单复数
majority, minority, and plurality：强调个体+复数； 强调整体+单数
3-12 Subject Phrases and Clauses: Always Singular
3-13 Flip It!
GMAT中有些句子主语在谓语动词后，为便于确定主语，将二者顺序颠倒
3-14 When in Doubt, Think Singular
If you cannot remember a particular rule for determining the number of a subject, place your bet that the subject is singular! |
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楼主
发表于 2011-11-14 01:23:37
