看到了两个with结构总结 分享一下 kmylv的 《with独立主格的疑问!》 链接 http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-593659-2-1.html bat的 《对with结构的小总结》 链接 http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-581483-1-1.html
下面的内容摘自第一个帖子: 220. (27530-!-item-!-188;#058&002469) (GWD-24-8) The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it fell over the last two years. A. which increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it fell B. which had increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it had fallen C. which have increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling D. with a five percent increase during the first three months of this year after falling E. with a five percent increase during the first three months of this year after having fallen
可是aeo版主提到过 with短语做状语三个功能)(伴随原因、动作、状态是独立主格的基本功能,只是因为三种独立主格形式的不同具体应用起来也不同罢了): 1. 表示原因,此时不需要考虑逻辑主语,只是修饰前面整句 2. 表示伴随动作(非伴随结果),此时需要注意逻辑主语,且前面不能是完成时态(这样就不能伴随动作了).(with短语要表示伴随结果则需要用with the result of,如prep2-193). 3. 表示状态(此时前面需要是主系表),同样需要逻辑主语。-- by 会员 kmylv (2011/9/27 10:56:27)
笔记里描述得不当,其实不应该是“句子主语”,不过上面这三点是符合with在GMAT中的用法的。 其中第二点说的是:需要注意“逻辑主语”,而不是“主句主语”。逻辑主语的含义是动作发出者,状语和逻辑主语的关系如下:状语先修饰动词(可能是非谓语动词),而被修饰动词的动作发出者便是该状语的“逻辑主语”。
Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seenmonkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline. 就像这个句子,with arms and legs hanging like...这个伴随性的动作,修饰的是sleep这个动词,而sleep这个动词的动作发出者是monkeys,所以with arms and legs的逻辑主语就是monkeys.
那时候写这个题目时考虑得过于复杂了。其实D和E项可以很简单地判断出来并不是独立主格,而只是介词短语;因为独立主格需要内部有一个主语和一个描述该主语状态/动作的词(形容词或非谓语动词)。在此显然并没有描述increase的状态和动作,所以with a five percent increase during the first three months of this year after falling 并不构成独立主格。
首先,基本上大部分的“介词+noun”放在句尾用逗号隔开都是做状语修饰。 其次,虽然有些介词短语确实能够修饰临近做非限定性修饰,但也是修饰名词短语的核心词,而这里in profits不是名词短语而是介宾短语. with是属于那种可以临近做非限定性修饰的: Those who have visited the Grand Canyon have typically seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark the passage of time like the rings in a tree trunk. 这个是正确选项,可以看出with+ n. 作定语非限定性修饰句尾名词短语的核心词layers。
with表原因就和现在分词短语伴随结果一样,修饰的是整个句子,而不是动词成分,所以不需要逻辑主语。
with可以表原因的,比如这个正确的句子: The ivory-billed woodpecker , once the largest woodpecker in North America at a striking 20 inches tall, has moved in and out of the extinct category, with scientists consistently unable to find solid proof that the bird still exists.
-- by 会员aeoluseros --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD6-Q13: Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate.
A.atmosphere, interactions that affect B.atmosphere, with interactions affecting C.atmosphere that affects D.atmosphere that is affecting E.atmosphere as affects
像这道题,外国人的理解是认为B 中的with很容易产生修饰主语的歧义(其实这就是状语的用法),而不是因为什么with的独立主格显得wordy的原因。 为什么会产生独立主格的想法,认为with在句子里对任何成分都不修饰,其实是一种理解方式吧。。外国人可能认为能with的东西比我们认为能的要宽泛的多,以至于一件事也可以和另外一件事with,只不过关系一定是“和,同,跟”,而不能是别的句子关系吧。
表原因就和现在分词短语伴随结果一样,修饰的是整个句子,而不是动词成分,所以不需要逻辑主语。
with可以表原因的,比如这个正确的句子: The ivory-billed woodpecker , once the largest woodpecker in North America at a striking 20 inches tall, has moved in and out of the extinct category, with scientists consistently unable to find solid proof that the bird still exists.
-- by 会员aeoluseros --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD6-Q13: Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate.
A.atmosphere, interactions that affect B.atmosphere, with interactions affecting C.atmosphere that affects D.atmosphere that is affecting E.atmosphere as affects
像这道题,外国人的理解是认为B 中的with很容易产生修饰主语的歧义(其实这就是状语的用法),而不是因为什么with的独立主格显得wordy的原因。 为什么会产生独立主格的想法,认为with在句子里对任何成分都不修饰,其实是一种理解方式吧。。外国人可能认为能with的东西比我们认为能的要宽泛的多,以至于一件事也可以和另外一件事with,只不过关系一定是“和,同,跟”,而不能是别的句子关系吧。
-- by 会员gourmettsu (2011/9/28 14:26:52)
其实B选项的with interactions affecting符合独立主格的标准用法(独立主格的另一个名字叫独立分句),即有属于自己的主语interaction和描述主语状态或动作的成分affecting,而独立主格在不是表示因果的时候是需要考虑逻辑主语的,所以会有“with很容易产生修饰主语的歧义”这个说法。
表达因果关系是伴随的其中一种功能。
ps: 其实with表示因果挺常见的,momo with表示因果在LDOCE里面的解释:
because of a situation that exists With John away there's more room in the house.
牛津高阶里的解释: because of (sth); on account of (sth) 因为或由于(某事物): blush with embarrassment 因难为情而脸红 * tremble with fear 吓得发抖 * shaking with laughter 笑得浑身直颤 * Her fingers were numb with cold. 她手指冻木了.
-- by 会员aeoluseros
我觉得可能是我对独立主格的理解比较狭窄。。绝对只有“noun + noun modifier”的才能叫做独立主格。而with句因为有介词,所以觉得还是和主句有联系的。 一种是跟在名词后或者插入语形式做定语就近修饰 一种是跟在动词后遥远的修饰动词,此时只要主句主语能with(改为逻辑主语能with),动词能with,就是合理正确的。至于含义,就如斑竹所说,包括原因,伴随等等。。
-- by 会员gourmettsu (2011/9/28 14:26:52)
嗯,gourmettsu太有悟性了,其实the comprehensive grammar of English里面是把"noun + modifier"和"with + noun + modifier"分开讲的,而不是归为一类。但是其他语法上上都归为一类也有它们的道理。而且除了修饰对象上有区别,在功能上区别不大。所以也可以把它们都视为独立主格。 另外,“此时只要主句主语能with”,这里更确切地说应该是“逻辑主语能with”。
-- by 会员aeoluseros
|