贴出今天做的几篇大全RC总结，望各位NN指正~~~

半阙

(This passage was written in 1978.)

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks.
Civil rights activists[微软中国1]（Q3）have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies[微软中国2]. Now Congress[微软中国3], in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses[微软中国4] awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
Corporate[微软中国5] response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total（Q8） of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. (以上为支持论点的论据)Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too[微软中国6]. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending （Q2）themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.（原因一：当那些子合同大量减少，少数民族公司Hold不住） The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s[微软中国7] efforts must soon result in orders(Q4), or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.（少数民族公司frustrate corporate purchasing）

A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up (team up: v.(使)结成一队, 合作, 协作) to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.(原因二：在合资企业中，少数民族公司被充当“炮灰”)

Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent.（原因三：dependent）Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases（Q5）: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
(B) describe a situation and its potential drawbacks
(C) propose a temporary solution to a problem
(D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement（B）

(E) explore the implications of a finding
2.The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?
(A) What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?
(B) To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts to find minority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread[微软中国8] is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts” by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972?（E）

(E) What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended?
3.According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain [微软中国9]that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor (to suffer from some disadvantage or distress “labor under a delusion”) is that they have
(A) been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy
(B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors
(C) not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations
(D) not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers（C）

(E) not had adequate representation in the centers of government power
4.The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to[微软中国10]
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors（A）

(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
5.The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should[微软中国11]
(A) avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding
(B) concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation
(C) try to expand its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation
(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns（C）

(E) use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns
6.It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are
(A) more popular with large corporations
(B) more specific
(C) less controversial
(D) less expensive to enforce（B）

(E) easier to comply with
7.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial[微软中国12]

(A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.
(C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.
(D) The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high.（E）

(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.
注：Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977.
这个是原文。E选项是说，1977的1.1billion跟1972的77million在百分比上是一样的。所以削弱作者的断言啊。



8.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?
(A) Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.
(B) Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.
(C) The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.
(D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.（C）

(E) The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion that used to plague small minority-owned businesses.
[微软中国1]记住名词Civil rights activists



[微软中国2]少数民族公司难以establishing themselves的原因


[微软中国3]记住名词：congress



[微软中国4]同义替换 large companies


[微软中国5]同义替换large companies


[微软中国6]论点：增加的投资是少数民族公司危险
Adj+as it is 表让步



[微软中国7]同义替换 minority companies


[微软中国8]对应百分比或数据


[微软中国9]定位第一段


[微软中国10]虽然此题A答案有点玄乎，用定位法定位后发现BCDE完全不相关


[微软中国11]虚拟
这一题看的时候不知往哪儿定位，但答案清楚明了，只有C的说法对


[微软中国12]表示比较要用相对值，不能用绝对值

半阙

Passage 2 (2/63)
Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he said that the free enterprise system is the most efficient economic system. Maximum freedom means maximum productiveness; our “openness” is to be the measure of our stability.(美国自由市场) Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old World” [微软中国1]categories of settled possessiveness versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo” defended or[微软中国2] attacked. The United States, it was believed, had no status quo ante. Our
only[微软中国3] “station” was the turning of a stationary wheel, spinning faster and faster. We did not base our system on property but opportunity—which meant we based it not on stability but on mobility. The more things changed, that is, the more rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. （介绍这个变）The conventional picture of class politics[微软中国4] is composed of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what they have, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of (a touch of: 有一点) instability and change in which to scramble for (scramble for: v.争夺, 勉强拼凑) the things they have not. （描述传统的class politics）But[微软中国5] Americans imagined a condition in which speculators, self-makers, runners are always using the new opportunities given by our land. These economic leaders (front-runners) would thus be mainly agents of change. The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong referee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines.”
“Reform”[微软中国6] in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “
a piece of the action[微软中国7],” as it were, for the disenfranchised. There is no attempt to call off the race[微软中国8]. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor the quiet work that achieves social interdependence and stability. There is, in our legends, no heroism of the office clerk (office clerk: n.职员), no stable industrial work force of the people who actually make the system work. There is no pride in being an employee (Wilson asked for a return to the time when everyone was an employer). There has been no boasting about our social workers—they are merely signs of the system’s failure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things to be eliminated. We have no pride[微软中国9] in our growing interdependence（Q8）, in the fact that our system can serve others, that we are able to help those in need; empty boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, move away from them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland (wonderland: n.仙境, 奇境)race we must all run, all trying to win, none winning in the end (for there is no end).
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) Criticize the inflexibility of American economic mythology
(B) Contrast [微软中国10]“Old World” and “New World” economic ideologies
(C) Challenge the integrity of traditional political leaders
(D) Champion those Americans whom the author deems to be neglected（A）

(E) Suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor of a race
2.According to the passage, “Old World” values were based on
(A) ability
(B) property
(C) family connections
(D) guild hierarchies（B）

(E) education
3.In the context of the author’s discussion of regulating change, which of the following could be most probably regarded as a “strong referee” (line 30) in the United States?
(A) A school principal
(B) A political theorist
(C) A federal court judge
(D) A social worker（C）

(E) A government inspector
4.The author sets off (set off: to set apart: make distinct or outstanding) the word “Reform” (line 35) with quotation marks[微软中国11] in order to
(A) emphasize its departure from the concept of settled possessiveness
(B) show his support for a systematic program of change
(C) underscore the flexibility and even amorphousness of United States society
(D) indicate that the term was one of Wilson’s favorites
（E）
(E) assert that reform in the United States has not been fundamental
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised “a piece of the action[微软中国12]” (line 38) is
(A) a compassionate, if misdirected, legislative measure
(B) an example of Americans’ resistance profound social change
(C) an innovative program for genuine social reform
(D) a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers（B）

(E) a surprisingly “Old World” remedy for social ills
6.Which of the following metaphors could the author most appropriately use to summarize his own assessment of the American economic system (lines 35-60)?
(A) A windmill
(B) A waterfall
(C) A treadmill
(D) A gyroscope（C）

(E) A bellows
7.It can be inferred from the passage that Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic market
(A) encouraged those who “make the system work” (lines 45-46)
(B) perpetuated traditional legends about America
(C) revealed the prejudices of a man born wealthy
(D) foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929（B）

(E) began a tradition of presidential proclamations on economics
8.The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions?
I.What techniques have industrialists used to manipulate a free market?
II.In what ways are “New World” and “Old World” economic policies similar?
III.Has economic policy in the United States tended to reward independent action?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only（C）

(E) II and III only
9.Which of the following best expresses the author’s main point?
(A) Americans’ pride in their jobs continues to give them stamina today.
(B) The absence of a status quo ante has undermined United States economic structure.
[微软中国13]
(C) The free enterprise system has been only[微软中国14] a useless concept in the United States.
(D) The myth of the American free enterprise system is seriously flawed.（D）

(E) Fascination with the ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive[微软中国15] people.
[微软中国1]美国这种自由式经济与“Old world”的不同之处


[微软中国2]而不是


[微软中国3]注意极端化表达：唯一的不便就是变


[微软中国4]即 Old World


[微软中国5]美国与传统的class politics的区别


[微软中国6]Reform在美国很少的原因


[微软中国7]分一杯羹
“”作用：引用、负评价、强调


[微软中国8]Race不会停下来


[微软中国9]作者负态度


[微软中国10]必须有态度


[微软中国11]双引号的作用——引用、负评价、强调


[微软中国12]论据，为了支持论点此处“”作用为——负评价


[微软中国13]应改为market


[微软中国14]极端化表达


[微软中国15]基本态度错

半阙

Passage 3 (3/63)
No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins[微软中国1] has yet been given. The traditional view [微软中国2]supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection（Q1） in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt (conveyor belt: n. 传送带) and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.

On the other hand, the theory is implausible[微软中国3] because convection does not normally occur along lines（Q6）, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets (an abrupt bend in an object by which one part is turned aside out of line)or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult [微软中国4]to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides
（Q5）, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory [微软中国5]is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see[微软中国6] how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.
Another possibility[微软中国7] is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive [微软中国8]because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.

1.According to the traditional view[微软中国9] of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?
(A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors
(B) Spreading of ocean trenches
(C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges
(D) Sinking of ocean basins（E）

(E) Differences in temperature under oceans and continents
2.It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments [微软中国10]would be found in the
(A) Indian Ocean
(B) Black Sea
(C) Mid-Atlantic
(D) South Atlantic（B）

(E) Pacific
3.The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in line 13 in order to
(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling（A）

(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
4.The author regards the traditional view of the origin of the oceans with
(A) slight apprehension[微软中国11]
(B) absolute indifference
(C) indignant anger
(D) complete disbelief（E）

(E) guarded skepticism
5.According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate[微软中国12] that is growing on both sides?
(A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan
(B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge
(C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge
(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（D）

(E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan
6.Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would[微软中国13]most support the traditional view of ocean formation?
(A) Convection usually occurs along lines.
(B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.
(C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.
(D) Sinking plates cool the mantle.（A）

(E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.
7.According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea can best be compared to a
(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt
(B) slowly settling foundation
(C) rapidly expanding balloon
(D) violently erupting volcano（B）

(E) slowly eroding mountain
8.Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage?
(A) A Description of the Oceans of the World
(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin
Formation(C) The Traditional View of the Oceans
(D) Convection [微软中国14]and Ocean Currents（B）

(E) Temperature Differences among the Oceans of the World
[微软中国1]文章讨论主题


[微软中国2]传统的观点：不同温度足够产生对流


[微软中国3]AW﹣原因1：对流通常不沿着lines发生


[微软中国4]AW﹣原因2：很难see这个原理如何在plates（between MAR&IO）间运用的


[微软中国5]原理2：板块的sinking部分起作用


[微软中国6]原理2AW﹣：很难see它是如何在SA间运用的


[微软中国7]原理3：下沉的板块使相邻的地幔冷却而产生对流


[微软中国8]原理三：
AW﹢


[微软中国9]定位原理一


[微软中国10]只有第三个原理中说到了
这题可以通过选项大写
文字定位法解题：当某题对应文章某一段落，其他段落不应出现与该题相关内容


[微软中国11]恐惧、逮捕、理解


[微软中国12]可通过选项大写定位


[微软中国13]即原理一的limit 处，正改善题
而且此题问的是traditional view ，BCDE讲的都不是


[微软中国14]细节一定不能出现在主题题中

半阙

Passage 4 (4/63)
The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider (hang-glider: n. 悬挂式滑翔机)and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.[微软中国1]

Perhaps the least controversial assertion[微软中国2]（Q1）about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds（Q3）. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only[微软中国3]（Q5） turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animal’s body.

The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because[微软中国4] the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds[微软中国5] have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however[微软中国6], these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley [微软中国7]（Q4）reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence[微软中国8] that his reasoning was correct.

Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne [微软中国9]have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to（Q2） control their flight once airborne.

1.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the
(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances
(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats
(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight
(D) pterosaurs were reptiles（D）

(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours
2.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as
(A) revolutionary
(B) unlikely
(C) unassailable
(D) probable（B）

(E) outdated
3.According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the
(A) size of its wingspan
(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones
(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut
(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet（C）

(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body
4.The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
(A) An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.
(B) An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.
(C) Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.
(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.（B）

(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not reptiles.
5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is characteristic of the pterosaurs?
(A) They were unable to fold their wings when not in use.
(B) They hung upside down from branches as bats do before flight.
(C) They flew in order to capture prey.
(D) They were an early stage in the evolution of the birds.（A）

(E) They lived primarily in a forest-like habitat.
6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?
(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.
(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.
(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.
(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.（B）

(E) A summary of the material in the preceding paragraphs is presented, and conclusions are drawn.
7.It can be inferred from[微软中国10] the passage that some scientists believe that pterosaurs
(A) lived near large bodies of water
(B) had sharp teeth for tearing food
(C) were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles
(D) had longer tails than many birds（A）

(E) consumed twice their weight daily to maintain their body temperature
[微软中国1]引出问题：p龙是不是爬行类动物


[微软中国2]关键！碰到这种表达特别注意！！！：大部分人都同意p龙是爬行动物


[微软中国3]注意极端化表达


[微软中国4]P龙像鸟和蝙蝠的原因


[微软中国5]P龙和鸟的相似之处


[微软中国6]紧接上句不同之处


[微软中国7]新人名，关注他的观点：warmblood 因为飞行过程中的高速新陈代谢，毛皮隔绝散热


[微软中国8]注意极端化表达


[微软中国9]引出问题及解释


[微软中国10]表明是自己推出的

半阙

Passage 5 (5/63)
How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions.[微软中国1] In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship[微软中国2]. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.（1930’s的特点） Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary[微软中国3] earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.（以上为论据1：unemployment 夸大了 hardship 的程度）Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. （论据2：earnings and income data 也夸大）Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families（Q7）. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force[微软中国4], so [微软中国5]the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator（Q4） of labor market pathologies.

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship[微软中国6]. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. （论据1：还有些 fully employed ，但他们工资很低）Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. （Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month[微软中国7] really suffer.）（33——39） For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. (论据2：在某些月失业人数是全年的好几倍，而统计出来的全年失业人数其实并不多)Finally, income transfers （Q6）in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.（论据3：忽视了needs of working poor）

As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain[微软中国8] whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only[微软中国9] one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.

1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?
(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering
(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty
(C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment
(D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures（E）

(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities
2.The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?
(A) The overall causes of poverty
(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force
(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods
(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income（D）

(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor
3.The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that
(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930’s
(B) unemployment now has less severe effects
(C) social programs are more needed now
(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty（B）

(E) poverty has increased since the 1930’s
4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?
(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.
(B) A compromise[微软中国10] should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.
(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.（C）

(E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.
5.The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that[微软中国11]
(A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force
(B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness
(C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers
(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship（B）

(E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures
6.The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt [微软中国12]by
(A) the employed poor
(B) dependent children in single-earner families
(C) workers who become disabled
(D) retired workers（A）

(E) full-time workers who become unemployed
7.According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict[微软中国13] the amount of economic hardship is the
(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers[微软中国14]
(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker
(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include[微软中国15] those who work for low wages and remain poor
(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics（E）

(E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed
8.The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 [微软中国16]about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that
(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long
(B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages
(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work
(D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed（D）

(E) many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed workers
9.Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of[微软中国17] the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?
(A) A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.
(B) For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.
(C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.
(D) The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.（A）

(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.
[微软中国1]引出问题


[微软中国2]论点：statistic 夸大hardship的程度


[微软中国3]次要的


[微软中国4]即全职太太


[微软中国5]前面陈述理由这里：所以统计数据不是个准确的 indicator


[微软中国6]论点2：很多方面又低估了hardship的程度


[微软中国7]同义替换：全年


[微软中国8]尚未确定….


[微软中国9]注意极端化表达


[微软中国10]这不叫一个compromise ，只是某种程度上夸大而某种程度上又低估


[微软中国11]这些都是论据show什么？当然是论点


[微软中国12]即原文 neglect的替换


[微软中国13]高估
定位论点一


[微软中国14]低估


[微软中国15]低估


[微软中国16]只定位到这一句就好：排除无关选项BEA选项中high employment没有提过；C选项中的包含关系文中也没说只有D最像


[微软中国17]BCD都是支持E为无关选项

半阙

Passage 6 (6/63)
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (shogun: n.<
日>幕府时代的将军)to the humblest samurai (samurai: n.(封建时代的)日本武士,日本陆军军官), found themselves under financial stress[微软中国1]. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses[微软中国2].（Q2& Q4） Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary [微软中国3]office-holding（Q6）) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to[微软中国4] the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited,[微软中国5]（Q5） and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. （income难以增加的原因）Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources[微软中国6] for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible.（他径不可行）Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only[微软中国7] commerce as a potential source of government income.

Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants（Q8）. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices.（Q9） Thus, regrettably[微软中国8], the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.

1.The passage is most probably an excerpt from
(A) an economic history of Japan
(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior
(C) a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan
(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart（A）

(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales
2.Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?
(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.
(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.
(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.
(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.（D）

(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.
3.Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?
(A) Warmly approving[微软中国9]
(B) Mildly sympathetic
(C) Bitterly disappointed
(D) Harshly disdainful（B）

(E) Profoundly shocked
4.According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that
(A) spending had outdistanced income
(B) trade had fallen off
(C) profits from mining had declined
(D) the coinage had been sharply debased（A）

(E) the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns


5.The passage implies that individual samurai did not find it easy to recover from debt for which of the following reasons[微软中国10]?
(A) Agricultural production had increased.
(B) Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
(C) The Japanese government had failed to adjust to the needs of a changing economy.
(D) The domains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as government revenues increased.（E）

(E) There was a limit to the amount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.
6.The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of
tax collector[微软中国11](A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese
(C) remained within families[微软中国12]
(D) existed only in castle-towns（C）

(E) took up most of the officeholder’s time
7.Which of the following could best be substituted for the word “This” in line 47 without changing the meaning of the passage?
(A) The search of Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns for solvency
[微软中国13](B) The importance of commerce in feudal Japan
(C) The unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth century Japan
(D) The difficulty of increasing government income by other means（D）

(E) The difficulty experienced by both individual samurai and the shogun himself in extricating themselves from debt
8.The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?
(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.
(B) Most of the country’s wealth appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.
(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters[微软中国14] such as floods.
(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.（B）

(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.
9.According to the passage, the actions of the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable because those actions
(A) raised the cost of living by pushing up prices
(B) resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold
(C) were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated
(D) did not succeed in reducing government spending（A）

(E) acted as a deterrent to trade
[微软中国1]问题


[微软中国2]原因1


[微软中国3]世袭的


[微软中国4]Expense↑or revenue ↓→Domain in debt


[微软中国5]双重否定，注意！


[微软中国6]所以另寻他径，很自然的下文肯定会说他径


[微软中国7]极端化表达，注意！！！：商业成为政府收入潜在来源的唯一途径
很自然的接下来会介绍这个唯一途径


[微软中国8]这个唯一途径适得其反


[微软中国9]文中表现的态度“not surprising”,AD表达太过强烈，B答案只能是这几个里面最好的了


[微软中国10]这是第一段末尾的一句话，解释其原因不在前一句就在后一句本题在后一句


[微软中国11]极端定位法


[微软中国12]是括号中 hereditary 的同义转换


[微软中国13]A没有D明确


[微软中国14]第一段内容，怎么也跳不到第三段去

半阙

通过这一段时间的练习与总结，发现阅读真的好烂，这几天打算强化下~从上午一直忙到现在，午觉都没睡，又添了一点我变老的可能~~
   肯定有很多不足之处的啦~~大家别见笑，望多多指正哦~~

半阙

Passage 27 (27/63)
Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share (market share: 市场份额, 市场占有率) in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting program[微软中国1]s. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive edge[微软中国2].第一段，提出问题与解决方案——成本削减方案，然后说这是个悖论



With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed[微软中国3]. Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20” rule. Roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute[微软中国4]（Q7）.解释这个现象，注意！但并未全盘否定







Another problem[微软中国5] is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s [微软中国6]study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak (BRING ABOUT, CAUSE “wreak havoc”) havoc with the results on which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching[微软中国7] (FRUGALITY, PARSIMONY), mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers（Q5）.描述陈本削减方案的另一个坏处







Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by [微软中国8]developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology. In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.描述成功的例子，不是by成本削减方案，而是by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy



1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) summarizing a thesis
(B) recommending a different approach
(C) comparing points of view
(D) making a series of predictions（B）



(E) describing a number of paradoxes
2.It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in line 2 expected that the measures they implemented would
(A) encourage innovation
(B) keep labor output constant
(C) increase their competitive advantage
(D) permit business upturns to be more easily predicted（C）



(E) cause managers to focus on a wider set of objectives
3.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to
(A) outline in brief the author’s argument[微软中国9]
(B) anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that follow
(C) clarify some disputed definitions of economic terms
(D) summarize a number of long-accepted explanations（E）



(E) present a historical context for the author’s observations
4.The author refers to Abernathy’s study (line 36) most probably in order to
(A) qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturing
(B) address possible objections to[微软中国10] a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitiveness
(C) support an earlier assertion[微软中国11] about one method of increasing productivity
(D) suggest the centrality in the United States economy of a particular manufacturing industry
（C）
(E) given an example of research that has questioned the wisdom of revising a manufacturing strategy
5.The author’s attitude toward the culture[微软中国12] in most factories is best described as
(A) cautious
(B) critical[微软中国13]
(C) disinterested
(D) respectful（B）



(E) adulatory
6.In the passage, the author includes all of the following EXCEPT
(A) personal observation
(B) a business principle
(C) a definition of productivity
(D) an example of a successful company（E）



(E) an illustration of a process technology
7.The author suggests that implementing conventional cost-cutting as a way of increasing manufacturing competitiveness is a strategy that is
(A) flawed and ruinous
(B) shortsighted and difficult to sustain
(C) popular and easily accomplished
(D) useful but inadequate（D）



(E) misunderstood but promising








答案：BCECBED
我的：ACAEECA14min
[微软中国1]提出问题与解决方案


[微软中国2]结论：越努力的降低成本，越lose 竞争优势


[微软中国3]降低成本这种方法根本地错误


[微软中国4]总结：这个方法contribute limit


[微软中国5]这种方法的另外一个问题(即缺陷)


[微软中国6]记住A出现位置


[微软中国7]AW-


[微软中国8]注意方式


[微软中国9]作者并没有在argue什么，只是在描述一个paradox，从第二段首句with this paradox可知


[微软中国10]一个例子的作用一定是加强他前面所说的某个内容，而不可能是反驳


[微软中国11]好好理解ETS所要表达的意思，这个earlier assertion其实就是紧靠着的前一句~~偶被蒙了，一直以为是说“努力降低成本的那个方法”


[微软中国12]注意只在第三段末尾出现






[微软中国13]这助长了机械节俭的风气，这种风气让很多有创造性的经理人都离开了企业。其中，从mechanistic和that has kept away creative managers可以看出作者对这种文化持批评态度critical~






这篇最纠结，基本上看懂了，但一做题尽是错~~~